The origin of the name Huanggutun

"Huanggutun" is an influential place name in the modern history of China.

Huanggutun is located 10 miles west of Shenyang Old Town.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, only a few families guarding the tomb were scattered here, and a settlement was formed during the reign of Kanggan, formerly known as "Huanggui Wopu"; In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), A Brief Introduction to the Capital was published, which was called Huanggutun. This is probably the earliest record of Huanggutun seen so far. Since then, with the increase of the number of households, two Huanggutun have been formed. In the Records of Chengde County published in two years (19 10) and its appendix Map of Chengde County, "Huanggutun" was written as "Big Huangguitun" and "Little Huangguitun", but the place name of "Huanggutun" was not found, and the Credit Information Record of Mu Donation in Chengde County Police Academy was published. In the sixth year of the Republic of China (19 17), the Records of Shenyang County were compiled as the Records of Chengde County. Explain that "Huangguitun" is just another name for "Huanggutun", and the two are sometimes mixed. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Jingfeng Railway was built to Xinmin Tun, and in the 30th year of Guangxu, it was built to Fengtian. The railway passes through Huanggutun and sets up a station at Huanggutun. According to the Travel Guide of Jingfeng Railway published by Xuan Tong in the second year, its station was named Shenyang Station, and it was renamed Huanggutun Station in the first year of the Republic of China (19 12). In the early years of the Republic of China, Shenyang County established administrative organizations at district and town levels, and classified the villages around Huanggutun as "Huanggutun Town", which was under the jurisdiction of District 9.

1On June 4th, 928, Japanese militarists killed Zhang, the warlord leader, at the "Three-hole Bridge" at the intersection of Jingfeng Railway and Nanman Railway in Huanggutun, which caused the "Huanggutun Incident" that shocked China and foreign countries. Since then, this common place name has been recorded in history.

With the development and expansion of Shenyang in 1938, the whole city was divided into eleven administrative regions, namely "Shenhe, Dahe, Tiexi, Dadong, Hunhe, Yongxin, Yuhong, Huanggu, Beiling, Shenhai and Dongling", and Huanggutun was listed as a district-level place name from now on.1948/kloc-0. Huanggu District is now one of the five major urban areas in Shenyang.

There is no official record about the origin of the place name "Huanggutun", but there are many legends among the people. Most of these legends say that Huanggutun originated from "Huanggu Grave". However, after repeated research by relevant personnel, there is no conclusion. Therefore, local chronicles and various publicity materials still use folklore as their place names. In recent years, the author's research on the orientation of the Eight Banners in Shengjing involves the origin of the place names in Huanggutun. To this end, I have done a little information accumulation and investigation work. In my opinion, "Huanggu Grave" is not a real "imperial aunt", but an imperial clan leader named "Feng Gu" in the early Qing Dynasty. The so-called "Huanggu Grave" is a homophonic mistake of "Fenggu Tomb".

First, the legend of "Huanggu Grave"

Among the legends of place names in Shenyang, the legend of "Huanggu Grave" is the most colorful. There are only seven articles in the book "Shenyang Huanggu Information Book". For example, Hanwang accepts daughters, Huang Gu Tun, Huanggu Grave, the emperor and his daughter, Huang Gui Tun and the tomb of the prince, and Gan Long and Huang Gu Tun recruit women. As for the legends scattered in other newspapers, it is difficult to count, at least more than this figure. Now, only seven articles published by Shenyang Huanggu Archives are taken as examples to make a brief analysis.

1. "It's rare to receive a woman"

The general idea of this article is that Huanggutun used to be called "Guihuatun". Once the old king Han (Nurhachi) came here to hunt and asked a peasant woman for water to drink. The peasant woman was very enthusiastic about Hanwang and gave her water and food. Hanwang saw that she was "kind-hearted and clean-spoken" and accepted her as "adopted daughter". Later, "Guihuatun" was called "Huanggutun".

2. "Dahuang Ancient Tun and Xiaohuang Ancient Tun"

The main idea of this article is that an emperor went here for a spring outing, recognized a commoner as an adopted daughter and brought it back to the palace to raise him. Soon, my aunt died, and the emperor buried her in the original place according to her entrustment. Later, the queen gave birth to a little aunt, who asked to be buried next to her dry sister's grave after her death. So there appeared two "Huanggu Grave", big and small. This has evolved into two large and small Huanggutun.

