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(? -184), a native of Julu (now Ningjin County, Hebei Province), the leader of the Yellow turban insurrectionary army and the founder of Taiping Road. Zhang Jiao believed in the theory of Huang Lao in his early years, and he also had a deep study of divination, which was very popular in the Han Dynasty, and was familiar with folk medicine and witchcraft.

During the Jianning period (168- 172), he took his two younger brothers and first started missionary activities in Yizhou, which was particularly seriously affected. During Xi Pingnian (172- 178), Taiping Road was founded on the basis of recruiting a large number of students, cultivating disciples and absorbing them.

Taiping Taoism is one of the early schools of Taoism in China, with the mission of overthrowing the decadent Eastern Han Dynasty and establishing a peaceful society. Its main feature is that Taiping Jing is the main sutra, and "Zhonghuang Taiyi" is the supreme god it worships. The program, purpose, doctrine, title, parish organization, slogan, religious ceremony, activities and missionary methods of Taiping Dao are all based on Taiping Jing.

He spread everywhere that "the sky dies, the yellow sky should stand, and the world is good at the age of 60."

The opening angle is based on the Taiping Jing. "There are billions of stars, if one day is unclear; Zhu Tianqun's words are not as virtuous as those of the country. He calls himself Teacher Dade and is the chief leader of Taiping Road. His two younger brothers, Sean and Zhang Bao, call themselves big doctor and are also one of the leaders of Taiping Road. All Taiping Dao members and their followers who make mistakes can be forgiven as long as they bow down before the leader, admit their mistakes and promise not to repeat them.

Zhang Jiao often holds nine sticks and treats people with water and spells on the basis of traditional folk medicine. Using this as a cover, he widely publicized the theories and viewpoints in Taiping Jing about opposing exploitation and wealth accumulation and advocating equality and mutual love, and won the support of the poor people. Zhang Jiao also sent eight disciples to spread teachings in all directions. Develop disciples, "transform the world with good deeds." For more than a decade, Taiping Road has spread all over Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan and Yu, with hundreds of thousands of followers. Mainly poor farmers, but also urban craftsmen, individual officials and even eunuchs. Zhang Jiao divided the believers into 36 parties (parish organizations), with more than 10,000 senior officials and 67,000 small parties, each under the charge of Qu Shuai.

On this basis, according to the thinking method of "following the five elements" in Taiping Jing and the theory that the five elements coexist and resist each other, the opening angle chose Jiazi Day in Jiazi Year, that is, March 5th of the first year of Emperor Zhong Ping (184). Zhang Jiao also put forward a resounding slogan of "Heaven dies, Huang Tianli stands, the age is in Jiazi, and the world is prosperous" to show that according to the law of the rise and fall of all things and the evolution of dynasties, the number of Han (Heaven) has been exhausted. As the representative of Tude (earthy yellow) and Huangtian, Taiping Road should replace the Han Dynasty. At the beginning of February, leaders and believers from all sides began to make preparations. They used lime to write slogans such as "Jiazi" on the gates of Luoyang and the walls of state and county governments.

Generous Qu Shuai first informed tens of thousands of believers in Jingzhou and Yangzhou to gather in Ye (Linzhang, Hebei) to prepare for the uprising. Therefore, the believers in charge of it began to concentrate on Yucheng. He also went to Luoyang many times to appoint Xu as an in-house waiter. On March 5, an uprising was held.

About ten days before the scheduled date of the uprising, that is, about February 15th, Tang Zhou, a native of Jinan and a believer in Taiping Road, wrote to the government to report on the uprising. Therefore, the court urgently captured Ma Yuanyi and divided the car into Luoyang; And urgently mobilized various forces to capture more than 1,000 followers of Zhang Jiao/KLOC-0. He also informed Jizhou to seize Zhang Jiao and his family.

Zhang Jiao and others discovered that things were exposed, that is, they informed all parties in various ways in the starry night and immediately rebelled. During the uprising, the insurgents first killed the captured corrupt officials and sacrificed them to heaven. During the uprising, Zhang Jiao's troops were all wrapped in the yellow turban insurrectionary (a symbol of the yellow sky), which was then called the "yellow turban insurrectionary army". After the uprising, Zhang Jiao claimed to be "the general of heaven", his younger brother Zhang Bao claimed to be "the general of earth" and his younger brother Sean claimed to be "the general of man". According to the theory in Taiping Jing that "if heaven governs, earth governs, man governs, and qi governs with three poles, everything will be treated differently".

After the uprising began, the masses responded one after another, either joining the army as believers or sending food and clothes, and the uprising army developed rapidly. After the rebels captured the towns, they often burned the government, killed corrupt officials and distributed their property to the people. Corrupt officials usually use their power as a gift. They were frightened when they heard the arrival of the rebels. Like a lost dog, many of them have escaped. In ten days, the world shook and the capital shook.

However, because the main body of the Yellow Scarf Army is farmers, the organization is not strict enough, and the policies and strategies are generally not well mastered. In addition to attacking the government, they also generally attacked strongmen, gentry and all kinds of rich children. As a result, the mighty scholars quickly stood up and cooperated with the government rebels. About ten months after the uprising, the main force of the Yellow Scarf Army was defeated by the government and powerful people. Soon, Zhang Jiao also died during this period.

Taiping avenue

It is one of the early Taoist schools. Brewing time is earlier, such as Ji's "Taiping Ching Ling Shu", then

It began in the Shun Di period of the Eastern Han Dynasty (126 ~ 144).

But at that time, cults had not yet formed. Until the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jianning and Xiping (168 ~ 178) Julu (now Ningjin, Hebei)

In order to organize the Yellow Scarf Uprising, Zhang Jiao founded Taiping Road.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, political darkness, the merger of powerful countries, the bankruptcy of small farmers, frequent natural disasters and extremely acute social contradictions.

