What kind of orchid is this? Is it an orchid?

Nickname: year-end orchid, year-end orchid

Scientific name: wild cymbidium

Family and genus: Orchidaceae, Orchidaceae

Distribution: Location: Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan Province, Hunan and Guizhou.

Orchids, as ornamental plants, not only have many fans, but also have been the theme of poetry, painting and handicrafts. Since ancient times, orchids have been cultivated, sung, painted and written in a hurry, leaving a large number of precious varieties and Mo Bao. Throughout ancient and modern times, there are countless examples of connecting friendship, promoting communication, cultivating soul and cultivating sentiment through orchids. Orchid activities have been involved in many aspects of human economy, culture, folk customs and daily life, and become an integral part of traditional culture-orchid culture.

Cymbidium hybridum in China, also known as Cymbidium hybridum in China, is often found in streams under mountain forests, and also in the grass under evergreen broad-leaved forests or mixed forests. Its leaves are clustered, long and narrow, sword-shaped, flowering in February and March, with erect inflorescences and many flowers, up to about 20, with strong fragrance and changeable colors.

With beautiful leaves, Cymbidium sinense is also the mother plant of many precious ornamental orchids, so it has been deeply loved by people and widely planted, and it is wild in East China, South China and Southwest China.

Chinese cymbidium, also known as cymbidium, is native to China, Viet Nam and Myanmar. During the Spring Festival, orchids are in full bloom, bright and charming, fragrant and full of spring. It has a long history of cultivation in China. In recent years, new varieties of orchids in China have been very popular.

Growth characteristics

The root of cymbidium sinense is a tufted fibrous root system, which grows from the root tip at the base of pseudobulb. It is white when it is young, and dark green when it is exposed on the basin. After a long time, it is dark gray, fleshy and rich in water and nutrition. The anatomical structure of roots is divided into three layers. The innermost layer is a yellow-white fiber stalk about 0. 1 cm thick, which is tough and not easy to break. Its main function is to support orchids and transport water. The outermost layer is epidermal cells, which cover the whole bare root and mainly play the role of absorption and protection. Inside the epidermis (middle layer) is cortical tissue. Some cortical cells contain needle-like crystals, while others have cyanobacteria living in them. These orchids and orchids are mutually utilized. The root cells of orchids provide a place for orchids to survive, and orchids are constantly dissolved, digested and absorbed as nutrients by the root cells of orchids in the process of reproduction. They are mutually causal. Orchids grow well, and orchids grow vigorously. If the living environment of orchid roots is anoxic and suffocated, orchids will die, which will also lead to the death of orchid plants. Therefore, the soil or plant materials planted with orchids should not harden or accumulate water, and immature organic fertilizers should not be applied, because immature organic fertilizers will consume oxygen in the soil and plant materials during fermentation, resulting in the lack of oxygen in the soil plant materials and the death of orchids and roots.

Shape feature

The stems of Chinese cymbidium are mostly oval, arrow-shaped or water chestnut-shaped, and a few are spindle-shaped. In the past, it was customary to call the stem of the orchid pseudobulb, but Professor Pan Ruichi thought it should be called pseudobulb from the physiological and morphological point of view. Cymbidium hybridum stem is surrounded by a thick cuticle, which is not easy to lose water and is a drought-tolerant physiological structure. Inside the stratum corneum are epidermal cells. Vascular bundles are scattered in the stem, and there are many fine fibers around each vascular bundle. Orchid stems store nutrients and water, and are organs that breed orchid leaves, roots, tillers and flowers. The internodes at the base of the stem are close, and each internode has a scale leaf (commonly known as nail). The middle and upper internodes of the stem are slightly sparse, and each internode has needle-like leaves (also called true leaves). The festival in pseudobulb is the place where new roots, new buds and flower stems (flowers) germinate. When dissecting the hybrid offspring of Cymbidium hybridum, the author found that the new buds (tillering seedlings) germinated from the places where the scaly leaves grew from the 3rd to 5th nodes and the true leaves grew from the 5th node 1 ~ 5th node, while the1and 2nd nodes of the mother plant were the places where the flower stems germinated.

