Combined with their own personality psychology, this paper discusses how to prevent road traffic accidents from the perspective of motor vehicle drivers and pedestrians.

1. Effective hedging knowledge before (after) travel

Check the vehicle carefully before driving, especially the tires, steering, brakes, lights and seat belts.

Tire pressure and air leakage, to prevent sudden tire puncture during driving, resulting in accidents such as rollover and deviation.

Steering-spare parts to prevent the mechanism from losing control due to vibration, which will eventually lead to casualties.

Brake the pipeline to prevent air leakage and oil leakage. So as not to cause rear-end collision, deviation or even a major car accident.

Headlights-whether they are damaged, etc. , to prevent the danger of rear-end collision, scraping, etc. due to the unclear driving target of the vehicle during driving.

Equipment-whether to forget, etc. , to prevent self-help when encountering unexpected dangers during driving, such as fire extinguishers, spare tires, window hammers, etc.

Loading-whether there is overload, overrun, overcrowding, etc. , will always be the biggest "natural enemy" in the process of vehicle driving, in order to prevent the occurrence of brake failure, bearing end cracking, highway bridge collapse and so on during driving.

As a driver, every driver is not required to do the above inspections, but we must understand the importance and necessity of these items, and we must learn to pay attention to the condition of our vehicles and find out hidden dangers. For example, the most easily overlooked "tire inspection" is precisely the most important and life-threatening project. Usually, we must learn to pay attention to the shape of the tire when it touches the ground under normal conditions. If we accidentally find that the tire is deformed, we should immediately realize whether the tire is punctured. Is the air pressure insufficient? By analogy, when you find a problem and you can't solve it yourself, you should go to the maintenance company to check and repair it in time.

The driver should fasten his seat belt before starting the car. Seat belts can be described as "life belts" for drivers. Proper use of seat belts can reduce the death rate of frontal collision by 57%, side collision by 44% and rollover by 80%. Safe driving starts with fastening your seat belt.

2. Effective knowledge of hedging in driving.

Accident prevention during driving is much more complicated than before (after) travel. At present, the road route continues to extend, the traffic volume is increasing day by day, and the traffic behavior is very different. How to effectively prevent accidents in driving requires drivers to strengthen and improve their abilities in three aspects: predictive driving, emergency driving and special environment driving.

(1) Predictive driving

Many traffic accidents are caused by drivers' slow recognition of danger or misjudgment. In order to avoid traffic accidents, it is very important for safe driving to predict what kind of danger there will be on any occasion.

Learn to judge-don't cause accidents because of wrong judgment or blind self-confidence; Timely confirmation-timely confirmation of possible dangers in complex traffic environment; Effective operation-take appropriate driving operation according to the degree of danger.

Anticipate possible driving hazards.

Possible danger signals

Predictable danger

Obvious danger

Children who were playing, going to school or leaving school ran into the driveway and suddenly changed their running direction.

The car in front should stop on the right side of the road. The danger of pedestrians rushing to the main road to open the door.

When driving on the priority road and at the left (right) intersection, there is a danger that the vehicle will meet in front of the vehicle.

Invisible danger

There is a danger that pedestrians will suddenly run out in front of parked vehicles.

There is a danger that the cart will come from behind when it turns left.

Before driving at the intersection, there is a danger that a motorcycle will come from the right rear and knock it down.

(2) Emergency driving

Many traffic accidents are often caused by some unexpected situations, such as: flat tire, steering out of control, brake failure, fire, collision, natural disasters (earthquake, flood, etc. ). Once the driver encounters these unexpected situations, he must take necessary emergency technical measures to minimize or solve the losses and casualties caused by the accident.

An emergency during driving.

Initiating factor

Emergency driving measures

Tire leak

The valve leaks, and the wheel is stuck 1. Hold the steering wheel tightly, brake slowly, try to control the direction and leave the lane. 2, don't take emergency braking, in order to avoid rollover or rear-end collision with other cars.

Tire burst

Overload, insufficient air pressure (tire sidewall bending and cracking), excessive air pressure, sharp instrument injury, excessive wear and tear, etc. The weak part 1 of the vehicle suddenly breaks during continuous high-speed driving, and the wheel will swing when the rear wheel has a flat tire, but it will not get out of control. As long as both hands hold the steering wheel tightly, the vehicle can keep driving in a straight line; 2. It is dangerous when the front wheel has a flat tire, but you must try your best to control the steering wheel and grab the low gear quickly.