3. Huanggu Tomb

There used to be a Huanggu Grave in the western suburb of Huanggu District, covering an area of five acres and covered with trees. The tomb is very high, with a stone table in front of the mound dome, no stone tablet and no fence. According to legend, Nurhachi was defeated in his early years and fled here alone. He hid in the delivery room to avoid the pursuers. So I recognized my mother as a "godsister". Huanggu Grave is the mother's grave that once saved Nurhachi's life.

4. The emperor and his goddaughter

Legend has it that an emperor came here incognito and begged food from a family. The father and daughter of this family entertained the emperor with pancakes. Seeing the girl's outstanding appearance, the emperor adopted her as his adopted daughter. Later, "Huang Gu" was spotted by a local playboy and wanted to marry him. His father went to the palace to look for the emperor. But when the imperial soldiers arrived, the aunt was already dead. From then on, the village near Huanggu Grave was called Huanggutun.

5. Huang Gui Tunhe Prince's Tomb

Legend: Huanggutun used to be called Huangguitun. During the reign of Shunzhi, a prince Jianyi built a tomb here. Because there lived a family named Huang Gui, he called the area around the tomb of Prince Jianyi "Huanggui Tun". Prince Jianyi belongs to the blue flag and is the descendant of Prince Du Ji. Their grandfather was Shu 'erhaqi, the younger brother of the Qing Emperor Nurhachi. The tomb of Prince Jianyi was still in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, and the Cultural Revolution was destroyed.

6. Qianlong and Huanggutun

Legend: Emperor Qianlong once went to Beiling to worship his ancestors and went to the west of the city to see the scenery. Because of the storm, he took refuge in a family, and the mother and daughter served food. Qianlong then accepted his daughter as "adopted daughter". Later, after three years of mourning for her mother, her adopted daughter died of anxiety. When Emperor Qianlong heard this, he recited a poem and said, "It used to rain cats and dogs, so I came to Penggemen. A floating mother asks for a letter of rice, and a meal is worth 1000. Life and death have become bosom friends, and two women are committed to life and death. Qing history shows loyalty and heroism, and eight virtues are Huanggu Grave. "

7. "Recruitment of women in Gan Long"

The general idea of inheritance: Emperor Qianlong traveled eastward and once came to a small teahouse in the west of the city to drink tea incognito. Blessed are the father and daughter who open the teahouse. Take out good tea. Emperor Qianlong recognized this daughter as his adopted daughter. Later, this woman married a family named Li, the ancestor of Li Hongzhang. After the promotion, the female husband was too poor to love rich people and wanted to divorce his wife. So, the woman and her father went to Beijing to find Gan Long. He named the girl Aunt, named her village Aunt, and built a Fu Ma House in her village.

The above seven folklores have different opinions on the origin of the place name of Huanggutun, the emperor, the emperor's aunt, and the relationship between generations. Seven kinds of legends form four kinds of mutual interpretations: First, "On Huanggu Grave" is named after Huanggutun "Huanggu Grave". 2. The theory of Guihuatun is named after the "Huanggu" of Guihuatun, which is close to Huanggu Grave's theory. Third, "Huang Gui Tun Shuo" is homophonic with Huang Gui Tun and Huang Gu Tun. Fourth, the emperor ordered the title of Huanggutun to be named after his "Huanggu". For another example, the legendary emperor and his aunt, people and generations are different. Some legends regard the emperor as "Hanwang" Nurhachi, some as "Qianlong", and some are unknown; Regarding the generation of "imperial aunt" and emperor, some people say "goddaughter", others say "godsister", and so on, which are contradictory and can hardly be regarded as faithful history.

Of course, historical research does not completely exclude folk customs. On the contrary, some folklore contains some "shadows" of real history, especially the "memoirs" that some oral writers have heard, heard and recreated, which have always been cherished by historians, because some of these folk historical materials are far behind the official history. And the legend of Huanggutun place names does have such historical data, which plays an auxiliary role in practical research.

Second, the location of "Huanggu Grave"

