The Story of Modern Young Scientists in China

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The Story of Modern Young Scientists in China

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Qian Xuesen

19 1 1 year1/kloc-0 was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province in February, and/kloc-0 joined the China * * * production party in August, 1959. He is a doctor.

1929 to 1934 studied in department of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University. After graduation, I applied for studying in Tsinghua University at public expense. After entering the school, I worked as an intern at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. 1935 to 1939 studied in the department of aeronautical engineering of MIT and obtained a master's degree. 1936- 1939 studied in the department of aeronautics and mathematics of California Institute of Technology, USA, and obtained a doctorate. 1939- 1943, researcher, Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. 1943 to 1945 was an assistant professor in the department of aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (1940 to 1945 was a communication researcher in Chengdu Institute of Aeronautics, Sichuan). 1945- 1946, associate professor, Department of Aviation, California Institute of Technology. 1946- 1949, associate professor and professor of aerodynamics, Department of Aeronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1949- 1955, Director and Professor of Jet Propulsion Center of California Institute of Technology.

1955 returned to China. 1955 to 1964, director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 1965 to 1970 served as deputy minister of the seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1970 to 1982 served as deputy director of the science and technology Committee of the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense and vice chairman of the China association for science and technology. He has served as the first and second director of China Automation Society, honorary president of China Aerospace Society, China theoretical and applied mechanics Society and China Systems Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics. 1986 to 199 1 May, served as the chairman of the third National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology. 1991may was elected honorary chairman of China association for science and technology at the fourth national congress. 1April, 1992, was appointed honorary chairman of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences. /kloc-0 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Engineering in June, 1994.

He is the vice-chairman of the 9th to 12th Alternate members of the CPC Central Committee and the 6th, 7th and 8th China People's Political Consultative Conference.

China is a pioneer and outstanding representative of space science and technology, and is known as "the father of China's space flight" and "the king of rockets". During my study and research in the United States, I cooperated with others to complete the summary and preliminary analysis of long-range rockets, laying the theoretical foundation for surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets. The hypersonic flow theory put forward by others laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. At the beginning of 1956, the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry was reported to the Central Committee and the State Council. In the same year, according to his suggestion, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Committee, the leading body of missile and aviation research, and was appointed as a member. From 65438 to 0956, he was appointed to set up the first rocket and missile research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology", participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium-and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium-and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. He has made pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He is the founder and advocate of the theoretical and applied research of modern mechanics and system engineering in China.

1957 won the first prize of natural science of China Academy of Sciences. 1979 won the outstanding alumni award of California Institute of Technology. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. 1989 was awarded "Rockwell Medal", "World-class Science and Technology and Engineering Celebrity" and honorary member of International Polytechnic. 199 1 year 10 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. 1995 65438+ 10 won the "1994 ho leung ho lee foundation Excellence Award" in October. 1999, the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal".

He is the author of Engineering Cybernetics, On System Engineering, Introduction to Interstellar Navigation, etc.

qian sanqiang

Qian Sanqiang, formerly known as Qian Bingqiong, 19 13, was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and his father Qian Xuantong was a famous linguist in modern China. When he was a teenager, he lived in Beijing with his father. He studied in Conde Middle School, where Cai Yuanpei is the principal. 16 years old was admitted to Peking university preparatory school, and 1932 was admitted to Tsinghua University physics department. From 65438 to 0936, after Qian Sanqiang graduated, he served as an assistant to Yan Jici, director of the Institute of Physics of Peiping Research Institute. The following year, he passed the examination for studying abroad at public expense, and went to Europe with the ambition of serving the country when the guns of Lugouqiao sounded, and entered the Curie laboratory of Paris University to study as a graduate student. The tutors are Curie's daughter, Nobel Prize winner Irina Curie and her husband, Aurio Curie.

