How to plant longan trees?

Longan cultivation techniques 1 Good site conditions are the basis of efficient longan cultivation. Orchards with convenient transportation, gentle terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil and strong soil conservation are easy to cultivate, with high fertilizer and water utilization rate, which can reduce labor and fertilizer and water input and low production cost. Orchards with sufficient water resources and good irrigation facilities can effectively regulate the supply of fertilizer and water in orchards, ensure the normal growth of plants and fruit development, and have strong resistance to bad weather and good high and stable yield. Orchards with poor soil quality and insufficient water resources have high input cost and low yield, which are not suitable for efficient cultivation of longan. Taking advantage of local geographical and climatic conditions and adjusting variety structure and cultivation mode to produce high-value products, longan can be cultivated in a large area in our province, and the climate varies greatly from place to place. The adaptability and fruit maturity of longan varieties from different producing areas are quite different. The same variety is earlier 15 ~ 20 days in the early-maturing area in western Guangdong than in the late-maturing area in eastern Guangdong, which provides convenience for the diversified planting of longan in our province. For example, the development of late-maturing longan varieties in late-maturing production areas in eastern Guangdong has achieved good economic benefits. In the early-maturing production area of western Guangdong, the early-maturing variety Gushan 2 can be moderately developed, which can make longan mature ahead of schedule. Choosing cultivation techniques to promote early flowering and early fruiting of longan, such as cultivating early autumn shoots, watering to promote early germination of flower buds, thinning flowers and fruits early, and strengthening fertilizer and water management during flowering and fruiting period, can effectively advance fruit ripening and make longan listed early get better benefits. It is warmer in winter in western Guangdong, so the method of inducing longan to bloom by potassium chlorate can be chosen as the anti-season cultivation of longan, and Xuwen, the southernmost part of our province, has the most advantage. At present, potassium chlorate is used as the off-season cultivation place of longan in our province, mainly in Maogang District of Maoming City, which has produced good economic benefits. However, this technology is still immature, and the problems of serious fruit cracking and low commercial fruit rate need to be further studied and solved. Proper thinning and reasonable pruning can reduce the production cost. In order to pursue early benefits, longan planted in recent years generally chooses close planting, and the result of close planting obviously increases the cost of orchard. The longan sparse garden has good ventilation and light transmission, and the branches in the middle and lower parts of the crown grow strongly, with strong flowering and fruiting ability, large effective fruiting area of the crown and good yield. In addition, the sparse orchard has fewer plants per unit area, convenient cultivation and high utilization rate of fertilizer and water, which can obviously reduce the cost input. According to the variety characteristics and current cultivation characteristics of longan in our province, we think that the planting distance of longan is 6 ~ 8 meters. The row spacing between trees is too small, and the orchard is easy to be enclosed; The plant spacing is too large, the tree body is too large, and the crown management is inconvenient. Reasonable pruning includes thinning and cutting branches, crown retraction and renewal, and optimization of backbone branches. 1. Thinning and pruning: After pruning L ~ 2-year-old branches, the growth potential of the first and second branches extracted from longan is generally weak, and it needs high fertilizer and high water to restore the tree potential. In order to reduce production costs, longan orchards are generally not suitable for pruning. Especially, pruning in autumn after harvesting longan fruit should be based on thinning branches and clearing crowns, and it is not advisable to cut short branches, otherwise the growth of fruiting mother branches in autumn shoots will be weak and it will be difficult to blossom and bear fruit. 2. Crown retraction and renewal: With the growth of longan plants and the increase of crown, the problem of garden closure will naturally occur. In order to ensure the ventilation and light transmission of the orchard and create good three-dimensional fruiting conditions for plants, in addition to thinning the plants with excessive cultivation density, after the orchard plants reach the high-yield crown and before enclosure, the crown shrinkage and regeneration are carried out year by year, which can effectively control crown expansion and delay enclosure time. In recent years, we have successfully experimented and popularized the "branch thinning method" on litchi and longan, using the inner branches of the tree crown as substitutes, thinning some larger branches year by year, and compressing the tree crown, which not only retains enough branch fruit, but also controls the expansion of the tree crown, which has little influence on the tree potential, enables the plants to resume growth with less cost and has strong fruit-bearing ability, and effectively solves the problem of fruit sealing of litchi and longan. The method of annual rotation and short-cut regeneration in the upper branches of the crown of Hongling Seed Farm in Taishan Mountain has also achieved good results in controlling the crown growth. 