Steering out of control

Parts such as steering column are loose and fall off. 1. If you can keep driving in a straight line, don't brake suddenly; 2. Gently pinch the brake handle by hand; 3. If the vehicle deviates from the straight direction, brake decisively.

brake failure

Brake drum, return spring, brake friction plate, etc. 1. Hold the steering wheel tightly and hold the low gear; 2. To avoid obstacles, we must master the principle of "avoiding people first, then avoiding things".

(3) Driving under special circumstances

When driving in bad conditions, the driving sight is blocked and the road conditions become worse, which often leads to unforeseen anomalies that have never appeared on the road at ordinary times. In order to ensure safe driving in various harsh conditions, drivers should fully understand driving in the following harsh conditions.

Driving in rainy days: When a vehicle is driving on a wet road, with the increase of vehicle speed, the adhesion of wheels drops sharply, which is prone to "water slip". Therefore, the driver cannot step on the brake pedal or slam the steering wheel.

Driving in foggy days: In foggy days, visibility is reduced, vision is narrowed, and vision is blurred. It is necessary to prevent the traffic conditions ahead (pedestrians, slow cars, faulty cars, accident cars, pits, etc.). ) to avoid being found too late when driving, and to prevent other drivers from not finding their own cars and causing accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to turn on the anti-fog lights in time, slow down and keep the distance safe.

Driving on the snowy road: When the snow melts below zero, it condenses into thin ice, and the road surface is extremely slippery. In order to prevent sideslip and contact with other vehicles caused by emergency braking, it is necessary to reduce the speed, increase the safety distance and drive slowly.

Muddy road driving: Because the road surface is soft and sticky, the driving resistance is great. In order to prevent traffic accidents caused by vehicle sideslip during driving, drivers must stop to observe and control the speed and master the skills of unified one-time passing.

Wading: due to the action of water flow, roads and bridges may be damaged, and there is a great hidden danger of accidents at this time. In order to prevent serious traffic accidents caused by risky wading, drivers must investigate the dangers in advance and master some essentials of wading driving.

Mountain road driving: Because of the complex terrain, rugged roads, steep slopes and unpredictable climate, driving on flat roads has unusual driving characteristics and dangers. In order to prevent accidents on mountain roads, drivers must make full preparations (goods, vehicle inspection, climate investigation, route and rest) before entering mountain roads, and pay attention to actively avoiding and honking the horn in time to ensure the safety of mountain roads.

Road traffic safety management is one of the important tasks that Party committees and governments at all levels have been paying unremitting attention to. However, in recent years, with the increasingly strong social and economic construction, the per capita income has increased year by year, and the national highway mileage has gradually increased, especially in rural areas, and the number of motor vehicles has also increased year by year. Vehicle traffic violations and pedestrians' lack of traffic safety knowledge have led to frequent road traffic accidents, which makes people feel embarrassed and puts forward higher requirements for traffic safety management of public security organs. The author uses the "butterfly effect" to think about the causes and harm of pedestrian road traffic accidents, and at the same time puts forward some immature views for encouragement.

Pedestrian:

A Brief Description of "Butterfly Effect"

American meteorologist Lorenz put forward the "butterfly effect" in 1963. The general idea is that a butterfly in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon River basin in South America occasionally flaps its wings a few times, and two weeks later, it may cause a tornado in Texas, USA. In a broad sense, the "butterfly effect" is not limited to the Lorenz butterfly effect at the beginning, but only extends to pedestrian traffic accidents in weather forecast, that is, in the whole traffic activity, small illegal acts of pedestrians and vehicles will lead to great consequences.

Second, the main causes of pedestrian deaths in traffic accidents

Although the public security traffic control, safety supervision and other relevant departments have carried out numerous publicity activities on traffic safety knowledge for pedestrians to varying degrees every year, and most pedestrians have a strong sense of safety prevention, the number of pedestrian traffic accidents has not decreased significantly. Taking the death accidents in our county in the first half of this year as an example, the number of pedestrian deaths accounted for 48.57% of the total traffic accidents. Among the pedestrian deaths, 0.59% were pedestrians over 50 years old,1pedestrians over 50 years old and under 50 years old accounted for 1.76%, and1pedestrians under 8 years old accounted for 65,500%. To this end, the author believes that such accidents are mainly caused by pedestrians themselves, which are manifested in the following aspects:

One is the age. As far as the death accidents in our county are concerned, the age characteristics of pedestrian deaths are mainly concentrated in the elderly and young children. When the old man is old, his body reacts slowly, and even accidents may occur because of the degradation of organs, such as deafness and poor legs and feet. Children are young, have no sense of danger, and do not understand traffic rules, which leads to accidents.