1940, Qian Sanqiang obtained the French national doctor's degree and continued to work as an assistant with the second generation of the Curies. 1946 married a talented woman with the same theme. The husband and wife made a breakthrough in the study of uranium fission and were recommended to the world scientific community by their mentor Iorio. Many newspapers and periodicals in western countries published this story and praised "China and Curie discovered a new method of nuclear fission". In the same year, the French Academy of Sciences also awarded the physics prize to Qian Sanqiang.

/kloc-in the summer of 0/948, Qian Sanqiang returned to the war-torn motherland with the feeling of welcoming liberation. Soon after he returned to China, he met the peaceful liberation of Peiping in June of 1949+0. He rode his bike to Chang 'an Avenue excitedly and joined the celebration crowd. Later, Ye Jianying, director of Beiping Military Control Committee, sent someone to find him, hoping that he would go to France with the delegation from the Liberated Area to attend the World Peace Conference. Under extremely difficult circumstances, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China allocated 50,000 US dollars to help him order instruments and materials related to atomic energy 2. Seeing that the leaders of the * * * Party had this vision of developing science before the founding of New China, Qian Sanqiang was so excited that tears welled up in his eyes. After returning from abroad, he was invited to visit the founding ceremony in Tiananmen Square that day.

Since the founding of New China, Qian Sanqiang has devoted itself to the development of atomic energy. He used to be the deputy director and director of the Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (later renamed the Institute of Atomic Energy), and 1954 joined the China * * * Production Party. From 65438 to 0955, after the central government decided to develop its own nuclear power, he became a planner. From 65438 to 0958, he participated in the construction of atomic reactors by the Soviet Union and gathered a large number of nuclear scientists (including his wife). He also recommended Deng Jiaxian and other outstanding talents to the team developing nuclear weapons.

1960, after the central government decided to develop the atomic bomb entirely by self-reliance, Qian Sanqiang, who has served as the deputy minister of the Second Machinery Department, served as the chief technical officer and chief designer. He tried his best to train a new generation of academic leaders, just as the Curies trained themselves. In the tough battle of "two bombs and one satellite", a large number of outstanding nuclear experts emerged, creating the fastest development speed in this field in the world. Later, people not only praised Qian Sanqiang for coordinating and using all kinds of complex scientific and technological fields and talents, but also thought that the Atomic Energy Institute he led was a "loyal" science and technology base camp.

In his later years, Qian Sanqiang's health declined day by day, and he still served as vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, chairman of Chinese Physical Society and honorary chairman of China Nuclear Society. He has always been concerned about the development of China's nuclear cause, stressing that the nuclear cause should be used not only for military purposes, but also for civilian purposes. 1992 died at the age of 79. On the eve of the 50th anniversary of the National Day, the Central Committee of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission posthumously awarded Qian Sanqiang the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal" made of 5 15g pure gold, in recognition of this leading scientist's great contribution.

Zhao Jiuzhang

(190710/October15-196810/October 26th), was born in Kaifeng, Henan. Meteorologists, geophysicists and space physicists. 1955 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences. 195 1 Join the Jiu San Society. Member of the Third, Fourth and Fifth Central Committee of Jiu San Society.

Zhao Jiuzhang was born in a family of traditional Chinese medicine, and studied in a private school since childhood, ready to engage in literature. Under the influence of the May 4th Movement, he changed to science and decided to "save the country through science". 1933 after graduating from the physics department of Tsinghua University, Zhao Jiuzhang passed the g test and went to Berlin university to study meteorologist h? Feng? Fick.

Zhao Jiuzhang received his doctorate from the University of Berlin on 1938. After returning to China, he taught at National Southwest Associated University, and 1944 was recommended by Professor Zhu Kezhen. He presided over the work of the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica and undertook the important task of laying the foundation of modern meteorological science in China after Zhu Kezhen. From 65438 to 0946, the Institute of Meteorology of China Academy of Sciences moved to Nanjing Arctic Pavilion, becoming one of the important bases of modern meteorological research in China. In the late period of the Liberation War, the Institute of Meteorology was ordered to move to Taiwan Province Province, and the doctors who stayed in the Institute in Zhao Jiuzhang welcomed the birth of the new China together, making indelible contributions to the meteorological cause of the motherland.