3. Optimization of trunk branches: After the plant reaches the high-yield crown, the number of trunk branches in the crown will be reduced year by year, which will promote the renewal of the crown relative to the internal branches, so that the retained trunk branches will be more and evenly distributed in the crown, which can improve the nutrient transport capacity of the plant, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and water and reduce the production cost. Strengthening fertilizer and water management is the guarantee of high and stable yield. Longan needs a lot of fertilizer and water. At present, longan in our province is mainly planted in hilly areas, with poor soil and poor water and fertilizer conservation ability. Strengthening fertilizer and water management is the guarantee of high and stable yield of longan. At present, there is a general problem of insufficient fertilizer and water in longan planting in our province. Single application of chemical fertilizer leads to the lack of elements in many orchards, and insufficient fertilizer and water is one of the main reasons for the low yield of longan in our province. In fact, the input of fertilizer and water is the biggest part of longan production cost, especially in high-yield orchards. How to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and water is the technical key to reduce costs and improve benefits. Turkey's deep ploughing and soil improvement, application of organic fertilizer and improvement of soil fertility are essential technical measures for efficient longan cultivation. Making full use of weeds and pruned branches and leaves in the orchard, collecting pig manure in the orchard and applying fertilizer can reduce the cost. Chicken manure and pond mud are good organic fertilizers, so it is a good time to apply more organic fertilizers in winter to clean up the garden. Popularizing autumn shoot fertilizer is a very important fertilization measure for longan cultivation. Cultivating strong autumn shoots is the basis of high yield next year, which requires heavy fertilization and early fertilization. After fertilization, there is enough rain, which is beneficial to fertilizer absorption and high fertilizer utilization rate. During the growth period of autumn shoots, the autumn climate in our province is often dry, and it is beneficial to the growth of autumn shoots to encounter drought and drench water or mix fertilizer and water. "Dry litchi wets eyes", longan is not drought-tolerant, especially the drought-tolerant ability of Shijie longan is even worse. Usually, after the drought in autumn and winter, ghost broom disease often occurs in Shijie longan, and the phenomenon of large and small fruits is serious. Therefore, excessive drought in autumn and winter, even in the winter flower bud differentiation period, should also be properly watered to prevent tree decline. The fertilizer and water management of longan in the flower and fruit period must be carried out according to the amount of flowers and fruits. With the large amount of flowers and fruits, there is a great demand for fertilizer and water, and the number of people in the orchard increases accordingly. In order to control the fertilization cost of longan in flower and fruit period, we can master the principle of fertilization with more fruits, less fruits or no fertilization, and reduce the cost of orchard. According to the needs of plant growth, soil fertility and fertilizer characteristics, it is a good way to effectively reduce production costs to study and implement soil testing and leaf testing, guide orchard formula fertilization and improve fertilizer utilization rate. At present, fertilization in longan planting is unreasonable, and fertilizer waste is very common, which increases the input cost of orchard. For example, excessive application of potassium chloride and spreading of calcium superphosphate lead to fertilizer loss, soil fixation and low fertilizer utilization rate. 5. Improve traditional management technology, improve work efficiency and reduce production costs. The labor cost of longan orchard production management is also the largest part of longan production cost. How to simplify orchard cultivation management, improve work efficiency and reduce labor expenditure is also the technical key to reduce costs and improve benefits. In recent years, we have improved some cultivation techniques and measures in practice and achieved good results. For example, in autumn pruning after fruit picking, thinning pruning method based on rough pruning can obviously reduce pruning workload, shorten pruning time and improve work efficiency, especially in large orchards, which is beneficial to the uniform growth of autumn shoots; Selecting the methods of cultivating strong trees and strengthening fertilizer and water management to promote the germination of strong seedlings in autumn shoots can effectively reduce the number of branches. In the autumn shoot stage, strong autumn shoots can be obtained without thinning buds and branches. The labor cost of thinning buds and branches is used to strengthen fertilizer and water