Second, the reasons for not being good at using traffic safety knowledge. Old people's ability to accept traffic safety knowledge is slow and their ability to use it is poor; Children's acceptance of traffic safety knowledge also has certain limitations, so their ability to use traffic safety knowledge to protect their own safety is weak. Children under 7 years old can't use safety knowledge flexibly to protect themselves, and even younger children may not realize it when danger comes.

The third is the reason for poor guardianship. Old people usually don't accompany their families when they travel. Even if they go out together, they don't care about the safety hazards of the elderly when they participate in traffic activities, because they are old and weak, and their thinking and physical reactions are relatively slow. Children are lively and active, but they have little or no awareness of danger. Parents despise or ignore the existence of security risks, especially the residents along the expressway. They believe that their children grew up in such an environment from birth and received a lot of education in their daily lives. So they think the danger can be avoided, which leads to traffic accidents.

Third, the harm after the accident

After the death of pedestrians in traffic accidents, it is important for pedestrians to participate in traffic activities. The occurrence of road traffic accidents can be described as "butterfly effect", that is, in sociology, a bad tiny mechanism will bring great harm to society if it is not guided and adjusted in time, and it is dubbed as "tornado" or "storm". It has been observed that after a pedestrian has a traffic accident, the first reaction of family members is to catch the driver and the owner, ranging from verbal abuse to beatings. Because pedestrians are generally residents or relatives near the accident site, a certain number of people will gather quickly after the accident, forming onlookers and even causing traffic jams. As a traffic policeman, if such accidents are not handled properly, it will aggravate the vicious development of such accidents, and then lead contradictions to public security organs and even the government, leading to mass incidents. On March 12 this year, Chen Mou killed a pedestrian Chen (male, 7 years old, the only child in his family) by driving a motorcycle without a license plate at 202KM+800M of the 309 provincial highway in our county. The accident happened at the door of the deceased's house, near the town. About 10 minutes after the accident, nearly 200 relatives and onlookers gathered at the scene. As a result, our police set up a task force and carried out a lot of detailed work. Finally, the possibility that Chen's death was caused by another collision of military vehicles was ruled out. However, there is no insurance for motorcycle accidents, and the family economy of the driver Chen Mou is quite difficult. Finally, the driver and relatives patched together to make up the funeral expenses. After the local town, village and group cadres did a lot of work, the family members buried the body. Imagine an unfortunate family that has lost a child, and has been depressed for a long time, causing serious mental problems. It is very likely that the hate society turned to revenge society to seek psychological balance, thus posing a hidden threat to society and even triggering a social "storm".

Fourth, preventive measures.

After understanding the "butterfly effect", we can easily find that a small effort can be exchanged for a huge "blessing fruit" in the future, thanks to a well-known saying: "Details determine success or failure." That is, pay attention to details, prevent small delays, pay attention to correlation and control the overall situation. The author believes that public security organs should strictly do a good job in road traffic safety to prevent pedestrians from having road traffic accidents.

(a) the strict implementation of road traffic safety knowledge propaganda work, to ensure that the masses improve their awareness of road traffic safety.

First, actively promote the socialization process of traffic safety publicity and education. Traffic safety publicity is a social system engineering, and the strength of traffic police alone is too weak to cover all aspects. Traffic safety publicity and education should be changed from "one person management" to "everyone management". In order to promote the socialization of traffic safety publicity and carry out traffic safety publicity in an all-round way, public security organs at all levels should actively advise local governments to bring traffic safety publicity and education into the category of spiritual civilization construction, clarify the responsibilities of various functional departments in publicity and education work, establish a socialized publicity and education network, and require all social groups, institutions, schools, enterprises, streets, towns and villages to fulfill their obligations of traffic safety publicity, education and management for their own people, and regard traffic safety work as a part of the assessment criteria for spiritual civilization construction. Public security traffic management departments at all levels should strengthen coordination and cooperation, make full use of the role of various news media, run publicity and education programs well, and expand social influence. In this way, everyone in the whole society pays attention to traffic safety, learns traffic laws and regulations, and abides by them, so that the concept of traffic law, traffic safety awareness and traffic civilization awareness of the whole nation are generally improved.

The second is to establish a scientific and reasonable assessment index for traffic safety education, and clarify the reward and punishment measures to ensure the effectiveness of traffic safety publicity and education. For a long time, traffic safety publicity and education lacked scientific assessment indicators. Generally, the amount of publicity information is used as the assessment index. The author believes that this indicator is difficult to ensure the effectiveness of publicity and education. It is necessary to adhere to the combination of work quantity and work quality, consider both the quantity of work completed and the quality of work (including the people's awareness rate and law-abiding rate of traffic regulations), establish scientific assessment indicators, clarify reward and punishment measures, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the broad masses of police.

