Kneel down: the first volume of the eighth grade biogeography review outline ~ 14 The final exam is fast! ! ! ! ! !

1. There are 1 species of animals living in water, and there are about 1.5 million known animals. According to the existence of invertebrates, they can be divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. According to the living environment, it can be divided into terrestrial animals, aquatic animals and air animals. 2, the most common aquatic animals are fish, in addition, there are ① coelenterates, such as anemones and corals; 2 mollusks, such as squid and octopus; (3) Crustaceans, such as shrimps and crabs; ④ Aquatic animals such as dolphins (mammals) and turtles (reptiles). 3. The two most important characteristics of fish adapting to life in water are: ① they can get food by swimming and defend themselves against enemies. (2) can breathe in water. The four major fishes are herring, silver carp, grass carp and bighead carp. 5. Fish are lower vertebrates. 6. The fish is spindle-shaped, which reduces swimming resistance and is suitable for swimming. Fish is divided into three parts: head, trunk and tail. 8. When swimming, fish mainly rely on the left and right swing of the trunk and tail fin to hit the water flow to generate forward power, and other fins play an auxiliary role. When fish move, dorsal fin, pectoral fin and ventral fin all have the function of maintaining balance, and caudal fin has the function of determining the direction of fish movement. 9. The sensory organ of fish is the lateral line (feel the current and determine the direction). 10, fish gills are bright red because they are rich in capillaries; The gill filaments are many and thin, which greatly increase the contact area with water and promote the gas exchange between blood and the outside world. 12. Water flows into the gills from the fish mouth and then flows out from the rear edge of the gill cover (gill hole). When water flows through the gill filaments, dissolved oxygen enters the capillaries of the gill filaments, and carbon dioxide is discharged into the water from the gill filaments. Therefore, compared with the water flowing in through the mouth, the water flowing out through the gills has lower oxygen content and higher carbon dioxide content. 13, the main characteristics of fish are: suitable for living in water; The body surface is covered with scales; Breathe through the gills; Swim by swinging the tail and coordinating the fins. 14. Anemones, jellyfish, corals and other animals have simple structures. They have mouths, but no anus. Food enters the digestive cavity through the oral cavity, and the digested food residue is still excreted through the oral cavity. These animals are called coelenterates. 15. Molluscs, such as mussels and moths, which rely on shells to protect their bodies, are called mollusks. Squid and octopus have degenerated shells and are also mollusks. 16, shrimps and crabs have hard nails on their bodies, which are called crustaceans. 17. Various organisms in water are an important part of aquatic ecosystem. They form a close and complicated connection through food chain and food web, and at the same time they are all affected by water environment. The change of their species and the increase or decrease of their quantity will affect human life. 18. Seahorses are fish, whales, dolphins and seals are mammals, and turtles and turtles are reptiles. 2. Land animals-earthworm 1. Characteristics of terrestrial environment and adaptation of terrestrial animals: ① The climate is dry ... There are structures in the body to prevent water loss, such as reptiles with horny scales or nails and insects with exoskeletons. ② Water lacks buoyancy ... there are organs that support the body and exercise ... and there are many kinds of sports, such as crawling, walking and so on. (3) Gaseous oxygen for breathing ... There are respiratory organs that can breathe in the air and are located in the body, such as lungs and trachea (except earthworms, which breathe by the body wall). (4) The temperature difference between day and night is large, and the environment changes rapidly and complicatedly ... There are developed sensory organs and nervous system, which can cope with the changeable environment in time. 2. Earthworms live in moist soil rich in humus, make their bodies squirm through the cooperation of muscles and bristles, and breathe by the body wall that can secrete mucus and always keep moist. You can judge the beginning and end according to the fact that the infant is attached to the front end of the body (also called the reproductive belt). 3. The significance of earthworm segmentation: it can make the earthworm move flexibly and turn easily. 4. Touching the abdominal surface of earthworm segments with fingers has a rough feeling. Observing with a magnifying glass, we can see that there are many small protrusions on the abdominal surface that are bristles, and the role of bristles is to assist movement (fixation; 5. The reason why earthworms dig holes in the deep layer of moist soil: It can provide earthworms with suitable living and living environment and breeding conditions, which generally include suitable temperature, humidity, gaseous oxygen, food and habitat that is easy to avoid enemies. Earthworms can't keep a constant body temperature and can only live in deep soil with little temperature change. 