There are two opinions about the specific location of "Huanggu Grave": Shouquan area and Guangming Street. Shouquan area is located in the north of Beijing-Shenyang Railway, and Guangming Street is located in the south of Beijing-Shenyang Railway. Shou Quan's theory comes from The Whole Map of Urban Streets in Liaoning Province compiled by Wang Hualong, a professor of geography at Northeastern University, in the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), which has memories of Lao Long. According to the Complete Map of Urban Streets in Liaoning Province, "Huanggu Grave" is in the north of Jingfeng Railway Line and adjacent to Huanggutun in the west. According to the map, the cemetery is rectangular, about 200 meters long from east to west and about 100 meters wide from north to south. It is covered by a tree. According to Yu Long, an old man living in Hongqu, a geography teacher surnamed Wang told them the story of Huanggu Grave when he was a child in Renmin Primary School of Northeastern University. So, after school, Long Yu and some students went to Huanggu Grave to watch, and saw the grave surrounded by big trees with the thickness of the washbasin mouth, with trees staggered and branches crossed. If you want to enter the cemetery, you can only take the Shinto in front of the grave. The Shinto is rotating. There is a stone altar in front of the grave without a stone tablet. Lao Long's statement is consistent with Professor Wang Hualong's "Full Map of Urban Streets in Liaoning Province". However, according to Records Attached to Chengde County published by Xuan Tong in the second year, the Tuwa Dahuangguitun (Dahuanggutun) to which Chengde belongs is in the south of Jingfeng Railway, and Xiaohuangguitun (Xiaohuanggutun) is in the north of the railway. According to the generation law of ancient place names, all the same place names, regardless of size, have a "big XX village" before a "small XX village", and the two are derived. Huanggutun (Huangguitun) is named after "Huanggu Grave", and this grave must be in Dahuanggutun (Dahuangguitun) south of Jingfeng Railway, so Professor Wang Hualong and the old man have doubts about what Yu Long said. Local historical materials published in recent years provide new evidence here. For example, the 92-year-old Zhao (1988) recalled that "Huanggu Grave is in Guangming Street in Tiexi District today", which was the ancestral grave of his family and was originally the tomb of Prince Jianyi in Qing Dynasty. So, how to explain the "Huanggu Grave" in Shouquan area? To this end, the author visited Mr. Shao Bingquan from Huanggu District Local Records Office. After in-depth investigation by the staff of Geographical Names Office, Shouquan's "Huanggu Grave" was the fault of "Xuejiafen". According to legend, the Xue family used to be poor. When the old Xue family dug wild vegetables here, they found eight cans of silver, which was about the Qianlong period. Since then, Xuejiafen and Jishan Temple have been built one after another. Jishan Temple is also called Xue Jia Temple. Xue Jiafen moved to Ma Sanjiazi several decades ago. This is to prove that Mr. Wang Hualong mistakenly regards "Xue Jiafen" as "the emperor is in the grave" in "The Whole Map of Urban Streets in Liaoning Province". Huanggu Grave's position should be in Guangming Street.

Third, the scale of "Huanggu Grave"

There are few historical records about the scale of "Huanggu Grave" (the tomb of Prince Jianyi) in Guangming Street. During the period of 1987, Mr. Xiao Yucheng, a folk literature worker, and Mr. Zhao, a descendant of Prince Qing Jianyi, who was 9 1 year old, paid an in-depth visit. Gave us a "rescue" about the historical features of "Huanggu Grave". According to Mr Zhao:

"The tomb of Prince Jianyi (Huanggu Tomb) was built earlier, until the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. At that time, there were temples, courtyards, brick walls inside, earth walls outside, and east and west rooms where grave keepers lived outside. An east-west avenue runs through the door. In front of the door is the Ming hall (that is, the open space), two stone flagpoles and two black and red sticks. No cars are allowed in front of the door. The gate is the roof of three gatehouses. The doors are side by side, and rows of copper nails are nailed on the door panels, passing through the hall from the middle. There are three halls in the yard. There are three small temples in the main hall, one in the middle and two in opposite directions. There is a stone tablet in the middle of the left hand room, and the head of the tablet is a dragon playing with pearls. The words on the tablet recorded the deeds of the prince. There are six east and west wing rooms outside the door, but only three are left, and there are three east wing rooms, which are occupied by Sodor Fu, who is in charge of the grave. There are three ritual vessels in the west wing, most of which are bronzes, utensils, furniture, tables and chairs. Sacrifice time is Tomb-Sweeping Day, July 15th and the first day of October, and there are three major sacrifices every year. In addition to the guests, all the people attending the sacrifice were relatives nearby, as well as eight people, including Lock, Li, He, Duan, Ning, Guo, Zhang and Tian, who rented the grange land. At that time, there was a platform in the yard, on which there was a sacrificial table with dried and fresh fruits, various dishes and foods, as well as whole sheep, incense sticks and other sacrifices. When offering sacrifices to ancestors, there was a wine-offering official named Du Dali in Manchu. He specializes in toasting on the platform, and this toasting officer is usually served by a branch of the prince family. According to legend, Prince Jianyi belongs to the blue flag bearer and is the descendant of Prince Jiandu in Shunzhi period. Their ancestors were Prince Shurhaqi, the younger brother of Shirhachi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty. Prince Jane is not only an important official in front of the emperor shunzhi Palace, but also an uncle of the emperor shunzhi, whose prominent position can be imagined. However, since the Republic of China, tombs have gradually declined and stone tablets have been lost. Three small temples in the main hall were destroyed in the ten-year catastrophe, and a bone growth jar was dug up, covered with yellow brocade. "This jar is called Shouzi Yunlong Blue and White Porcelain jar (now in Shenyang Palace Museum-original note). As for the original building, it has disappeared due to years of disrepair. "

