Appreciation of Two Qingming Poems

Seven-line poems were rarely written by ancient poets. There are only a few poems left in Du Fu's poetry collection. This poem was written by a poet and was deeply moved by the scene at that time.

"New fire and new smoke, lake spring net passenger ship. Embroidering feathers makes him proud, and I have no chance to ride bamboo. " At the beginning of the poem, the poet closely followed the Qingming Festival and got down to business. "New fire", the ancient four seasons used different wood to drill wood to make fire, and the fire born by the four seasons was called new fire. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a ceremony to give new fire to officials in Qingming Festival. Su Shi's poem "Xu Shijun divides a new fire" says: "Lie on a high shelf and sit in danger, and get a new fire in March." One o'clock, two o'clock. The poet got up in the morning and hurried on, and the new fire of Qingming curled up new smoke. The weather is sunny and warm, the spring is bright, and a boat is rippling on the lake. A word "net" describes the tranquility of the sky and the clarity of the lake. This scene is picturesque, but unfortunately it arouses a burst of pain and sadness in the poet's heart. The "guest" of the "passenger ship" gently pulled the poet back from the beautiful natural realm to the cruel real life, and the poet had to face the difficult situation of wandering and displacement, and his happiness and joy were fleeting. The more beautiful the scenery, the deeper the pain. When the poet sees the birds flying lightly in the sky and the children playing happily on the ground, he just feels "he is complacent" and "I have no chance". The poet suffered a lot. He was old and tired. Embroidered feathers, beautiful feathers, refer to birds. Bao Zhao said, "Yao embroidered the feather in the morning." Also, Song Wenzhi's poem: "Take Jade." Beauty, this does not mean beauty, but refers to teenagers. There is a saying, "In the rosy youth, you gave up the importance of hats and chariots, and you chose pine trees and clouds;" Now, the "Whitehead" in Li Bai's poems is a message to Meng Haoran. Riding and listening and using bamboo as a horse are children's games. This couplet is different from the first one. It is hidden in it. Look at it carefully. The combination of hidden and obvious feeling, dynamic and static performance, from high to low, from water to shore, the time and space are drawn far and wide.

"Hutong end hard to have, chu female waist is poor. I still miss Jia when I don't see the hometown of the king city. " The third link is connected with the second link, which describes the local customs. Hu generally refers to ethnic minorities. Hunan is a multi-ethnic province with a large number of Tujia and Miao nationalities. Children's costumes of ethnic minorities have distinct national characteristics, which are different from those of the Central Plains in the north. Chu's daughter is slim, beautiful and lovely, and has a unique mood. In the poet's works, the birds are light and fragrant, the teenagers play, the children dress up strangely and the girls are graceful, which forms a colorful and clear genre painting against the backdrop of the new smoke, lakes and mountains. Obviously, the poet intends to reflect his sad and gloomy heart. The first three chapters start from reality and present, and the fourth chapter turns from local monuments to memories of historical figures. Wang Ding, born to Liu Fa, the tenth son of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and Tang Ji, was not loved, so he was sent to Changsha, a humble and poor country, and died. Dingwangcheng, also known as Dingwangtai and Dingwangmiao, etc. , located in Li Dongyi, Changsha County. The temple is connected with the hills and is seven feet high, so it is also called Dingwanggang. According to legend, Wang Ding was built to see the tomb of his mother Don Quixote. Jia Fu, namely Jia Yi. When I was young, I studied all kinds of books. Emperor Wen called me a doctor and moved to Taichung. He corrects the new moon, and his attitude is changeable. It is taboo for ministers to make laws, praise rites and music and neglect Chen's political affairs. Being named the King of Changsha, Taifu expressed his grievances in Qu Yuan Fu. Sheng Hongzhi's "Jingzhou Ji" said: "To the east of the south city of Xiangzhou, there is Jia Yi's house with a well in it, that is, friendship wears it. Up and down, looks like a pot. There is a local footbed by the well, which is very old. " Why do poets think about these two things here? Wang Ding and Jia Yi fell out of favor with the emperor, but they were driven to a country far from humble and damp, which was quite similar to the poet's experience. Wang Ding's hope lies in Chang 'an Mother's Tomb, and Jia Yi hanged Qu Yuan for self-mutilation, which is in tune with the poet's feelings and thoughts. Poets borrow the past to send the present. So in the second part, the author thinks of his own situation from the ancients.