management, which is more conducive to high yield of longan. Reduce the fertilization times of autumn-promoting shoot fertilizer, only choose early application and re-application once, and mix quick-acting and late-acting fertilizers with organic and inorganic fertilizers, with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as the main one. Compared with repeated fertilization, early and repeated application of autumn shoot fertilizer at one time reduces the labor cost of repeated fertilization, and there is enough rain in the early stage of fertilization, which is beneficial to fertilizer absorption and autumn shoot growth; Weeding in autumn and winter can't clear the garden, leaving litter and weeds to cover the orchard to keep water, which is beneficial to improve the stress resistance of longan plants in mountain orchards and reduce the cost of clearing the garden. Establishing and perfecting the irrigation system of orchard can greatly improve the irrigation capacity of orchard, which is beneficial to the growth and fruiting of plants and saves a lot of labor costs for watering. Longan is more resistant to pests and diseases than litchi, so it can use less medicine than litchi in pest control. It is a waste of manpower and material resources to adopt litchi pest control methods for longan, especially disease control. In longan orchards without serious diseases, fungicides can be sprayed to save costs. Thinning flowers and fruits is one of the key technical measures to control longan yield, achieve high and stable yield, improve fruit quality and prevent trees from falling down. Longan's thinning of flowers and fruits should be different in the New Year and the New Year. In the new year, flowers and fruits should be thinned sooner rather than later, and the weight should not be light. Early thinning and less fruiting can reduce the input of fertilizer and water, maintain the vigorous growth potential of plants and make reserves for high yield in the coming year. In off-year, plants should have a lot of fruits, increase the input of fertilizer and water, and strive for better yield and economic benefits. In order to save cost, longan can choose the cultivation mode of hanging fruit every other year after high yield in the same year, that is, relaxing management after fruit harvest to save cost. If you encounter longan in the coming year, you can pick flowers and give up the yield, and choose the fruit of the next year to restore the tree, which can reduce the cost. If it is a small year, it is necessary to strengthen the management of flower and fruit period and strive for a certain yield and benefit. O6 Choose feasible technical measures to promote the flowering and fruit preservation of longan. At present, the technology of promoting flowers and keeping fruits in longan production can be described as "eight immortals crossing the sea, each showing his magical powers", but in order to cultivate longan, we must choose feasible technical measures to promote flowers and keep fruits. Excessive weakening of tree potential and increased cost are not suitable for efficient cultivation of longan. For example, girdling, girdling, root cutting, and high-concentration spraying of ethephon will weaken the tree vigor and increase the cost of fertilizer and water to obtain yield, which is generally not suitable. In the aspect of longan flower promotion and fruit protection, our usual practice is: 1, and the last autumn shoot begins to mature from 1 to 65438+2 through fertilizer and water regulation; 2. Spray "Longan Shoot Control and Flower Promotion Agent" once the last branch is mature. If the winter is hot and humid, use 200PPM ethephon to spray "longan shoot control and flower promotion agent" again in June 5438+February; 3.65438+ 10 started spraying water in the middle and late October to promote the germination of flower buds and improve the flower formation rate. In February-March, when there is drought in the growth and development period of flower spike, attention should be paid to spraying water to ensure the normal development of flower spike and improve the quality of flowers. 4. Spraying "Longan Fertilizer Agent" once at the budding stage of flower heads, timely thinning the excessive and oversized flower heads, and ensuring a high nutritional level of trees, thus improving the fruit setting rate o7, standardizing the fruit harvesting procedures and post-harvest treatment technologies, comprehensively utilizing fruits, improving benefits, and standardizing the fruit harvesting procedures and post-harvest treatment technologies are important links to improve the commodity quality and market competitiveness of longan fruits, but this has not been fully paid attention to in longan production in our province. Due to unreasonable harvesting and post-harvest treatment of longan fruit, the phenomenon of poor quality of fruit products, large storage and transportation loss and short shelf life is widespread, which makes longan mainly sold locally and limits the sales of fresh longan fruit. Strengthening the research and application of postharvest processing technology of longan will effectively improve the market competitiveness and economic benefits of longan. In recent years, we have carried out round meat processing in orchards, selected standard fruits for fresh sale, and processed round meat for secondary fruits, which has improved the quality and market competitiveness of fresh fruits and improved economic benefits.