The leaves of Chinese cymbidium are generally linear-lanceolate, three to five times the width of the leaves, leathery and shiny. Leaves are composed of upper epidermis, lower epidermis and mesophyll cells. Mesophyll cells contain chlorophyll, which is an important organ for photosynthesis to produce nutrients.

Epidermal cells are small rectangular cells, and the long walls of cells are arranged vertically and parallel to the long axis of leaves. There is a thick layer of leather and wax outside the cell wall, which makes the leaves shiny and has drought protection. Epidermal cells contain no chlorophyll, are transparent and colorless, and the upper epidermis has no stomata, while the lower epidermis has stomata, and the stomatal density is about 100- 130 mm-2. Epidermal cells adjacent to stomata are slightly depressed, and stomatal guard cells have round or oval stomatal covers. Stomata are channels for regulating water transpiration and oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in and out. The veins of Chinese cymbidium are arranged in parallel, and the main vein in the middle of the leaf is thicker, which is called midvein and is the support of the upright leaf. Veins are channels for exchanging and transporting nutrients and water between leaves and organs in different parts of orchids.

The different amount and strength of fibers in leaves make the leaves of Orchidaceae plants present various leaf postures such as "upright", "semi-upright" and "drooping", and different leaf postures cause various morphological beauty of Orchidaceae plants. Besides appreciating the posture of leaves, the change of leaf shape and the change of leaf color (such as yellow, white and transparent). ) is a more important feature of people's pursuit of ornamental and commodity value.

Although the flowers of Chinese cymbidium have floral organs such as calyx, petals, pistil and ovary, their structure has remarkable characteristics. First of all, its calyx has been petalized, and one of the three petals has become lip-shaped, called lip. Lip is the most gorgeous part of orchid, and it is also a highly specialized petal. The labellum is obviously or inconspicuously trilobal, even multifractal. The front end of the lips is called the front or middle leaf, which generally rolls down; The leaves on both sides behind the anterior leaf are called lateral leaves, and the middle between the two leaves is called labial disc. There are two parallel longitudinal folds in the center of the lip disc. Petals generally have several reddish-brown stripes, while labellum has gorgeous red spots, and some varieties of flowers are all turquoise or yellow-white. The flower of Cymbidium hybridum also has the most special structure, that is, the male and female are born on a syncarpal column with a columnar structure. This is the most important feature that distinguishes Orchidaceae from other plants, and it is also the main symbol of Orchidaceae classification.

There is a hat called medicinal cap at the top of pistil column. There are two anthers under the medicinal cap, and each medicinal cap has two pollen sheets. Just below the anther, there is a concave part with mucus in it. This is a female organ called stigma.

Below the perianth is the ovary. The ovary of Chinese cymbidium is an organ with three big edges, which can breed embryos. When orchids open, the ovaries will be twisted 180 degrees. Normal Cymbidium hybridum has an ovary under the perianth, while the ovary under the perianth of mutant Cymbidium hybridum has branched and divided. For example, the ovary of "Shenzhouqi" is multi-branched, and each branch is covered with a perianth, forming a flower with flowers on it, and the whole flower spike becomes a spectacular compound raceme. For example, "Datun Kirin" is a compact segmented variant at the top of the ovary, and each segment of it is also covered with perianth, forming a spectacular flower with flowers inside (from a distance, this flower is like a wonderful flower with many petals).

Growth characteristics in summer and autumn

It is observed that the growth and development of Chinese cymbidium roughly goes through the following stages:

From February to March (the new calendar, the same below), new buds germinate;

New buds were unearthed from April to May;

The new leaves elongate from June to July;

From August to September, new leaves continue to elongate and form new orchid plants; Germinate, grow new roots and form independent roots;

From June10 to June 1 1, orchids gradually mature, reed heads swell and flower buds differentiate.

