Potato planting techniques in Tengzhou

Potato has the characteristics of rich nutrition, dual-purpose vegetable and food, high yield and high efficiency, and short growth period. The following is what I carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

First, potato sowing

1. Select high-quality virus-free seed potatoes. All virus-free G2 and G3 generations should be selected in production. Virus-free seed potato has the advantages of early emergence, strong plants, swollen leaves, developed roots, strong stress resistance and great yield-increasing potential. The experimental study shows that the contribution rate of excellent potato varieties and their high-quality virus-free seed potatoes to potato yield can reach about 60%.

2. Intensive cultivation. Choose sandy loam or loam with fertile soil, flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep plough layer and loose soil. After the previous crop is harvested, the diseased leaves and plants should be taken out of the field for treatment in time. Before 65438+February, deep ploughing was about 25 cm, so that the soil was frozen and weathered to accept the wintering pests frozen by rain and snow. Rake in time before sowing, so that the tillage layer is fine and stubble-free, the field surface is flat and stubble-free, and the top is flat and solid.

Soil drought during sowing is one of the main factors that affect seedling emergence and lead to yield reduction. Before sowing, soil moisture must be built, and it is best to sow with "running water in the ditch".

3. Accelerating germination and sowing to protect seedlings. Cut into pieces to accelerate germination, and each mu needs about seed potato 150 kg. 25-30 days before sowing, put the seed potato in a warm and sunny place for 2-3 days, remove the diseased potato and rotten potato at the same time, and then cut into pieces. When cutting into pieces, make full use of the advantages of the top, obliquely cut to the top in a spiral way, and finally divide it into two or four parts according to the terminal buds. Each seed potato has 1-2 buds and weighs 25-30 grams. After the knife edge is dried, it is placed indoors at the temperature of 18℃-20℃ and germinated by layering method. When the buds grow to 2-3 cm, dry them in scattered light, and plant them when the buds turn green and thick.

4, drug seed dressing to prevent insects and diseases. Due to the transportation of seed potatoes in different places, the phenomenon of mutual transmission of seed potatoes with bacteria is very serious. Potato with seed affects the emergence of seedlings, and it is easy to cause black shank disease, black mole disease, stem base rot and dry rot at seedling stage. Seed dressing can alleviate these diseases. Experiments show that the following three formulations can effectively prevent seedling diseases. (1) Antaisheng 50g+ Gao Qiao 20ml/ 100kg seed potato. That is, 50g of 50% Antaisheng wettable powder is mixed with 20ml of 60% Gao Qiao suspension seed coating agent, and water is added to 65,438+0,000ml. Shake well, spray on 65,438+0,000 kg seed potato, dry and sow. ② Lotex+agricultural streptomycin/100 kg seed potato. ③ Amisi reaches 30ml 15-20kg per mu.

The above three formulas can promote seedling emergence for 2-3 days in advance, ensure that the seedlings are neat and robust, and prevent the harm of aphids and underground pests such as grubs and needle worms at seedling stage.

5, the arch shed is covered and sown in advance. By using early spring potato mulching cultivation technology, the suitable sowing date of potato was advanced to early February, so that the tuber expansion period of potato was in the best period of high temperature in the day and low temperature at night, and the plant growth period was prolonged, thus greatly improving the yield and quality of potato.

6. Wide row and big ridge cultivation. Plant in two rows in one ridge with a ridge spacing of 80-90 cm, with a small row spacing of about 20 cm and a plant spacing of about 25-28 cm. Plant 5500-6000 plants per mu. Trenching depth is 8 8- 10/0cm and width is 25cm. After running water, plant seeds obliquely and cover the buds with a small amount of fine soil. Then, apply fertilizer, cover soil and ridging. The seed block is required to reach the ridge top 12 cm. Leveling the ridge surface, spraying pre-bud herbicides such as field cloth, spraying evenly and thoughtfully, and then covering with plastic film. The plastic film should be ultrathin, with a width of 90- 100 cm and a thickness of 0.005-0.008 mm, with a weight of 4-5 kg per mu. When laying the film, the film should be tight and close to the ground, and the edge of the film should be buried in the soil for about 10 cm, and then it should be compacted with feet. Film mulching should master the essentials of "strictness, tightness, flatness and width", that is, the edges should be pressed tightly, the film should be covered tightly, the film surface should be flat and the appearance should be wide. On the same day, the arch shed was set up and the agricultural film was put on.

It is suggested to cover weeds in the field with black and white plastic film, and reduce the use of herbicides by using the grass control function of the black part of plastic film. Use the white part to increase the soil temperature. The ridge spacing can be extended to 90-100 cm when sowing mechanically; When planting plastic film, cover and water it in time.

7, soil testing formula balanced nutrition. Apply 5000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer or commercial organic fertilizer 150 kg, calcium silicate fertilizer 15- 10-20 or15-12-18150 per mu. Soil and miscellaneous fertilizers are applied in farming, and other fertilizers are applied in strips when sowing.