Mr. Zhao, aged (1987) 9 1, retired employee of Liaoning Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, university degree. According to myself, he is a descendant of Prince Qing Jianyi. From his understanding of Prince Jane's tomb and his surname "Zhao" (which may be another name for "Zhao"), he is probably a descendant of the imperial clan of the Qing Dynasty. According to Shao Bingquan, the grave keeper in the memoir, there are still grave keepers living here in Guangming Street. Regarding the excavation of Prince Jane's tomb, there is a record in Shenyang cultural relic "Shenyang Ancient Tombs List Guangming Street Tomb": "Name: Guangming Street Tomb: Time: Qing; Address: Guangming Street, Huanggu District (actually Tiexi District-author's note) "; It is also reported that during the Cultural Revolution, Comrade Shen Changji, who personally participated in the cleaning and excavation of Huanggu Grave (the tomb of Prince Jane as Mr. Zhao said), said in a chat with the author more than ten years ago that Huanggu Grave was a earthen platform and the urn was cleaned up in the earthen platform. At that time, both the author and Comrade Shen Changji were surprised by the special burial style of "Huanggu Grave". Now, combined with Mr. Zhao's memories of the original appearance of this tomb, we know that the so-called "earth platform" is one of the three pedestals of the three small temples in the main hall, and the urn is built in the pedestal. Its temple may be an ordinary small temple with a semicircular door in front and three walls closed. Because the bricks around the small temple were demolished, there was an earthen sealing platform inside. This burial method is not only a tomb, but also a shrine for sacrifice.

Fourthly, "Huanggu Grave" is actually a myth of "Fenggu Tomb".

The so-called "Huanggu Tomb" that has been circulating in Shenyang for a long time is actually a tomb named "Fenggu" Baylor in the early Qing Dynasty. "Huanggu Tomb" is a homonym and misunderstanding of "Fenggu Tomb". Fingu was once named "Prince of Heshuo Jane", so it makes sense to call it "Prince Jane's Tomb".

Financiers (also known as "Pian Gu" and "Fu Yang Gu") are eight sons of Zhuang's Shu 'erhaqi. Shuerhaqi is the younger brother of Taizu Nurhachi, and his name is Dahan Batulu. In the thirty-ninth year of Wanli (16 1 1), Nurhachi was captured and killed because he split the country and went to the other side to "stand on his own feet". Shu Er Archie has nine sons: Altyn 'a, Ze A Min, Third Za Saquetoux, Fourth Toulon, Fifth Zhai Sanggu, Sixth JiErlang, Seventh Mu Dai and Eighth Fen.

Fingu was born in the thirty-third year of Wanli (1605), and his mother married Fujin Guarga. In March of the fifth year of Tiancong (163 1), Li Xianglan Banner was awarded the title of Tuanshan. In the first year of Chongde (1636), he was promoted to Gushan Beizi because of his meritorious service in conquering North Korea to lead troops into the city. In August of the same year, Chongde became a vassal again, and in August of six years, Chongde surrounded Songshan Mountain. The Ming army fled at night, and Fenggu "led the army to break it." Chongde stayed in Jinzhou city in October and died in Jinzhou front in December at the age of 39. Buried in Shengjing West, with a blue flag. In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), A Brief History of the Capital was published: "The tomb of Duoluo Belle Fengu is in Huanggutun, Shili, west of the city, under the care of Fensan, Hetong and Su."