The third is to strengthen the scientific research of traffic safety publicity and education, constantly improve the ways and means of publicity and education, and deepen the connotation of publicity and education. Traffic safety publicity and education involves law, psychology, engineering and other multidisciplinary knowledge. It is necessary to strengthen the scientific research of traffic publicity and education, fully tap the humanistic connotation of traffic safety, innovate the ideas of traffic safety publicity and education, create publicity and education methods suitable for modern social life, and imperceptibly improve the people's traffic moral level and modern civic awareness. It's not just about us, but about the whole society to let people know whether our behavior is standardized or not. Obeying traffic rules is a social responsibility. It is necessary to integrate more family and social responsibilities into publicity and education, cultivate civilized citizens with high traffic moral quality, fundamentally change the current situation of low traffic civilization quality, and create a harmonious, civilized and safe traffic environment.

(two) to crack down on road traffic violations, reduce the harm caused by traffic violations to the lives of pedestrians.

First, increase the investigation and punishment of freight vehicle overload. Due to the huge volume of freight vehicles, there is a big blind spot in the running process, and there are hidden dangers such as parts and braking caused by overload. In the process of driving on the road, pedestrians can't avoid it, or the blind area of sight causes harm to pedestrians' lives.

The second is to increase penalties for motorcycle violations. Because motorcycles are economical and practical, they are the first choice for urban and rural residents below the county level to travel instead of walking. However, combined with the analysis of pedestrian deaths caused by traffic accidents in recent years, motorcycle drivers lack traffic safety knowledge, coupled with poor driving skills, traffic violations such as speeding and overcrowding often lead to pedestrian injuries and deaths in traffic accidents. Intensify the investigation and punishment of motorcycle violations, prohibit unlicensed and unlicensed vehicles from driving on the road, improve drivers' awareness of traffic safety and reduce motorcycle violations.

The third is to intensify the investigation and punishment of "drunk driving" to ensure that pedestrians are not killed by "drunk driving". Because when driving a motor vehicle after drinking, the driver's thinking reaction and behavior operation are slower than when not drinking. When pedestrians walk normally, they may encounter vehicles that have lost their lives because of out-of-control drunk driving.

The fourth is to increase penalties for speeding vehicles. There is an overview in traffic accident statistics: nine times out of ten accidents are fast. In traffic accidents, the speed is statistically analyzed: nine out of ten traffic accidents are caused by speeding. Although this statistical statement feels a bit exaggerated, it is not difficult to see that speeding is one of the important reasons for traffic accidents. Because the speed is too fast, it takes ordinary people at least 500 milliseconds to send information to the brain after the driver judges that a dangerous situation has occurred, and the brain sends a signal to operate the vehicle to avoid danger. However, if a vehicle with a speed of 60 kilometers per hour finds danger and takes measures during normal driving, the vehicle will travel at least 8.33 meters. Therefore, when the speed is too fast, an accident in an emergency is an inevitable result.

(3) The psychological counseling for the families of the deceased should be strict and meticulous, so as to ensure that the accident will not bring negative effects to the society and the government or even lead to mass incidents.

After a pedestrian dies in a traffic accident, it is most difficult for his family members to accept the reality, especially if the deceased is a young adult or a minor. The damage to the family will be more intense, and even the mental breakdown of family members will make a family return to poverty and disintegration. This is the last thing the government wants to see. For the families of the deceased, correct psychological guidance should be given. It is best that civil affairs, women's federations, grass-roots village communities and social organizations take the initiative to intervene, actively enlighten and talk regularly and irregularly after similar misfortunes occur in the families under their jurisdiction. Family planning, villages, social organizations and other departments should actively help to apply for birth certificates, so that such families can increase their children as soon as possible and help their loved ones get out of families that have lost their children as soon as possible.

In addition, often after the death of pedestrians in traffic accidents, the first reaction of family members is to find the driver who caused the accident and ask for an explanation. Especially some residents along the expressway are very impatient. Coupled with the sudden death of their loved ones, they may insult the driver who caused the accident. What's more, they will punch and kick each other or ask the driver to carry the body, kowtow and be filial, and they will also touch the blood on the driver's face and body. In the process of accident handling, if the police are not careful, they will point the contradiction to the public security department and then to the government. Therefore, when dealing with similar accidents, the police must pay attention to their words and deeds, be cautious in the interpretation of laws, regulations and policies, and don't form contradictions or even stand on the opposite side with the families of the deceased because of negligence in the accident handling process.