After the founding of New China, Zhao Jiuzhang promoted the establishment of Institute of Geophysics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Under the auspices of Zhao Jiuzhang, the Institute has rapidly developed into a scientific research institution with abundant talents. A group of accomplished scientists in scientific research institutes such as lasg and Lanzhou Institute of Atmospheric Physics have all received the guidance of Zhao Jiuzhang directly or indirectly.

Zhao Jiuzhang was the head of the Meteorological Group of the State Science and Technology Commission in 1956, and was elected as the chairman of the China Meteorological Society in 1958 and 1962 for two consecutive years. 1955 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences.

Zhao Jiuzhang has made outstanding contributions in meteorology, geophysics, space physics and other fields, and trained a large number of talents for scientific undertakings.

In the early days of the founding of New China, the technical force was weak. Zhao Jiuzhang and Tu joined hands to establish a joint weather forecasting center and a joint data center, which laid the foundation for the development of the two most basic branches of the new China meteorological cause (weather analysis and forecasting and meteorological data). He and several famous scientists are business leaders who are engaged in practical work in these two joint institutions.

Zhao Jiuzhang linked the development of science with the national economy and made important contributions. In the early 1950s, Zhao Jiuzhang advocated planting windbreaks in Guangdong and other places to change the local microclimate, thus creating conditions for rubber transplanting to subtropical areas. In the mid-1950s, international research on artificial precipitation enhancement began. Under the active initiative of Zhao Jiuzhang, the artificial precipitation enhancement research was carried out in China, a big agricultural country, which enabled the cloud physics research in China to be carried out, and obtained the research results of warm cloud precipitation theory and cumulus dynamics.

Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to the modernization of meteorology. In the early 1950s, through a lot of work and research, he proposed that meteorology should be mathematical, physical and chemical, engineering and new technology, and implemented this guiding ideology in his work. This is of great guiding significance to China's meteorological modernization.

In the early 1950s, the appearance of computers made it possible for weather forecast to develop from qualitative to quantitative. Zhao Jiuzhang supported and encouraged Gu Zhenchao, who had just returned from abroad, to solve differential equations by hand, thus developing numerical forecasting in China and cultivating a number of scientific and technological forces. When the first computer appeared in China, the research and business of numerical forecasting began, which laid the foundation for the official release of numerical forecasting in China in the late 1960 s. At the same time, Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to the application of new remote sensing technology in atmospheric science. In the mid-1950s, he supported the application of aerodynamic wind tunnels and advanced testing instruments to study atmospheric turbulence. With the vigorous promotion of Zhao Jiuzhang, only two ozone observation stations have been established in China, which laid the foundation for studying the ozone composition in the atmosphere.

According to the needs of national construction, Zhao Jiuzhang is constantly exploring new research fields. Ocean tide observation and research is of great significance to China's national defense and economic construction, but it was still blank at that time. In the early 1950s, Zhao Jiuzhang personally directed the study of waves and spectra in China sea area, and developed observation equipment and a set of observation and analysis instruments, which contributed to understanding the wave characteristics in China sea area and developing marine resources.

Zhao Jiuzhang is one of the founders of China's artificial satellite industry. He actively promotes the development of space science. Since the late 1950s, Zhao Jiuzhang has devoted himself to the establishment of China's space industry with great enthusiasm. From 65438 to 0958, Zhao Jiuzhang was the main technical director of the Second Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and was responsible for all preparations for satellite development. In June+10 of the same year, he put forward an important suggestion that "China should take the road of self-reliance, from small to large, from low to high". During the difficult three-year period in 1960s, Zhao Jiuzhang adjusted its development plan in time, focusing on meteorological rockets with less investment and manpower, and gradually carried out other high-altitude physical exploration to explore the development direction of satellites. In the early 1960s, China Academy of Sciences successfully launched a meteorological rocket. All kinds of instruments, radio telemetry system, power supply and radar tracking and positioning system in the arrow instrument cabin were developed by the Institute of Geophysics under the leadership of Zhao Jiuzhang. They also developed a Doppler velocity measurement and positioning system and beacon for the "Dongfanghong 1" satellite.

