Characteristics of various climate types

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Also known as "equatorial rainy climate". Distributed between 5 ~ 10 on both sides of the equator.

It is hot and rainy all year round, with an average monthly temperature of 25 ~ 28? C, the annual precipitation can reach

More than 2000 millimeters. The seasons are evenly distributed, and there is no dry season. Mainly in South America and Asia.

Masang Plain, Congo Basin and Gulf of Guinea in Africa, and most Malay Archipelago in Asia.

And southern Malaysia. Mainly distributed in Amazon basin in South America and Congo in Africa.

River basin, Gulf of Guinea, southwest coast of Indian Peninsula in Asia, Malay Peninsula, south-central half.

The west coast of the island, the Philippine Islands and Irian Island, and Oceania from Sumatra to Singapore.

Around the island of Neya.

Mainly because of latitude factors:

1. solar radiation: the amount of solar radiation is within the range of100-180 kcal/cm * year. manufacture

High temperature all the year round. Areas with stronger solar radiation will become deserts.

2. Atmospheric circulation: It is located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the trade winds gather near the equator and converge and rise.

The water vapor contained in it is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall.

3. Land and sea influence. Tropical rainforests are located at the seaside or in large river basins, making their rainfall

Abundant, and make the temperature difference smaller. Low terrain, suitable for rainforest growth.

4. Vegetation has a great influence on the transpiration of trees, which makes the environment more humid.

Tropical monsoon climate

Latitude is 10 degrees to the tropic of cancer, the east coast of the mainland. Specifically, it is mainly distributed in southern Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands. In addition, it is also distributed in the northern coastal zone of the Australian mainland.

Climatic characteristics:

1. The temperature here is high all the year round, and the annual average temperature is above 20℃, and it is generally above 18℃ in Leng Yue.

2. The annual precipitation is large, concentrated in summer. This is because there is more convective rainfall in summer under the control of equatorial ocean air mass, and tropical cyclones bring a lot of precipitation, which leads to more rainfall in summer than in tropical dry and wet seasons. On some windward coasts, due to the influence of topography, the summer precipitation even exceeds that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. The annual precipitation is generally above 1, 0,500 ~ 2,000 mm. The tropical monsoon is developed in this area, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious, that is, the northeast wind blows in the northern hemisphere in winter, forming a dry season; In summer, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean blows (northwest wind blows in the southern hemisphere), which is rich in water vapor and concentrated in precipitation, forming a warm season.

Tropical savanna climate

It is generally distributed between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples. This kind of distribution area is located in the alternate control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual average temperature is about 25℃, and the equatorial low pressure zone is in the control period, so the equatorial air mass prevails and the precipitation is concentrated. During the trade wind control period, it was controlled by the tropical continental air mass and there was little rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obviously longer. Natural vegetation is tropical sparse grassland.

tropical desert climate

(1) The precipitation is small and the variability is large: Aswin in the Sahara Desert of North Africa has a record of no rain for many years; In Allica, a desert in northern Chile, South America, there have been only three showers that can measure rainfall in a row 17 years, and the total amount of the three showers is only 0.5 1 mm, with very little precipitation. Iquiji, also located in the desert of northern Chile, had no rain for four consecutive years, but in the fifth year, a shower dropped by 65,438+05 mm, and in the second year, a shower record reached 63.5 mm, showing great variability. Rainfall in tropical deserts is mostly explosive showers, which often cause serious soil erosion.