Second, potato field management

1, break the film and release the seedlings in time or adopt the technology of covering soil on the film. 20-25 days after sowing, the seedlings are covered with plastic film one after another, and the plastic film is broken in time in sunny days, and the hole is covered with fine soil. It is suggested to adopt the technology of covering soil with plastic film. Before emergence, when the seedlings grow to be 2 cm away from the mulch film, use a ditcher to cover the surface of the mulch film with a layer of fine soil with a thickness of 2-3 cm, which reduces the process of manually breaking the mulch film to introduce seedlings, and is also beneficial to warming, moisturizing and cold protection. Especially for large-scale planting, this technology can greatly reduce labor costs and ensure the uniformity of seedlings.

2. Strengthen temperature management. The arch shed shall be maintained at 20-26℃ during the day and 12- 14℃ at night. Wipe the plastic film frequently to keep the maximum light input. With the increase of outside temperature, the ventilation rate increases gradually.

3. Use water scientifically. Potato production needs a lot of water, and the water supply cannot be interrupted, especially in the stage of tuber formation and tuber expansion, and the soil should be kept moist continuously. Once the water supply is intermittent, it will cause the tuber to stop growing and form deformed potatoes, resulting in serious yield reduction and quality decline. However, it is necessary to prevent waterlogging in the late growth stage of potatoes, because tubers are not resistant to storage and will not rot due to heavy rain or humidity. Therefore, it is necessary to master the uniform and sufficient water supply in production, so that the soil plough layer is always moist. The soil moisture content of potato should be kept at about 80% during the whole growth period, including 70%-80% at seedling stage and 65%-75% before harvest. From tuber formation to tuber expansion, the tuber must be kept at 80%-85%.

The principle of small water irrigation should be mastered in production, and each irrigation should not overflow the ridge top. Combined with soil moisture, water 1 time after sowing, before emergence, at seedling stage, at pre-emergence stage, at bud falling stage, and at rapid swelling stage of potato pieces. Irrigation should be stopped about 7 days before harvest to ensure that the harvested tuber periderm is completely mature and convenient for storage.

4. Uncover the film at the right time. Around April 20, 20 13, a severe late spring cold occurred in Tengzhou city, causing potato to suffer from different degrees of cold damage. It is suggested that the uncovering time of potato in the early spring of 20 14 should be postponed appropriately and ventilation should be paid attention to.

Third, integrated pest control.

1, main pests and diseases. The main potato diseases and insect pests are black shank disease, late blight, early blight, aphid, cutworm, grub, needle worm and so on.

2. Formulate a scientific plant protection plan. Choose to use pesticide products with high efficiency, low toxicity and environmental safety to ensure the production of safe, healthy and high-quality agricultural products. According to the occurrence law of pests and diseases and the requirements of good agricultural practices, the principle of combining protective fungicides with therapeutic fungicides should be adopted in disease control. It is suggested to spray the leaves five times during the growth period, and spray 1 biantaisheng or Sheng Da 70% wettable powder at intervals of100-150g/mu in the clumping stage and budding stage respectively. From the tuber swelling stage, Amisii, Yinfali and Yikuaijing were applied alternately for 3 consecutive times, with an interval of 10 day.

In the prevention and control of aphids, in addition to seed dressing with Gao Qiao at seedling stage, 70% Amylol water dispersible granule (5- 10g/ mu) was sprayed on the leaves during potato growth period. In order to control ground tigers, fungicides can be sprayed in early March and early April, and pesticides can be mixed at the same time.

3. Protect the blade and prolong its service life. Studies at home and abroad show that the contribution rate of leaf photosynthesis to crop yield is above 90%. Therefore, protecting leaves and prolonging their functional period can greatly improve potato yield. Silver hair can not only prevent diseases, but also prolong the functional period of potato leaves in the later stage, which is very important to improve potato yield. You can also spray 0.2% borate on potato leaves at the initial flowering stage and 2-3 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate on potato leaves at the expansion stage.

Fourth, scientifically deal with disastrous weather.

Severe weather such as strong wind, heavy snow, cloudy day, smog and extreme low temperature can easily lead to the reduction or even extinction of potato production in arch shed.

1. windy weather. In order to prevent the harm of strong wind, first of all, we should use the film pressing rope of the cover cloth to press tightly between the arch bars to prevent the film pressing rope from grinding the film. Secondly, in windy days, the vents and doors are sealed, so preventing strong wind from blowing into the greenhouse can reduce the damage of the membrane. Thirdly, changing bamboo arch shed into steel arch shed can effectively improve the wind resistance and compression resistance.

2. Heavy snow. To clear the snow in time, in the process of snow, if possible, you can use suitable blowing equipment to blow snow manually.

3. Continuous cloudy days and haze.

Nip in the bud 1. You should listen to the weather forecast in time, spray disease prevention agents or cold protection agents in advance before the arrival of cloudy and snowy days, and try to have less ventilation.

2 take measures when it happens. In case of persistent smog weather, it is necessary to clean up old leaves, sick leaves and dead leaves as soon as possible to improve the lighting conditions in the shed.