There are seven people in Feng Gu Zi, among whom Shang Shan, Ta and Nusai have titles. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Fingu posthumous title was called "Baylor" and "Ding Jing". In the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), he was named "Prince of Heshuo Sword" in October. The title of Prince Jane was originally the title of son of Zheng Qinwang Jihalang, brother of Fingu. Gil Haran is the sixth son of Shuerhazi and the owner of the Blue Flag. In the first year of Chongde, he was named Heshuo Zheng Qinwang. In the eighth year of Chongde, Fu Lin, the founder of Chongde, was in charge of this matter. Girard Lang and Prince Redset, Regent, died in the 14th year of Shunzhi. There are 1 1 sons, including Fulton, Du Ji, Ledu and Marcand. Attack the prince with financial aid. Because he was named "King of Dorothy Jane County" before Du Ji, he changed Zheng Qinwang to Prince Jane. Shunzhi died in seventeen years. Du Ji Youjue's sons are Desai, Rabu and Ya Bu. Prince Jane was attacked by Desai. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), Desai died, and his brother Bula changed to attack the king. In the 20th year of Kangxi, Bula died. In the 22nd year, Bula's younger brother Ya Bu attacked him. Ya Bu died in the 40th year of Kangxi, and his eldest son, Yarlung River, attacked Prince Jane. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), he was deprived of his title, replaced by fourteen sons, and continued to build for the prince. After thirteen years of Qianlong, God won this title because he always "did whatever he wanted until he closed his eyes". With Depp's "heavy shoes", the title of Prince Jane was transferred to Debei, Bellevue's great-grandfather, while Debei's great-grandfather Bellevue, grandfather Bates Polat and father villager were awarded the title of Prince Jane. In the seventeenth year of Qianlong, Depei died, and the day overflowed: "Yi", known in history as "Prince Jianyi". After that, Prince Jane returned to the children of Gil Haran, who were attacked by his great-grandson Tong Qi A, and Tong Qi A's father balkan and his father Basse "pursued Prince Jane"; In the 28th year of Qianlong, Tong Qi Azu was attacked by his son Feng Nanheng. After forty years of Qianlong, Fonnaheng died and was attacked by his son Jihana. In the forty-third year of Qianlong, Zheng Qinwang was the eighth prince and made him a high official. He ordered his royal highness to be hereditary and never demoted. Prince Jane renamed Jihana Zheng Qinwang. So, Prince Jane is the continuation of Zheng Qinwang. Ten people attacked the knight before and after, and five people pursued him. Prince Jane in Bellevue is also a posthumous seal. See "Prince Jane's Inheritance Form". Because of this, it is appropriate to say that Shengjing Tomb is the tomb of Prince Jane or the tomb of Prince Jane's family (ancestors).

The main reason why "Fenggu Tomb" was misinformed as "Huanggu Tomb" was that the Manchu pronunciation of "Fenggu" was very similar to that of "Huanggu", which led to misunderstanding in its long-term circulation. Another reason is that after the Qing dynasty entered the customs, the officers and men of the Eight Banners and their families. Slaves are mostly "slaves", and there are few people around Shengjing. Until the end of Shunzhi to the beginning of Kangxi, the population of Shengjing began to increase. Coupled with the low general culture of ordinary people, it is inevitable to distort the traces of Fingu. Moreover, Manchu oral literature is rich, literary imagination and creativity are strong, and they are good at compiling folk stories according to some homophones. There are many such examples, such as "Hui Mountain" in the east of Shenyang. Because the pronunciation of "Hui" and "Regret" is similar, Manchu folk writers used their association and imagination to make up a legend called "Regret Mountain". The main idea of the story is that the old man Wang Nuerhachi led his troops back to Hunhe River to cross the river. Due to the sudden change of weather, there was no ferry. He sent the eldest prince to Hunhe River to see if the river was frozen. The eldest prince went back and truthfully reported to his father Khan that the Hunhe River was not frozen. The old king didn't believe it, and the eldest prince lied about his military situation and killed him. And ordered him to be buried in the treasure land of two mountains and one ditch. But later Hanwang knew that the big prince had been killed by mistake, so he called the mountain where the big prince was buried "Regret Mountain". Moreover, because the pronunciation of the word "Mantanggou" near Huishan is similar to that of "burying one's head", the legend of "burying one's head in a ditch" was compiled. In fact, Huishan Mountain is the highest in the mountains, with numerous mountains and spectacular wonders. According to the records of the Qing Dynasty, the white clay produced in this mountain can "replace ash" because it is called Huihui Mountain or Ash Mountain. There is no name "regret mountain" in history. Moreover, Chu Ying, the eldest prince of Nurhachi, was indeed killed by his father, but the time was forty-three years in Wanli, and the place was in Hetuala (now Xinbin County). Chu Ying was buried in Hetuala at the beginning and in Tokyo Mausoleum in Liaoyang for nine years. Today, the protection of his mausoleum is still intact. It can be seen that legends such as "regretting the mountain" and "burying your head in the ditch" have nothing to do with historical facts. The "grave valley grave" is called "Huanggu Grave", which is just like the situation of "regret mountain" and "buried in the ditch".

(This article is taken from Li's Mystery of the Eight Banners in Shengjing, Northeastern University Press 1998 1 Edition)