The following year12 ~1;

Flowers bloom in February.

1, new strain and elongation, the fastest growth.

According to the author's fixed-point investigation on the main cultivated varieties of Orchid in 1987- 1988, the growth height of new calamus accounted for 70% of the adult height, 68% of black, 6: 06 of golden mouth and 52% of silver edge, with an average of 65%.

2. Cymbidium hybridum forms an independent root system

Before the newly unearthed unexpanded leaves, water, fertilizer and nutrition were mainly provided by the mother plant; At the end of July and the beginning of August, as soon as the leaves of the new calamus are pulled out, a large number of new roots germinate and form new orchid plants. August and September are the periods when orchids form independent roots. At this time, the root system grows synchronously with time, which not only promotes the growth of new leaves, but also cultivates healthy roots.

3. Vulnerable to high temperature and insect pests in summer.

In July, when the new leaves split, they were easily attacked by red spiders, which led to the appearance of little red dot in the heart leaves. Starscream is a kind of mite, which is usually invisible to the naked eye. It produces about 10 generations a year. When the temperature reaches 30 degrees in summer, a generation can be formed in 5 ~ 7 days. Last summer, due to the hot and rainy weather, the harm of red spider was more common. According to the investigation of black species in enterprises in June, the damage rate of new calamus is 3 ~ 8%, and the serious one is as high as 12%.

In September, if there is insufficient shade and water supply, it is easy to be burned by the scorching sun, resulting in "edge burning" or sharp leaves, especially for broadleaf trees such as Huizhou and Jinzui. This is a physiological disease, which can be completely avoided artificially.

From the end of September to the beginning of 10, although the summer heat has passed, the high temperature weather after the fall occurs from time to time (commonly known as "autumn tiger"). At noon, the high temperature often reaches above 30℃, which is extremely dry and makes people unprepared. If the shade is taken off too early, or the water is insufficient, or the root system is poor, it will lead to a big outbreak of black spot disease, and small black spots will appear on the blue-green leaves within three to five days. This is the time when orchids are most prone to problems, so don't be careless.

Main growth habits

(1) prefers shade to glare.

According to many field trips, Moran grew up in the dense forest of Xiangyang. According to the experiment of Orchid Research Center of South China Normal University and Department of Botany of National University of Singapore, it is found that the light compensation point of Cymbidium goeringii photosynthesis is about half that of morning light, and the light saturation point in summer is about 10% ~ 15% of noon light intensity. This fully proves that Chinese cymbidium is a typical negative plant. Too much sunlight can cause sunburn. Therefore, the shading density should be 60% ~ 70% in winter and spring; Shading density should be 85% ~ 90% in summer and autumn.

(2) prefer warmth to coldness.

The optimum temperature for the growth of Chinese cymbidium is 25 ~ 28℃, and the optimum temperature for the dormant period is 12 ~ 15℃ during the day and 8 ~ 12℃ at night. It can't stand the low temperature below 3℃, even a short-term low temperature below 2℃ will cause freezing damage.

(3) It is better to be wet than dry.

Chinese cymbidium was originally born in the rainy southern forest, preferring wet and avoiding dry. The relative humidity of air should be 75% ~ 80% in the growing period and above 50% in winter. If the substrate surface is dry, water it as soon as possible, and don't dry it for too long.

(4) like fat, avoid turbidity.

According to the determination of relevant departments, the leaves and pseudobulb of Cymbidium hybridum contain a lot of phosphorus, and its old roots have a strong ability to absorb phosphorus, so the demand for phosphorus of Cymbidium hybridum is less; Chinese cymbidium leaves are thick and wide, so it needs more nitrogen. The leaves of Chinese cymbidium are wide and need more potassium nutrition, which can effectively increase lignin and cellulose in the leaves, enhance the supporting force of the leaves and not weaken. Therefore, the suitable ratio of Cymbidium hybridum to fertilizer is nitrogen 35: 20: 45.