3. Standardize management after cleaning. If the plant wilts after cleaning, it can be sprayed with warm water at room temperature or mixed solution of 0.2% ~ 0.3% urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or sprayed with amino acid fertilizer, which can not only reduce wilting, but also supplement nutrition.

4. Respond to extreme low temperatures. To avoid frostbite, block the vent when cold air comes. Try to increase the light transmission time during the day and improve the heat storage in the shed; Conditional night can be covered with non-woven insulation.

High-yield techniques of potato planting

The selection of potato varieties in spring and autumn in Henan Province should be based on early tuber setting, swollen tuber, short dormancy period, high yield, high quality and disease resistance, such as Yushu 1 and Yushu No.2, etc. These varieties are best virus-free seed potatoes. Virus-free potato seedlings have early emergence, strong plants, swollen leaves, developed roots, strong stress resistance and great potential for yield increase.

The plot is sandy loam or loam with fertile soil, flat terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep plough layer and loose soil. Appropriate use of cereal crops, beans, cotton, radish, Chinese cabbage and so on. Such as previous crops, but not solanaceae crops, such as eggplant, pepper, tomato, tobacco, etc., to reduce the occurrence of diseases.

After harvesting the crops before fine soil preparation, it is necessary to deeply plow about 30 cm in time to make the soil freeze and weather, so as to accept rain and snow and freeze the overwintering pests. After thawing in early spring, we should plough and harrow as soon as possible to achieve the purpose of subdividing the plough layer, leveling the field without stubble and preserving soil moisture for sowing.

Potato is a high-yield and fertilizer-loving crop. Combined with soil preparation in early spring, base fertilizer was applied. Generally, 4000 ~ 5000 kg of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer, 20 kg of urea, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate and 30 ~ 40 kg of potassium sulfate are applied as base fertilizer. Cutting into pieces to accelerate germination and spring sowing requires about 120kg of seed potatoes per mu. One month before sowing, put the seed potatoes in a dark environment with the temperature of 15℃ ~ 20℃ for vernalization. Cut the seed potato into pieces 20 ~ 25 days before sowing, each piece has 1 ~ 2 buds, weighing 25 ~ 30g. After the seed potato is cut into pieces, the starch on the surface of the incision is washed with 600 times carbendazim suspension. After drying, it was placed in the room of 15℃ ~ 18℃, and the germination was accelerated by sand stratification. When the buds grow to about 2 cm, dry them in scattered light, and plant them when the buds turn green and thick.

The suitable sowing date of spring potato in Henan Province is from late February to early March. If the seeds are sown too early, the seedlings are vulnerable to freezing injury. Sowing too late, the tuber is in the high temperature and rainy season when it is swollen, and the stems and leaves on the ground are easy to grow white, which affects the nutrient accumulation of the tuber and leads to serious yield reduction. The tuber is susceptible to disease and rotten potatoes and is not resistant to storage.

Reasonable close planting adopts ridge width and narrow row cultivation, with ridge spacing of 1 m, ridge top width of 60 cm, ridge height of 15 cm, one ridge and two rows, width of 70 cm, narrow row of 30 cm and plant spacing of 25 ~ 30 cm. After ditching and sowing, after potato chips are arranged in the ditch with buds facing upwards, 2 ~ 3kg of 3% phoxim granules are used per mu, and fine soil15 ~ 20kg is evenly spread along the ditch to prevent underground pests. Then cover the furrow soil, flatten it, use 72% dur 100 ml or 50% acetochlor 120 ml per mu, spray water evenly for 40-50 kg to control weeds, and then immediately cover the film.

Site management 1. Break the membrane in time. 20 ~ 25 days after sowing, the seedlings are covered with plastic film one after another, and the plastic film is broken in time in sunny days, and the hole is covered with fine soil. 2. Intertillage and soil cultivation. Combined with topdressing and watering, the soil should be cultivated once at the beginning of germination and flowering to prevent tubers from sticking out of the ground. 3. Fertilizer and water management. Combined with soil moisture, water potato chips once in the whole seedling stage, budding stage, flowering stage and rapid expansion stage. Combined with watering, depending on the seedling situation, topdressing urea 10 ~ 15 kg per mu at the initial flowering stage, and stopping watering 5 ~ 7 days before harvest to prevent potato from rotting and affecting potato storage. In addition, 0.2% ~ 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution was sprayed on the leaves twice in the middle and late growth period of the plant, with 40 ~ 50 kg per mu each time to prevent premature aging. 4. Chemical control: 20-25g of 15% paclobutrazol and 40-50kg of water should be used per mu at the budding stage to control the overgrowth in the field. 5. Pest control. At the initial stage of virus disease, 500-fold solution of 20% virus A wettable powder or 1.5% phytosanitary emulsion 1000-fold solution were used for prevention and control. Spraying 500 times of 64% antiviral alum wettable powder or 600 times of 25% erysipelas every 7 days 1 time, 3 times in total. Spraying 2000 times of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder or 2000 ~ 3000 times of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder can control aphids.

Harvesting spring potatoes in time does not have to wait until they are ripe, but should be carried out before the arrival of high-temperature rainy season according to market demand, and harvested when the soil is dry on sunny days.