1in the autumn of 964, Zhao Jiuzhang lost no time in submitting a formal proposal for developing satellites to the State Council, which attracted the attention of the central authorities. 1in March, 965, the central government approved the plan put forward by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. From 1965 to 10, under the leadership of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the overall plan of satellite construction was further demonstrated, and Zhao Jiuzhang made important suggestions at the meeting.

Then, 65 1 Design Institute, which is responsible for implementing the satellite development plan, was established, and Zhao Jiuzhang presided over the work in science and engineering technology. His development plan and specific exploration scheme of China satellite series have played an important role in determining the overall scheme of China's first artificial earth satellite and recoverable satellite and developing key technologies. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. Zhao Jiuzhang has made outstanding contributions to scientific research.

Zhao Jiuzhang is the founder of dynamic meteorology in China. 1938, Zhao Jiuzhang introduced mathematics and physics into meteorology, studied the intertidal thermodynamics of trade winds, and completed the first paper on dynamic meteorology in China-intertidal thermodynamics of trade winds.

The concept of planetary wave baroclinic instability was first put forward by Zhao Jiuzhang. Zhao Jiuzhang pointed out in 1945 that the actual atmosphere can be unstable under baroclinic conditions, that is, the amplitude will increase with time to form the distribution and development of the pressure field observed on the weather map, which is one of the theoretical foundations of modern weather forecasting. When Zhao Jiuzhang 65438-0946 gave this academic report at the University of Chicago, it attracted great attention from international meteorologists. It is recognized in the history of meteorological development that "China and Zhao Jiuzhang put forward the concept of planetary wave instability in A.D. 1946".

In the early 1960s, Zhao Jiuzhang instructed students to study the changes of Stormer capture area and the mechanism of charged particles penetrating into the geomagnetic field during geomagnetic disturbance, and wrote a monograph "Upper Atmospheric Physics".

Under his leadership, he also completed the research topics of earthquake observation and shock wave propagation law of nuclear explosion test, as well as the physical phenomenon of warhead re-entering the atmosphere.

Zhao Jiuzhang is an excellent scientist and enthusiastic educator, who has trained many scientific talents. He studies hard and is enthusiastic about educating people. Some famous meteorologists in China, such as Ye Duzheng, Gu Zhenchao, Tao Shiyan, Gu Junxi and Hsiao-Lan Kuo, all received his guidance. Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to basic education. During his tenure as director of the Institute of Geophysics, he founded the Department of Geophysics of the Chinese University of Science and Technology at 1958, and proposed to run the department in the form of "combination of departments" to personally teach high-altitude physics and guide graduate students. Zhao Jiuzhang attaches great importance to talents, training and promoting talents. Zhou Xiuji, Zeng Qingcun and Chao Jiping are outstanding scientific talents who Zhao Jiuzhang constantly cares, loves and encourages.

Zhao Jiuzhang encourages students to have their own unique opinions and pay attention to cultivating a democratic academic atmosphere. The research groups he organized, such as wave group and magnetic storm group, held academic seminars every week, which was followed by fierce debates. The research group studied various phenomena related to the sun and the earth, and achieved a number of international achievements, which laid a good foundation for the research of space physics in China.

Zhao Jiuzhang couldn't wait until1April 24, 970. When China's first artificial satellite was launched into the sky, this outstanding scientist, who was well-known at home and abroad, died a year and a half ago. People will never forget this scientist who devoted all his energy to the cause of science. 1997, on the occasion of the 90th anniversary of Mr. Zhao Jiuzhang's birth, 44 famous scientists, including Wang, proposed and approved by the Central Committee to erect a bronze statue of Mr. Zhao Jiuzhang to commemorate his contribution to China's scientific cause. 1999 On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the National Day, the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission solemnly commended 23 scientific and technological experts who made outstanding contributions to the development of "two bombs and one satellite" and awarded the "two bombs and one satellite meritorious medal". Academician Zhao Jiuzhang is one of them.