Although Moran likes fertilization, high concentration and frequent fertilization are prohibited. Instead, it needs 0. 1% chemical fertilizer and 0. 1 ~ 0.2% organic liquid fertilizer, every 15 ~ 20 days 1 time.

diversification

Perennial herbs. 4-5 leaves clustered on oval pseudobulb, sword-shaped, dark green. The stem is erect, higher than the leaves, with 7- 17 flowers. Common varieties are Qiubang, Qiuxiang, Xiao Mo, Huimo and Phnom Penh Moran. "Silver-edged Orchid". Taiwan Province Province is famous for its wealth and fame, including jade peach, Datun Kirin, Chinese peony, exotic Lv Yun, eighteen beauties and peach blossoms, as well as a wide variety of artistic orchids such as Baizhongtou, Zhongban, Damocles and Damocles.

type

From August to September, the large clumps of plants are taken out of the pot and divided into 3-4 tubes for potted plants.

Studies have shown that China orchids can be cultivated through hybridization.

First of all, there is no obstacle to interspecific hybridization of Cymbidium hybridum, and it is easy to obtain a large number of hybrid embryos; Hybrids with Hybrids, Hybrids with Hybrids are also very successful, and the number of hybrid embryos is also very large. Although few hybrid embryos were obtained by interspecific hybridization between cymbidium sinense and other species of cymbidium, the success rate of hybridization was high. Hybridization between cymbidium sinense and orchid outside orchid is relatively difficult, but it can still be successful. We have obtained hybrid embryos of cymbidium and Phalaenopsis.

Secondly, although the embryo germination of hybrid cymbidium is more difficult than that of common cymbidium, our research found that the difficulty of embryo germination of hybrid cymbidium is related to parents. For example, the embryo germination rate of hybrid Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum can reach 65,438+000%, the embryo germinates quickly, and protocorms are formed after germination, which is easy to produce hybrid plants.

Therefore, the hybrid varieties of China Orchid can start with the utilization of these resources. The germination rate of other species or varieties of Orchidaceae and Cymbidium hybridum is very different, ranging from 0 to 70% within three months. However, due to the large amount of hybrid seeds, this germination rate can meet the needs of breeding. As long as proper seed collection time and extended germination time are adopted, more embryos can be germinated. Most hybrid plants of Chinese cymbidium sprout to form rhizomes. Although it is more difficult to regenerate plants from rhizomes than Chinese cymbidium, the current technology can ensure that enough hybrid plants are produced for breeding.

Polyploid breeding is another important method of orchid breeding. The protocorm or rhizome of orchid can produce polyploid after colchicine or radiation treatment. The polyploid leaves of orchids are thick and the flowers are neat and symmetrical, which has certain appreciation value in itself, but more importantly, the hybridization between polyploid and diploid can produce odd or aneuploid orchids with strange flowers and bright colors, which is of great appreciation value. In recent years, many new orchid varieties have been cultivated by this method. In recent years, we also used this method to study the polyploid induction of orchids in China. At present, we have obtained some materials that may be tetraploid. These materials have thick green leaves and huge plants, and the chromosome number is currently being identified.

In addition to the above methods, modern biotechnology, such as transgenic, can be used to improve the breeding of Cymbidium hybridum in China. We believe that with the development of orchid industry, the above breeding methods will be attached importance to by orchid growers and breeders and become an important breeding method for orchids.

cultivate

Potting substrates are usually decomposed bark blocks, peat soil and humus soil. Pay attention to cleaning when watering, and avoid spraying directly with tap water. Water 1 time every day in summer and 1 time every day in winter. The room temperature should not be too high, otherwise it is easy to get sick in spring. Fertilize 1 time every month during the growing period to prevent drought in autumn and the basin soil should not be too wet in winter.