"Virtual touch coke for cold food, real money by Yan Jun. The mountains and forests in Zhong Ding are all natural, and glutinous rice is my year. " Tomb-Sweeping Day will ban cold food for three days a day or two ago. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Jin Wengong and Zhong Er were assisted by meson Tui, who could not live in seclusion after returning to China. Zhong Er burned mountains and forced them to die. In order to mourn him, Zhong Er banned cooking with fire on the day of his death and only ate cold food, which later became a custom. In the old customs of Taiyuan, it should be cold from January to Sunday every winter, and the common people are miserable. When Zhou Ju was appointed as the secretariat of Bingzhou, he wrote a book to push the temple, saying that it was not a saint's intention to burn a fire in winter, so he changed it to three days. In fact, the prohibition of fire was the old system of the Zhou Dynasty, which had nothing to do with the death of Zi Tui, but was attached to Zhou Juzhuan of the later Han Dynasty. The poet is only borrowing this Qingming rumor here. Wet. Although cold food was banned by Zhou Ju's blessing, the poet had nothing, and fresh food was cooked on board, so he had to live up to Zhou's good intentions. Yan Jun is from Yan Junping and Han and Shu counties. In divination in Chengdu, earning 100 yuan a day is enough to support himself, so he closed his eyes and read Laozi and Zhuangzi, from which Yang Xiong once learned and was called Yimin. These two sentences sum up the poet's poor life. The poet runs around from one place to another, but he has no source of livelihood. Before and after writing this poem, he made a living by selling drugs in Tanzhou. There is a poem saying, "Drugs make an old fisherman's market." When the poet mentioned Yan Junping, he not only thought about Junping's self-sufficiency in selling divination, but also yearned for Junping to close his eyes and read Laozi and Zhuangzi. The poet was deeply influenced by Confucianism and Taoism all his life. For his country and livelihood, he wants to be active in the world. At the same time, there is no lack of desire to retire from the mountains and live a dull and stable life. After more than ten years of wandering, this spiritual pursuit has become more and more intense. Works such as Crossing Dongting Lake, An Empty City Plan, and A Trip to Erh Lin Temple on Yuelu Mountain Road are clearly reflected, and the poet clearly expressed his determination to win. He hates the rich life of ringing the bell to eat and cook, and hopes to accompany the years with his "nature" and "mud rice" to support his life. This is only the poet's minimum survival requirement under the heavy burden of life. Although not very positive, it still reflects the noble quality of the poet who is unwilling to be powerful and pursue glory. Unfortunately, the poet's most common wish cannot be realized at all. The next year, the poet left his beloved life forever because of poverty and illness, at the age of 58.

In the first poem, the poet expresses his tragic experience and lofty ambition by arousing his feelings from the clear scenery, which constitutes a complete emotional paragraph. The second song is the continuation and development of the first song in content, focusing on the feeling of wandering and expressing feelings more deeply, painfully and fully.

"I am running around here and there, and my right arm is half deaf." The first couplet summarizes the unfortunate fate of the poet's wandering, old age and illness, and opens two couplets. The name of this disease is too dry, and Huang Di Su Wen said that "wind disease may be too dry".