6. In the experiment of observing earthworms, why do you often wipe the body surface of earthworms with wet cotton balls soaked in water to keep the body surface moist? Earthworms don't have a respiratory system, but rely on a body wall that can secrete mucus and keep it moist all the time. 7. Earthworms' living environment: burrowing in soil with certain temperature and humidity, little change in temperature difference and rich humus. Living habits and eating habits: generally, I don't sleep at night and feed on dead leaves, rotten roots and other organic substances. 8. Earthworms will climb to the ground after heavy rain. Reason: After the heavy rain, too much rain will crowd out the air in the soil, so the burrowing earthworm is forced to climb to the surface to breathe. 9. Breathing process of earthworm: The body wall of earthworm is densely covered with capillaries, and the oxygen in the air first dissolves in the mucus on the body surface and then enters the capillaries on the body wall. Carbon dioxide in the body is also discharged from the body surface through capillaries on the body wall. 10. Animals whose bodies are composed of many similar annular segments are called annelids, such as earthworms, nereis and leeches. 3. Animals living on land-rabbits 1. Mammals: viviparous, lactation (high survival rate of offspring), whole body coverage, constant body temperature, etc. For example, rabbits, giant pandas 2, warm-blooded animals: animals that can keep their body temperature constant through self-regulation, so that their body temperature does not change with the outside world, including birds and mammals. Conversely, the significance of constant temperature: reducing dependence on the external environment and expanding the scope of life and distribution. 3. Rabbit: Hair on the body surface (insulation), breathing with lungs, four cavities in the heart, systemic and pulmonary circulation, constant body temperature, incisors and molars, developed cecum (which is helpful for the digestion of plant fibers under the action of bacteria), developed brain and developed limbs. 4. Jumping is the main movement form of rabbits (the back is longer than the front legs and muscular). 5, the feeding habits of rabbits: plants (grass). Rabbit's body is divided into four parts: head, trunk, silk and tail. 6. Rabbit's teeth are divided into incisors and molars. The front teeth are like chisels, suitable for cutting food, and the molars have a wide chewing surface, suitable for grinding food. Rabbits have developed cecum, which is suitable for rabbits to eat plants. Mammals such as wolves and tigers also have sharp canine teeth, which are used to tear food (also used for attacking and preying). 6. Diaphragm is a unique structure of mammals. 7. Adequate food, water and shelter are the basic environmental conditions for the survival of terrestrial animals. 8. The internal structure of rabbits is similar to that of humans, indicating that humans and rabbits are close in taxonomic status and belong to mammals, but human cecum has degenerated because humans are omnivorous. 4. Animals flying in the air-pigeons 1. Animals flying in the air include insects, bats and birds. There are more than 9000 kinds of birds in the world. Except for a few birds such as ostriches and penguins, most of them are good at flying. Flying expands the range of birds' activities, which is conducive to foraging and breeding offspring. 3. Birds are suitable for flying: ① the body is streamlined (which can reduce the air resistance during flight); ② The body surface is covered with feathers; Forelimbs become wings; ③ There are towering keel-like protrusions on the chest; Long bones are hollow (filled with air); ④ The pectoral muscles are developed; ⑤ Eat a lot and digest quickly. That is, the digestive system is developed, and the digestion, absorption and elimination of feces are very rapid. ⑥ The heart has four chambers, with fast heartbeat, perfect circulatory system structure and strong ability to transport nutrients and oxygen. ⑦ There are developed airbags, which can not only lose weight, but also form unique double breathing with the lungs. 8 short beak, toothless mouth, no bladder, short rectum, timely defecation, degeneration of right ovary and fallopian tube (these are all for weight loss and suitable for flying). In a word, a bird is an animal with feathers on its surface, wings on its forelimbs, the ability to fly quickly, an air bag inside and a high and constant body temperature. 4. Wings are the flying organs of birds. Airbags help the lungs breathe. 5. Birds' feathers are divided into normal feathers (mainly used for flying) and fluff (mainly used for keeping warm). 6. Pigeons have no teeth in their mouths, and food enters crops through the pharynx and esophagus without chewing. -Into the muscular stomach (grinding food with sand and pebbles). 5. Animals flying in the air-insects 1. Insects are the most diverse animals, exceeding 1 10,000 species. They are also the only flying invertebrates, so they are the most widely distributed animals. 2. The insect body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen. There are usually three pairs of feet and two pairs of wings. Spiders, centipedes, shrimps and crabs are not insects, but they are all arthropods. Arthropods are characterized in that the body is composed of many segments, with exoskeleton, feet and tentacles on the surface. 3. The exoskeleton of insects is a tough shell covering the surface of insects, which can protect and support the soft organs inside and prevent the evaporation of water in the body. 2. Amphibians: larvae live in water, breathe through gills, develop into adults through metamorphosis, live in amphibians, breathe through lungs, and use skin to assist breathing. Representative animals: frogs and toads. The movement of animals 1 The movement system of mammals consists of bones and muscles. Bones are made up of many bones. 