(2) High temperature and large temperature difference: Due to less clouds, strong sunshine, insufficient vegetation coverage and low air humidity, the temperature rises extremely rapidly during the day. It is recorded that the temperature in North Africa is as high as 58℃. Generally, the average monthly temperature in summer is between 30℃ and 35℃, and the high temperature lasts for a long time. For example, in Aden, Arabian Peninsula, the monthly average temperature is above 30℃ for five months in a year. The desert is cooler at night, because there is no cloud all night, and the ground radiation is strong and the heat dissipation is fast. The lowest temperature at night is usually between 7℃ and 12℃, and there are also days of thin frost. The annual temperature difference is generally around 10℃~20℃, and the daily temperature difference is even larger, between 15℃~30℃. At a weather station south of Tripoli in North Africa, 1978,1February 25th, 978, it was recorded that the highest temperature in Jedaias during the day was 37.2℃, but at night, the lowest temperature dropped to -0.6℃, and the daily temperature difference reached 37.8℃, which was really "wearing a fur coat in the morning and wearing yarn in the afternoon".

(3) Strong evaporation and low relative humidity: Tropical desert climate is often cloudless, windy, sunny, high temperature and low relative humidity in Wan Li, so it has strong evaporation. The possible evapotranspiration is 20 times or even about 100 times of precipitation. The relative humidity in the air is very small, and it often appears at about 2% in the Sahara desert of Egypt.

The subtropical monsoon, like the Qinling Mountains south of Huaihai in China, belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate. That's all I need to know. Monsoon humid climate mainly refers to tropical monsoon, subtropical monsoon and temperate monsoon climate, collectively referred to as monsoon climate.

Subtropical monsoon climate

The subtropical monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of subtropical continent at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, and it is a zone where tropical marine air masses and polar continental air masses alternately control and compete with each other. It is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's not cold here in winter. The average temperature in 65438+ 10 is generally above 0℃, and it is hot in summer. The average temperature in July is generally around 25℃, and the direction of Xia Feng changes obviously in winter. The annual precipitation is generally above 1000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer and less in winter. This climate is most typical in the southeast of China. In other areas, because there is a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, there is little difference between winter and summer, so it is called subtropical monsoon humid climate.

mediterranean climate

Summer is hot and dry, and winter is mild and humid. It is distributed on the west coast of the mainland between 30 and 40 degrees north latitude, such as the Pacific coast of California, the coast of Chile, the southern coast of Australia and Cape Town in southern Africa. The Mediterranean region is the most typical. The basic characteristics are: controlled by subtropical high in summer, the airflow sinks and there is little rain, and the summer precipitation only accounts for 20 ~ 40% of the annual precipitation; In winter, the subtropical high moves southward, with frequent cyclone activities and abundant precipitation in the westerlies. The rainfall in the most rainy month is more than three times that in the least rainy month, and the climate is mild and humid. The temperature is 5 ~ 10℃ in winter, 2 1 ~ 27℃ in summer, and the annual precipitation is about 350 ~ 900 mm. The natural vegetation is mainly drought-tolerant shrubs.

There are five regions in the world with this climate:

① Mediterranean coast;

(2) California coast of North America;

③ azania District;

(4) Central Chile in South America;

(5) the southwest and southeast coasts of Australia. Among them, Mediterranean coast is the most typical name.

Temperate maritime climate

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is different. h？ A raise, Deng Wei? Gap? Deng Deng? What? 1000mm or more, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach 2000 ~ 3000mm or more. This climate is the most typical in Western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coasts of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania.

Temperate continental climate

Temperate continental climate:

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Mainly distributed in 40 ~ 60 Eurasia and inland areas of North America. Because it is far away from the ocean and the humid climate is difficult to reach, it is dry and rainy, and the daily temperature difference is greater than the annual temperature difference. Moreover, the closer to the center of the mainland, the drier it is, the greater the annual and daily temperature difference, and the transition of vegetation from forest to grassland and desert.

It is located in the inland and the east coast of the mainland between 40 and 60-65 north latitude. Winter is controlled by continental climate, with the average temperature below 0℃ in Leng Yue in the south and close to -40℃ in the north. In the hottest month, the average temperature in the south is 26-27℃, and it is close to 20℃ in the north. The growing season is about 200 days in the south and only 50-70 days in the north. Belonging to this climate zone are: Northeast China, most parts of Siberia, most parts of Alaska and Canada, and the vicinity of the Great Lakes in the United States.