"Silent boat double tears, leisurely pillow Zuo Shu empty. Ten years of cuju will be far away, and Wan Li will be vulgar. " The second couplet is closely connected with the first couplet, and "tying the boat" should be "wandering". Zuo Shu Empty is like two close-ups of "left arm withered", "double tears" and "Zuo Shu empty", which visualizes the wandering content of the first couplet. The overlapping words of "silence" and "leisure" further strengthen the poet's helplessness, disorientation and difficulty in drifting. No one can say that he was sick on the boat, drifting indefinitely, and his right arm was disabled. It is difficult for Zuo Shu to write words. Although he wanted to stop the boat, there was no shore to board it. He thought about it, and the poet's eyes filled with tears and his heart ached. This is a close connection. The third part is written on the basis of the first part, which is far from the first part. Cuju, that is, playing ball and swinging are all Tomb-Sweeping Day's games. The poet chose them to take care of the title of the poem, which contains profound meaning. Du Yi thinks cuju is a batting game in the army. This generation refers to the chaos of war, and it is even more difficult to wander in frequent wars. First; Playing ball in Tomb-Sweeping Day is an old custom in the Tang Dynasty. Not only in the army, but also in the palace. Wang Jian's "Gong Ci" describes: "On the two floors in front of the temple, the cold food palace people play ball step by step." Poets use this, one is to hint that they want to look forward to Beijing, and the other is to hint; In fact, cuju also has metaphorical and pun meanings here. Isn't the poet's life just like a ball being kicked around, his fate is uncertain, and he doesn't fly back and forth like a swing, ups and downs, which is difficult to control? Third. "Ten years" is very long and "Wan Li" is far away. The poet described his misfortune from the perspectives of time and space. "Ten years" is not only a virtual reference, but also a real reference. It has been ten years since the poet was banished to Korea. For many years, the poet has been wandering like a felt ball like a swing, full of sadness. This is especially true if he throws his wife out of Beijing day by day. Although the Qingming custom in Jingchu is the same as that in Chang 'an, it has to remind people of relatives and friends wandering around, which is very embarrassing and heartbreaking. In these fourteen words, the poet has cast a very rich life content and emotional experience, which are superimposed in turn, with a sense of hierarchy and seamless, and a strong internal emotional tension, which reminds people of another couplet of the poet: "I came from three thousand miles away. Sad autumn, my sorrow for a hundred years, I climbed this height alone. "

"The clouds are purple on the wild goose, and the green maple drills the fire at home. Fireworks in Qin Chengge, rust in Han Zhushan River. " The poet skillfully turned from the first couplet cuju swing to the description of the scenery, and his feelings rose to a new height step by step. Spring has come, and the strict array that came to the south last winter has passed through the clouds and rushed to the home in the north; People in the four fields also drilled through the green maple to make a fire, which is another clear scenery. The poet shot the scene from two angles. Zisai, the northern border pass, is used by the generation of poets in Chang 'an, Beijing in the north. Birds from the south will return to the north for a certain period of time, and there is no hope of moving back to Beijing. It can be said that northerners are ashamed of birds. The ancients drilled wood for fire, and the wood of the four seasons was different, and then only one day after the cold food became a legacy of the old customs. In spring, elm willows are used, and in Jingchu, green maple is used. It can be seen that the customs in different places are different, and it is easier to think of the sentence in Evocation: "There are maple on Zhanjiang River, which hurts spring." This was in tune with the poet's mood at that time. There is a purple plug in the north, a maple fire in the middle, and it is divided into two parts. The mountain is high and the water is far away. The poet's heart can't help but cross Qianshan and fly to Beijing, the dream capital. The pavilions in Chang 'an must be hidden in the misty rain in March in the spring, right? The magnificent mountains and rivers should have been colorful and brilliant. The poet misses the depth of Beijing and wants to return to his old capital. He expressed incisively and vividly in the picturesque imaginary scene, but his expression was subtle, profound and touching. Poets will never forget their country and king. The fourth scene is the real scene in front of us, but the wild goose and the green maple give people unlimited imagination of the sky and increase the depth of field; This couplet is a virtual scene, with gorgeous fireworks, which is closely related to festivals. The far and near scenes are mixed with reality and movement, which shows that the poet's conception is fine and his technique is clever.

"Spring water comes in spring, the Dongting is wide, and Bai Ping is worried about killing Pulsatilla." The surging spring water returned to the vast Dongting, cutting off the poet's way home, making him look at a loss, making the poet sad and unable to hold back. "Spring" is the cycle of festivals, and "white" is the contrast of colors. The repeated use of these two words expresses the poet's feelings. Spring water, like a goose, can return as scheduled, but the poet had to drown in Hunan and return to Beijing without a plan; Although Bai Ping has ups and downs, she can still blossom every year, but the poet is no longer in his prime and has achieved nothing in his decline. But the poet is partial to Chang' an and does not forget his hometown. How can he not worry? It is both situational language and sentiment language. Emotion changes from scene to scene. In the ups and downs of emotions, the whole poem ends, leaving only a blank, sad and silent echo. Couplets have always been praised, and Liu Yuxi's Jiayu says that this kind of connection is beyond people's reach, especially the reduplication. Wei's Autumn Window Essay praised him for his "shaky wind and deep feelings" and highly praised him from two aspects: artistic skills and aesthetic effects.