2. Skeletal muscle includes a thick abdomen in the middle and thin tendons at both ends (milky white). The two ends of a group of muscles are attached to different bones. Skeletal muscle has the characteristic of contraction after nerve stimulation. 3. Skeletal muscles can only contract and pull the bone, but can't push it away, so at least two groups of muscles are connected with the bone, and they cooperate with each other to complete various activities, especially elbow extension and elbow flexion: when elbow flexion, the biceps brachii contracts, the triceps brachii relaxes, and when elbow extension, the opposite is true. 4. Double ratio droops naturally, biceps brachii relaxes and triceps brachii relaxes; When lifting a heavy object vertically with both hands or grasping the horizontal bar with both hands, the body naturally sags, and the biceps brachii and triceps brachii contract. 5. Functions of sports system: sports, support and protection. In exercise, the nervous system plays a regulatory role, bones play a lever role, joints play a fulcrum role (also called fulcrum role), and skeletal muscles play a dynamic role. It can be seen that the human body must have the adjustment of the nervous system, the participation of bones, skeletal muscles and joints, and the coordination of multiple groups of muscles to complete an action. 6. Relationship between bones, joints and muscles: Skeletal muscle contracts, which affects the bones attached to it and moves around the joints, so the body moves. 7. The exercise system is controlled and regulated by the nervous system, and completes the exercise with the cooperation of the digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system (energy comes from the decomposition of organic matter). Developed sports ability is conducive to predation and avoidance of the enemy, thus adapting to the complex and changeable environment. 8. The joint consists of articular surface, articular capsule and articular cavity. The articular surface includes articular head and articular fossa. The structural features that make the joint firm are: joint capsule and ligaments inside and outside the joint capsule. The structural feature that makes joint movement flexible is that the articular surface is covered with a layer of articular cartilage with smooth surface, and the inner surface of joint capsule can secrete synovial fluid, which can reduce the friction between the two articular surfaces during exercise and cushion the vibration during exercise. 9. Dislocation: The joint head slides out of the joint socket. (due to exercise or physical labor, due to overexertion or accidental fall. 6. Animal behavior 1. According to different behaviors, animal behaviors can be divided into aggressive behaviors, feeding behaviors, defensive behaviors, reproductive behaviors and migratory behaviors. According to the different ways of acquisition, it can be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior. 2. Congenital behavior refers to the innate behavior of animals, which is determined by the genetic material in the body and is necessary to maintain the most basic survival, such as spiders weaving webs, bees collecting honey, ants nesting and so on. Learning behavior refers to the behavior obtained from life experience and learning through the role of environment on the basis of genetic factors. The higher an animal is, the stronger its learning ability, the stronger its ability to adapt to the environment, and the greater its significance for survival. 2. Social behavior: the behavior of animals living in groups, in which different members of the group work together to maintain the life of the group. (Note: Not all animals living in camps have social behavior, such as locusts. 3. Most social behaviors have the following characteristics: ① In a group, there is often a clear division of labor among members of the organization; ③ Some even form a hierarchy; 4. Communication: The phenomenon that an animal in a group sends a certain message to other individuals, and the individual who receives the message produces a certain behavioral response. Division of labor and cooperation need to exchange information at any time, including actions, sounds, smells and so on. 5. Using extracted or synthetic sex pheromones as attractants can trap and kill agricultural pests; Putting a certain amount of sex pheromones in farmland interferes with the communication between males and females, making males unable to judge the position of females and mate, and also achieving the purpose of controlling the number of pests. Namely: (1) making insect sex pheromones to trap and kill insects; (2) creating interference, so that insects can't identify the sex pheromones of the same kind of insects. 6. Inquiry experiment: ask questions, make assumptions, make and implement plans, and draw conclusions (experimental phenomena). The above questions will be answered according to the following experiments. The textbook has 4 pages, 23 pages, 34 pages, 35 pages, 39 pages, 4 1 page. Seven, the role of animals in the biosphere, the role of animals in nature: ① to maintain the ecological balance of nature; (2) promoting the material circulation of the ecosystem; ③ Help plants pollinate and spread seeds. 