What's the difference between Rugao dialect and Mandarin?

Rugao dialect is simply Rugao dialect, which belongs to Jianghuai Mandarin, is greatly influenced by Wu dialect, and is also related to Gan dialect and Hakka dialect.

Mandarin, the modern standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin and Mandarin, refers to the * * * common language in Chinese mainland, Hongkong, Macau, Taiwan Province Province and overseas, and is the * * * common communicative oral and written language of modern Chinese. Putonghua, based on modern northern Chinese grammar and Beijing dialect pronunciation, is the official language of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan Province province, and one of the four official languages in Singapore. The Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the National Common Language and Characters has established the legal status of Putonghua and the "national common language and characters" (unofficial languages) that regulate Chinese characters.

Rugao dialect belongs to Tongtai dialect of Jianghuai dialect, and its lexical features are basically the same as Taizhou dialect. This paper focuses on the differences between the basic vocabulary of Rugao dialect and Putonghua, taking into account the special words of non-basic vocabulary.

(A) Basic vocabulary

According to 1230 basic words of modern Chinese Putonghua collected by Peking University's Chinese Dialect Vocabulary (Second Edition) and the situation reflected by 20 representative points of major dialects, Rugao dialect is the closest to Jianghuai Mandarin, followed by Southwest Mandarin, Northern Mandarin and Wu, Gan and Xiang dialects in southern dialects. If vocabulary and phonetics are linked, Rugao dialect has many similarities with other Jianghuai dialects and wuyue Chu dialects because of its geographical connection, but it is far from Jiangxi Hakka dialects and Jin dialects. In the seventh year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (4 1 1), the establishment of Rugao County was closely related to the immigrants of Hakka ancestors, and it was also far from Jinke in Jiangxi Province in terms of vocabulary, indicating that the language of the Central Plains before the Western Jin Dynasty was greatly influenced by the northern nationalities in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and later. Rugao was located in the north of the Yangtze River, and later there were more immigrants from the north, which also had a great influence on Rugao dialect.

1. Words with different meanings

Huaihe River-Yinhe River

Oil rat bat

Cow hiss storm eagle

Frog tadpole

Horned snail-snail

Flat beetle-bug

Dog tail-millet

2. Words with different shapes and synonyms

Before meals-in the morning

Maogang/Maogang-Toilet

Play for half a day/swing-malaria

Burning man-thirsty

Burning pot grass-firewood

Heart door-chest cavity

Hand crank (outside)/hand crank (inside)-elbow

Knee plate-knee

Thawing-Thawing

Run away

Tidy up-tidy up, arrange, arrange.

Kiss

pretend

Fake children-stories

Burn the letter of complaint-regret

It's just-it happened.

Win or lose

Pedal stepping

Good adhesion (degree)

It should be added here that Rugao dialect has a profound background of Wu dialect, and its geographical proximity influences each other. Rugao retains a large number of Wu words. According to a rough estimate in A Concise Dictionary of Wu Dialect, among the 5,000 words, Rugao is the same or similar to it, accounting for 30%. In addition, some words in Rugao dialect are of unknown origin. For example:

Ear Accessories-Ignore

Lift/Live-Tremble

Tell-waste

Trapped-slow

Yes, the juice is very strong. Ji Yun: Yi Language

3. Homographs with different meanings

Ice (hail)-ice (ice, ice cubes)

Frozen (noun: frozen in the river)-frozen (verb)

4. Words with the same prime in reverse order

Firefly.-Firefly

Wife-husband and wife

Talking about leisure-chatting

There are also words in reverse order: wind = strokes, brothers = brothers, fashion = fashion, obvious = obvious, neat = neat, barbaric = barbaric, fine bottom = details, easy to handle, reasonable materials = cooking, vertical dragonfly = vertical dragonfly, frugality = frugality. These words may be traces of the transition from monosyllabic words to disyllabic words, or they may have deeper meanings. For example, Miao people call husband and wife, just like Rugao.

5. Similar words

Call a donkey a male donkey

Grassland sheep-ewe

Shameless pig

Flower fish-carp

Baochan

Escape butterfly-butterfly

Mantis.-Mantis

6. Monosyllabic-disyllabic words

Daytime weather

Father.-Father

Spending-waste, spending and spending.

Diarrhea-diarrhea

Add morpheme

Coarse/large chaff

Aged rice

Tomb garden-tomb

Chin drum/chin shell-chin

Straight-straight

8. "Zi" tail

Words expressing years and days in Rugao are often suffixed with "zi", in which "year, day" and "zi" are closely combined, and "Chao" and "zi" are loosely combined;

The year before last-the year before last

The first (silent) first (silent) year-three years ago.

The first day-the day before yesterday

The first day-the day before yesterday

Post-Asako/Post-Korea-The day after tomorrow.

Asako after the turn/North Korea after the turn-the day after tomorrow

Yesterday in Asako/Yesterday in North Korea-Yesterday.

The previous dynasty/dynasty-the day before yesterday

9. "er" tail

Rugao dialect has an "er" suffix, while Mandarin has no "er" suffix;

Goose goose

Bee-bee

Cricket-Cricket

Broad bean-broad bean

Shorts.-Shorts

Slippers.-Slippers

Spitoon-spittoon

Examples of "er" suffix in Rugao dialect and "zi" suffix in Putonghua;

Monkey.-Monkey

Eggplant-eggplant

Baoer (dessert)-Steamed Bun

Jiaozi-jiaozi

Cup-cup

Chopsticks.-Chopsticks

Bottle.-Bottle

Hammer.-Hammer

Nail.-nail

10. Rhetorical word formation

(1) tends to skip classes.

The great fairy fox

Canopy sail

Xiudingguang-baldy

② Metaphors

Climbing treasure-crawling

No eye flute-nowhere to start.

Setting off firecrackers-simple and easy

Meridian/Meridian-Contradictory and Contradictory

Stand on the high shore-stay out of it and look on coldly.

Eating tender meat-the abuse of orphans and widows by an evil heart

Cultivate the five zang-organs temple-eat.

Yaba's right to festivals-coincidence

Ya Zi fell to the ground-I said, relieved.

(b) supplement basic vocabulary

Here, we choose words that reflect local production and life and reflect the characteristics of Rugao vocabulary:

1. Sexual behavior of animals, such as:

Crawling-mating of animals such as pigs and sheep

Biting seeds-female fish lays eggs, and male fish is fertilized in vitro immediately after the upper part.

Drive estrus females to reproduce.

Weigh a pig

Single fattening piglet

Old sow-pregnant sow that has given birth.

Shameless pig

Pig arch-pig nose, also known as lotus root cake nose

3. Daily life

Knife.-cut it.

Hand dough

Cut the waist in the middle

Rice cooker-cook coarse cereals. After cooking, you must turn it over.

Porridge pot-Cooking miscellaneous grains porridge is easy to stick to the pot, and it should be turned over from the bottom of the pot before cooking.

Tea-an ancient rural hospitality ceremony, in which water is boiled in a big pot and steamed bread and cakes are provided to the guests, although the tea is cooked before noon (see Xinhua Dictionary).