From the content point of view, "Two Poems on Qingming Festival" thrives on festivals, expressing feelings through scenery and things, which not only writes about the misfortunes in life, but also makes people see the contradictions and pains intertwined in the poet's heart. The poet's life ambition is hopeless, and he is old, sick and displaced, and the hidden Buddhist thought in his consciousness can't help but look up. In his poems in the last few years, he felt that he had "grown old together" and longed for "forgetting the machine" and "returning to the garden". He highly praised the "pure ancient" life in the Peach Blossom Garden, thought that "wealth and fame are not worth mentioning", hoped that "the paradise would support a small body" and wanted to be friends with birds and flowers in the mountains. However, a poet is a poet after all. Even if you become a "fisherman" and a "lonely goose" in the rivers and lakes, you will not lose your true nature of "never forgetting a gentleman at every meal". He always cares about his hometown, "always depends on Beidou Wangjinghua", and never gives up the past to help Wang who "went to court several times". "The setting sun is still strong, and the autumn wind is sick." The poet is still ambitious. In this way, the contradiction between advance and retreat, advance and exit changes in the poet's mind, causing fierce conflicts. Of course, the former always dominates. This feeling is also clearly reflected in Two Poems of Qingming Festival. The poet, who suffered from poverty and disease, was full of sadness in front of him, which prompted him to remember Yan Jun and yearn for life in the mountains. However, the wild geese returning to the north, the falling maple smoke and the timely spring water are doomed to be unable to block the "Qin Cheng Pavilion" and the "Hanzhu Mountains and Rivers", and the more sad it is. Poetry expresses feelings and ambitions. The poet's deep and strong feelings are rooted in the poet's noble and profound patriotism, which is a natural and inevitable portrayal of the poet's fate with the motherland and the people. This profound patriotism is precious and worth carrying forward today. This is also the value of this poem.

Poets also have many successes in artistic expression. Poets are good at choosing scenery and composition. New fire, new smoke, spring scenery in the lake, wild geese and green maple, gorgeous fireworks constitute a vivid picture of early spring in the south of the Yangtze River, while birds and flowers, children riding bamboo, children wearing beards, women's slim waist, ancient towns and Jiafu ancient wells are another picture with distinctive local and national characteristics. The poet pays attention to the change and coordination of big and small, far and near, high and low, dynamic and static, and organically integrates ancient and modern, imagination and reality, with rich and colorful content, vivid picture and lofty realm. Poets are good at refining words and sentences, using "purity" to write the characteristics and charm of lakes and mountains in early spring, using the sentimental feelings that "far" poets want to stay and Beijing is far away, using "empty pockets" of Taoist poets and the poverty of "ten years of cuju" to concentrate and summarize, and reaching the aesthetic height of rich words. The skills of reduplication, compound words and puns not only increase the sound beauty of poetry, but also enrich ordinary words and expand the capacity of poetry. The language of the whole poem is popular and simple, but the feelings are subtle and deep, and it is chewy.

The whole poem is based on emotional clues, and the use of framing is for lyricism, so the scene moves with the situation and changes step by step. Or use music scenes to set off sadness, or write sad scenes directly. After the second song, the scene was highly unified into one. Generally, all kinds of feelings on the scene are superimposed, pushing the emotion of the whole poem to the highest point. Poets are also good at cutting into changes from multiple angles, and many poetic images come and go, as if they were picked out at random, which is extremely appropriate and natural. Like the second song, the first couplet points to the pain of wandering, the second couplet writes tools, and the third couplet writes a summary, bringing out the clear things and melting them deeply. The quadruple is the foreground of the eyes, the geese fly out from the ground clouds and new smoke, and the viewpoint swings from low to high; The five couplets are empty pens, and the knot is attributed to the vast lake in front of us. The structure is open and closed vertically and horizontally, the scenery is flexible and changeable, and the emotional atmosphere is deepened layer by layer, like light and solid, like loose and dense, like thick and dense. Natural diction, profound conception, simplicity and naturalness are the remarkable features of this poet's poems in his later years.

In composition, the first two are closely linked with their own pen and ink, and the middle two are writing about local conditions and customs, with ups and downs; The second song, the first three narratives, and the last three describe the scenery, which is very deep. If these two parts coordinate with each other, they will show their strengths. The first poem starts from the scenery and personnel, and the second poem starts from his own wandering and belongs to the scenery of Hunan. The overall structure of the two poems has twists and turns, and the beauty of the circle is scattered. In a word, Two Poems on Qingming Festival is one of the best poems of the poet in his later years, both in ideological content and artistic expression.