2. Ecological balance: The quantity and proportion of various organisms in the ecosystem have always remained relatively stable. This phenomenon is called ecological balance. There is an interdependent and restrictive relationship between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. If any one of them goes wrong, it will affect the whole ecosystem. It is precisely because of the existence of material flow, energy flow and information flow that all kinds of creatures and environments become a unified whole. The role of animals in people's lives: edible, medicinal and ornamental, which is closely related to bioreactor and bionics. Bioreactor: Using biology as a "workshop" to produce some substances needed by human beings. This organism or an organ of an organism is a bioreactor. At present, the most ideal bioreactor is "mammary gland bioreactor". Its significance lies in: low production cost, high efficiency, simple equipment, obvious product effect, reducing industrial pollution and so on. Bionics: the method of inventing and creating various instruments and equipment by imitating some structures and functions of living things. 6. Common bionic examples: "anti-load suit" worn by astronauts, electroluminescence, radar, thin-shell buildings and intelligent robots. Eight, experimental exploration 1, carefully observe the chest and abdomen of locusts. You can find a row of neatly arranged holes on the left and right sides. This is the valve. The valve is connected with the trachea in the locust body, and the valve is the gateway for gas to enter the locust body. Please design an experiment according to the given experimental materials to prove that the valve is the gateway for locust gas to enter. Question: Is the valve the gateway for locust gas to enter? Suppose that the valve is the gateway for locust gas to enter. Materials and utensils: (1) two live locusts; (2) two test tubes; (3) clear water; (4) glass strips; (5) thin lines. Experimental steps: (1) Add equal mass of water into two test tubes, labeled as A and B respectively; (2) fixing locusts on glass strips with thin wires; (3) Immerse the head of one locust in the water of test tube A, and immerse the chest and abdomen of another locust in the water of test tube B ... and then observe it after a while. The expected result of the experiment: the locust died in the test tube, and the locust was still alive in the A test tube. Experimental conclusion: the valve is the gateway for locust gas to enter. Discussion: Choose two grasshoppers with the same size and living conditions to reduce the interference of other factors. 2. Explore the foraging behavior of ants: Take a piece of cardboard, set four points A, B, C and D on it, put sugar, Chili sauce, sour vinegar and bread on it, and then put it near the ant's nest. Observe and answer the following questions: (1) Question: Ants can recognize. (2) Suppose that ants can recognize food and feed on it. (3) Chili sauce and sour vinegar were used as control. (4) expected phenomenon: ants have climbed on sugar and bread. (5) It is concluded that ants can recognize and feed on food. (6) How to deal with ants after the experiment: Put them back into nature. 3. Background knowledge of design inquiry experiment: Earthworms live in moist, loose and organic-rich soil. Its body is composed of many knots, with a wet surface and many rough bristles. Earthworms rely on muscles and bristles to move. Please design an experiment to explore: On what surface does earthworm climb fast (1)? My question is: On what surface do earthworms climb fast? My hypothesis is that earthworms climb fast on rough surfaces. (3) Design of experimental scheme: Put individual robust live earthworm on rough paper and observe its movement; Put a stout live earthworm on the glass plate and observe its movement; Repeat the above experiment for 3-5 times. (4) Prediction result: Earthworms climb very fast on rough surfaces. The conclusion is that earthworms climb fast on rough surfaces. 4. Many insects have the habit of tending to light sources. Are insects phototactic? According to your own life experience, choose 3-5 kinds of insects, such as ants, crickets, mosquitoes, silkworm moths, cockroaches and so on. And design experiments to explore whether all insects have phototaxis. Suppose that not all insects have phototaxis. Ask a question: Do all insects have phototaxis? Design experiment: ① Take 5 ants, 5 crickets, 5 mosquitoes, 5 silkworm moths and 5 cockroaches. (2) Put these five kinds of insects in a dark room, and then use a small flashlight to send a bright and dark flash to this dark room. After a while, mosquitoes and silkworm moths found the flash and flew towards the light, but crickets, ants and cockroaches were not close to the light source. ③ Repeat the above experiment for 3 ~ 5 times. Experimental phenomenon: mosquitoes and silkworm moths found the flash and flew to the light, but crickets, ants and cockroaches did not tend to the light source. Experimental conclusion: Not all insects have phototaxis. Moths and mosquitoes generally have phototaxis. A classmate wanted to explore the influence of soil moisture on earthworm life, but he didn't finish it. Please continue to do it. (1) Do you think he can only find earthworms to do experiments in a humid, loose and humus-rich environment? (2) According to the requirements of scientific experiments, he must design more convincing control experiments. In this experiment _ soil moisture (or moisture) is a variable, so it should be controlled well. (3) Your hypothesis is that soil moisture has an effect on soil. (4) Please design an experiment to explore the influence of soil moisture on earthworms: (just write down the specific operation steps) Prepare a box, spread a layer of dry soil on the bottom, pour a proper amount of water to half, then put 10 earthworms with similar shapes and sizes in the middle, cover the box and observe after a few