Daheng Wang

(Wang Daheng,1915.2-+05.2-) male. Vice Chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, Academician of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering, expert in applied optics.

People from Suzhou, Jiangsu. 1936 graduated from Tsinghua University physics department. From 65438 to 0938, he went to study in Imperial College London, London, England, majoring in applied photonics, and obtained a master's degree from 65438 to 0940. 1942 was hired as an assistant researcher by Chance company in Birmingham, England. After returning to China from 65438 to 0948, he served as the director of applied physics department of Dalian University for two years, and then as the director of Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics for more than 30 years. He used to be President harbin university of science and technology, Director of Instrument Museum of China Academy of Sciences, Vice President of 15th Academy of National Defense Science and Technology, Dean of Changchun Branch of China Academy of Sciences, Director of Electric Machinery Research Institute, Vice Chairman of the 4th CPPCC of Jilin Province, Chairman of Metrology Society of chinese optical society and China, and Vice Chairman of China Instrumentation Society. 1955 was elected as a member of the Technical Department of China Academy of Sciences. 1978, joined the China * * * production party. 1983, he served as deputy director and director of the Science and Technology Department of China Academy of Sciences. 1986 was elected as the third vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. 65438+1In May 1993, he was elected honorary president of China Advanced Technology and Industrial Management Research Association, and vice president of the second China Federation of Retired Science and Technology Workers.

65438+1In June 1994, he was elected as an academician and a member of the presidium of China Academy of Engineering. 1994 65438+in February, he served as the president of China Old Science and Technology Workers Foundation. In addition, he has served as honorary chairman of China Photonics Society, honorary chairman of China Instrumentation Society, honorary chairman of China Metrology Society and chairman of Beijing Science and Technology Association. Delegate to the 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, delegate to the 3rd to 6th National People's Congress, and member of the 3rd and 7th China People's Political Consultative Conference.

China has made in-depth research on science and technology optics, laser, optical metrology, optical glass and optical engineering. Guide the successful development of various optical observation equipment. He has made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of applied optics, optical engineering, optical precision machinery, space optics, laser science and metrology science in China. Since 1960s, China has made the first laser, the first large-scale optical measuring equipment and many national defense optical instruments. In 1970s, he presided over the formulation of the first national remote sensing science plan and led a comprehensive aerial remote sensing experiment. 1March, 1986, four scientists, including,, and Wang, put forward the proposal of "developing China's strategic high technology" to the Central Committee. With the approval of comrades, the State Council issued the notice of "Outline of High-tech Development Plan", which was called "863 Plan" in history.

1979 was awarded the title of national model worker. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. 1995 65438+ 10 won 1994 "ho leung ho lee foundation Excellence Award" in October. 1999, the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal".

Yung - huai Kuo

Born in Rongcheng City, Shandong Province, 1909, male, party member, aerodynamist, academician of China Academy of Sciences.

1935 graduated from Peking University physics department. 65438-0940, went to the Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Toronto, Canada, and obtained a master's degree. 194 1 year went to California institute of technology to study compressible fluid mechanics. 1945 stayed in school as a researcher after obtaining a doctorate. 1946 Up to now, associate professor and professor at Cornell University, USA. After returning to China from 65438 to 0957, he successively served as the deputy director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the vice chairman of China theoretical and applied mechanics Institute, the deputy director of the Ninth Institute of the Second Machinery Department and the deputy director of the Ninth Institute. 1968 is dead.

In the development of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb in China, he led and organized the research work in detonation mechanics, high-pressure state equation, aerodynamics, flight mechanics, structural mechanics and experimental science of weapon environment, and solved a series of major problems. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress.

Respondent: SSR 213-14 2010-7-2311:58.

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Respondent: late 123- level 2017-28 08: 59.

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Respondent: Xiao Zhusun 20 10- Level 1 2010-7-3011:31.

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