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

It appears on the east coast of Eurasia around 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Far East of the Soviet Union. In winter, affected by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail, which are cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind and southeast wind prevail, with warm, hot and rainy seasons. The annual precipitation is about 65438 0,000 mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

Polar climate includes tundra climate and ice sheet climate.

ice-cap climate

The climate of ice sheet is distributed in Antarctic continent and Greenland plateau, and it is one of the climate types of polar climate zone. It is covered with snow all year round, so it is also called ice desert climate, ice sheet climate or perpetual frost climate. In the hottest month, the temperature is below 0℃, the airflow sinks and the precipitation is scarce. The annual precipitation is about 65,438+000 mm, all of which fall in the form of snow. The wind speed is often above 25 m/s, and the maximum wind speed exceeds100 m/s. Snow blowing is often called a snowstorm.

Ice sheet climate

The tundra climate is one of the climatic types in the polar climate zone. Most of them are distributed in Eurasia and northern North America. The climate is cold all year round, the temperature in the hottest month is between 0 ~ 10℃, and it is winter all year round. The annual precipitation is below 250 mm, most of which is snow, and some of which can be dissolved in a short time in summer. The relative temperature is high, the evaporation is small, and the coast is foggy. Because of the low temperature, trees have disappeared and only moss and lichen can be produced.

It is dominated by the polar continental air mass and the arctic air mass all year round. The annual average temperature is lower than 0℃, and the hottest month average temperature is higher than 0℃, but it is still lower than 10℃, which is an indicator that distinguishes it from the climate with permanent frost and normal humidity in winter. In this climate, only the tundra community of lower plants can grow, hence the name. In summer, the daily maximum temperature can sometimes rise to 15- 18℃, but there is frost every month. The winter is long and the day is short, and the extreme minimum temperature can reach -40~-45℃. The annual precipitation is generally less than 350 mm, mainly cyclone storms. It is mainly distributed in the continental coast near the Arctic Ocean in the northern hemisphere, and its southern part is connected with cold winter and normal temperature climate. Because the southern hemisphere is surrounded by the ocean at the corresponding latitude, there is basically no tundra climate except for a few islands.

General characteristics of alpine climate:

The climate on the mountain is extremely unstable and changes quickly when it is flat. This is because of the air in the mountains.

The temperature changes rapidly and the temperature difference (temperature difference) is relatively large. About 15020 degrees. flat

The temperature difference is less than 10 degree.

Low temperature, low air pressure. Since the sea level, the temperature has dropped by about 6 degrees for every rise of 1000 meters. Therefore,

Although it is 30 degrees Celsius in Jedaias, the temperature in a mountain like Yushan, which is more than 4,000 meters above sea level, is only about 10 degrees Celsius.

As for air pressure, it is inversely proportional. The higher the altitude, the lower the air pressure. Under standard conditions, every 100 meters, gas

Pressure drop 10 mbar. At 750 mbar, the peak height of 4000 meters is about 460 mbar. The phenomenon of low pressure is very important.

The effects on the human body are shortness of breath, loss of appetite and other symptoms, which is a sign of mountain sickness.

There is much dew and strong wind. Because the climate on the mountain is changeable in a day, whether it is summer or winter,

Often the fog comes and the whole mountain falls into a white world. Will suddenly reduce the visibility around,

It is easy for people to encounter fog in the lost season. The low temperature and the humid air brought by fog have created this storm.

Exposing the epidermis is easy. Why is there wind on the mountain? That's because the terrain on the mountain is very different.

The ground receives solar radiation heat, and due to uneven heat distribution, air flow often occurs.

And because the resistance of airflow on high mountains is much greater than that of wind.

There is frost and snowfall in winter, and there are many hot thunderstorms in summer. There is a lot of hail when it rains. Hot thunderstorms in the mountains in summer are mostly in the afternoon.

3-6 o'clock, the phenomenon is moderate, with showers.