minutes. (5) The conclusion of the embodiment (6) is that soil moisture has an effect on the life of earthworms. (7) Expression and communication. Pieris rapae is a small dark green carnivore that feeds on the leaves of cruciferous vegetables. It is the larva of Pieris rapae. The flowers of Cruciferae plants are generally composed of four petals, which are arranged in a cross shape. Chinese cabbage, cabbage and rape are all cruciferous vegetables. (1) Question Pieris rapae always feeds on cruciferous plants. Is this behavior innate? (2) Suppose that Pieris rapae feeds on cruciferous plants, which is its innate feeding instinct, especially its innate behavior. (3) Design and complete the experiment ◆ Cultivate Pieris rapae: find the eggs of Pieris rapae, and isolate the eggs after finding them ◆ Make juice: take the leaves of cruciferous vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and cabbage to extract juice ◆ Coat the juice with filter paper ◆ Observe: use the filter paper without juice as a control to observe where Pieris rapae tends to feed; (4) Test the hypothesis and draw the conclusion that Pieris Pieris rapae feeds. (5) Discuss the improvement scheme ◆ The purpose of egg isolation feeding: Only by egg isolation feeding can we explain whether some behaviors of Pieris rapae are instinctive or acquired, thus making the inquiry credible. ◆ Separation method of Pieris rapae eggs: It is not difficult to separate the eggs when raising Pieris rapae under artificial conditions. However, it is still difficult to raise and survive. First of all, we should try our best to create feeding conditions close to the natural living environment for Pieris rapae, such as suitable light, temperature, humidity, sufficient fresh food and so on. Secondly, the number of aquaculture can not be too small, otherwise it is difficult to explain the problem. ◆ You can choose plant leaves containing special volatile oil, such as mint leaves and celery leaves. See if Pieris rapae likes it. It is best not to have hair or thorns on the leaves to avoid interference from other factors. ◆ The experimental leaves should be as big as the filter paper to reduce the interference of other factors. ◆ The color of the filter paper should be the same as that of the vegetable leaves. The same color is also chosen to avoid interference from other factors. ◆ It is best to be hungry for a period of time in advance, and do this research when the cabbage butterfly has a big appetite. You can put the filter paper and the leaves on the same horizontal line, so that the distance between the cabbage caterpillar and the filter paper and the leaves is the same (not too far). Let go of the cabbage caterpillar and see what it will eat. The control experiment should be carried out at the same time and place: only in this way can the rigorous and effective exploration be guaranteed. 7. Animals in the group send some information to other individuals, and the individuals who receive the information have some behavioral reactions. This phenomenon is called communication. (1) Ask a question: How do ants communicate information? (2) Suppose that ants transmit information through their sense of smell. (3) Design and complete the experiment. When designing the experiment, there should be both meat and plant food in some foods placed far away from the ant nest. Because there are many kinds of ants, their eating habits are different, some are carnivorous, some are phytophagous and some are omnivorous. When raising ants, we should also pay attention to their feeding habits. The suitable temperature for ants to grow and reproduce is 19 ~ 29℃, and they hibernate below 10℃. The air humidity in the cave is required to be 90% ~ 95%, and the water content of feeding sand is 10%- 15%. (4) Test the hypothesis and draw a conclusion that supports the hypothesis. One way for ants to communicate is through their sense of smell. The focus of this semester is on the second half of the semester (junior high school usually focuses on genetics), and chapters 19 and 20 need to be reviewed. Highlights of this volume: P65 map19-2; P67 Figure19-6; P83 figure19-18; P87 Figure19-22; P 102 figure 20-3; Figure 20- 1 1. Chapter 20 of this book (heredity and variation of organisms) is full of emphasis, so I won't summarize it here. Please read carefully, pay attention to understanding and memory.

I hope I can help you and teach you the final review outline of eighth grade geography. Chapter I 1. Geographical location of China: latitude, land and sea, hemisphere and continent and sea (it can be represented by a globe or a map of the eastern and western hemispheres). 2. What are the advantages of China's geographical location? The area of China and its position in the world. 4. China's land neighbors and countries across the sea, what is the endangered ocean from north to south China (combined with the map) 5. Four points of Chinese territory. The largest salt field and fishing ground in China. The current three-level administrative divisions in China. Full name, abbreviation, administrative center, outline characteristics and location (combined with chinese administrative division map) 9 pages. The total population of China and its position in the world 10. Analysis of population change and its causes in China 1 1. The basic national policy of China population and its basic contents. Geographical demarcation line of population and its differences in area, population and population density on both sides 13. The ethnic composition of China, among which, the most populous ethnic group and the most populous ethnic minority are 14. Ethnic minorities with a population of more than 5 million are 15. Knowing the customs of some ethnic minorities is 16. The relationship between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities and the ethnic policy are 17. The general characteristics of ethnic distribution in China, the distribution of Han nationality and ethnic minorities Chapter II 1. The main features of China's topography and the dividing line of three steps. The influence of Chinese topography on climate, rivers and traffic. The main characteristics of China's topography and its influence on economy. Four plateaus, four great basin, three plains and three hills. Differences in natural landscapes of four plateaus in China. Understand the distribution and trend of major mountain ranges. Characteristics of temperature in winter and summer in China and its influencing factors and causes. The coldest place in winter and the hottest place in summer. The important geographical significance of Qinling Huaihe line 10. China temperature zoning and its basis (combined with map) 1 1. The difference between the maturity time of fruits and crops and the architectural characteristics of residents in the same temperature zone is 12. The general trend of annual precipitation distribution in China and its influencing factors and causes 13. The place with the most and least precipitation in China is 14. The division of dry and wet areas in China and its basis (combined with the map) are 15. Differences in vegetation, architecture, agricultural types in different dry and wet areas and eating habits 16. Climatic characteristics of monsoon in China and its influencing factors and causes. The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area in China 18. Climatic characteristics of different climate types in China (combined with temperature curve and precipitation histogram) 19. Common disastrous weather in China. Impact of climate characteristics on agricultural production in China 2 1. Understand the distribution of inflow and outflow areas in the figure. 22. Distribution of saltwater lakes and freshwater lakes. 23. The relationship between the length of north-south rainy season and river flood season in China. 24. The origin of the Yellow River flows through the provinces and into the ocean. 25. The division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the hydrological characteristics of three different sections. 26. The manifestation and control measures of floods in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. 27. The origin of the Yangtze River, which flows through 28 provinces and regions and pours into the sea. The division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the hydrological characteristics of three different reaches. The development of hydraulic resources in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the regulation of Jingjiang River in the middle reaches, and the development of golden waterways in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Chapter III 1. Characteristics, classification and examples of natural resources II. Characteristics of China's natural resources. World Earth Day, World Water Day, China Water Week and National Land Day. Classification of land resources in China. Talk about the distribution of cultivated land, woodland, grassland and unused land. Characteristics of land resources in China. Master the proportion of land types in China. Characteristics of water-soil ratio in north and south of China. Manifestations and behaviors of land resources destruction in China. Main soil erosion and land desertification areas in China. National land resources policy. Practice of rational land use 13. The type and quantity of water resources available to human beings are 14. The total amount and per capita situation of water resources in China is 15. The characteristics of water resources in China are 16. Examples are given to illustrate the measures to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in time and space in China, and 17. According to the route schematic diagram of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is expounded. What aspects should be taken to alleviate the water shortage problem? 18. Water-saving measures in various industries Chapter IV 1. The role of transportation, agriculture and industry in the national economy. Comparing the five modes of transportation, we will choose the appropriate mode of transportation 3. Distribution characteristics of traffic network in China. The skeleton of China Railway is "three horizontals and five verticals". Give an example of a comprehensive transportation hub in China. Broad sense agriculture and narrow sense agriculture. Regional Differences of Agriculture in China (East-West Differences and North-South Differences) 8. Regional distribution differences of grain crops, oil crops, sugar crops and cotton in China. What are the natural conditions for the four principles of developing agriculture according to local conditions? 10. Challenges and countermeasures of agriculture in China. Understand the production mode of ecological agriculture 12. Understand the general industrial process. Learn to draw industrial production connection diagram 13. Classification of heavy industry and light industry 14. Spatial distribution of industries in China. Tell the advantages and characteristics of Central South Liaoning Industrial Zone, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou Industrial Zone, Pearl River Delta Industrial Zone and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Industrial Zone 16. The characteristics and distribution of high-tech industries wish you a good exam!