Zhang Jiao followed the trend of the times and began to confess to God by "bowing down for the first time" according to the purpose of "civilizing the world with kindness" in Taiping Jing.

It is very popular to preach in the form of repentance and treat the lower class with the "water charm". In history, it is said that "people have faith when they are ill."

Item ",but in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it is only said that" serve Huang "and" make the world better ",and there is no such thing.

The word "Taiping Road". In the biography of the reflection of Zhang Lu, there is an article "A Brief Introduction Written by Wei Langzhongyu".

In China, there is an opening angle in the east, and ... is Taiping Road. In fact, the name of Taiping Dao comes from Taiping Jing: "Taiping"

Tao, its promise, the wealth of its country, the destiny of heaven, and the treasure of its body. ""Urgent to the Pope, so that the way of peace. "History of the Three Kingdoms

The biography of Sun Jian contains:

Zhang Jiao "transformed the world with good Taoism, but they are interlinked, calling themselves Huang Tianping." Explain that "Taiping Road" is another opening angle.

The self-proclaimed "latent connection" during the uprising.

Taiping Dao takes Yin-Yang and Five Elements as its basic teaching method, which is different from the so-called "Heaven and Earth Follow Yin-Yang and Five Elements" in Taiping Jing.

It's basically the same as witchcraft. Its missionary way is: "the teacher holds nine sticks as a symbol of blessing and teaches patients to kowtow and think."

If you drink it with water, you will get sick or get well. If you don't overcome it, you will doubt it. "

His teaching of "kowtowing and thinking" also originated from Taiping Jing (Volume 97):

"Today, if you want to solve this problem, you often thank me on Sida Road in the wilderness except Japan. Kowtow to the five elements, look up at the sky first, and then knock on the back.

Get your head on the ground. "Think that people are wrong, and God will observe and punish them. If you want forgiveness from the gods, you can reach Sida in the wilderness.

If you kowtow on the road, the god of climate will spread it to the sky and underground, and you will be free from sin. Taiping Jing Volume 90

Second place: "Take Dan as the word, and the above is the first. Downstream newspaper reporter, bath end essence, newspaper east, west, north and south.

Make it stricter than good wine, such as drinking clear water, thinking about its words and thinking about its same disease, which is called returning to intensive cultivation. "Volume one hundred and eighty.

He also said, "Those who want to clear the way from illness will take the plan of swallowing words in the book of Dan." Taiping Dao thinks that the symbol is written by a fairy, so drink it.

Submerged water is the command of the gods to enter the human body. God makes the mind conscious, and you can get rid of the disease, just like what is contained in Taiping Jing.

Exactly the same.

According to Wang Shen's words quoted in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Ji of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (192), Qingzhou Yellow Scarf Army once

Letter to Cao Cao: "In Jinan, the way to destroy the altar is the same as that of Huangdi Taiyi. It seems that if you know the truth, you will be more confused now.

The Han dynasty has done its best, and the Huang family should stand up. The world is fortunate and beyond the power of the monarch. "The meaning of this article, the yellow turban insurrectionary army is a sacrifice.

"China Huang Taiyi" belongs to God, or it may be the god worshipped by Taiping Road. "Taiyi" means "Taiyi". Scripture of the Great Peace

He said: "The reason why the Tao of heaven and earth can last for a long time lies in its endless interest." ..... also from the sky, towards the pole,

Follow the instructions. During the Qin and Han dynasties, "Taiyi" was regarded as the supreme god who dominated the center of heaven in all directions. Huangdi Neijing

The belief of "Taiyi" also appeared in documents and inscriptions related to early Taoism, such as "Shentongqi" and "Laozi Ming", and

The concept of "Taiyi" in the center. Taiping Road adds the word "middle yellow" to the belief of "Taiyi", not only living with "Taiyi"

It has something to do with the concept in the book, and it also has something to do with the meaning that the five elements are in the middle, the color is still yellow, and yellow is the color of good luck.

Taiping Road was founded according to Taiping Jing, and the Yellow Scarf Uprising was also organized according to Taiping Jing. Historically, the opening angle was called "great virtue"

Teacher ",advocating" Heaven dies, Huang Tian should stand, age in Jiazi, the world is at peace ",talking about" Great Sage "and" Huang Tian "

Words such as, and choosing Jiazi as the year of uprising can be found in Taiping Jing. Ninety years of Taiping Jing;

"If you want to govern the country with joy, you can't do great things. Why can I get it at once? " Taiping Jing is dedicated to the five elements of heaven and earth.

Taking this as the main purpose, according to the order of Jin Mu's five elements of fire, water and soil, the Han Dynasty was ruled by fire and prospered on behalf of Han Dynasty.

People want earth, which is yellow, so Zhang Jiao calls himself "Yellow Heaven" to show that he inherited the Han Dynasty and ruled the world. Taiping Jing, Volume III

Nineteen said: "Jiazi is also old, the day of the winter solstice is also the beginning of heaven and earth." ..... all living things are made up of one,

Child-oriented, so come out in the order of Jiazi. "Jing" has the words "harmony between three and five, the sun and the moon are always bright, and peace is peaceful".

It can be seen that Zhang Jiao chose March 5th of Jiazi Year (184) as the date of the Yellow Scarf Uprising, which was obviously influenced by Taiping Jing.

In the process of teaching, Zhang Jiao prepared for the armed uprising at the same time. In more than ten years, his followers grew to hundreds of thousands, all over the Qing, Xu,

You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan and Yu. Christians are organized in a "square" unit, with more than 1 10,000 people and small parties.

Six or seven thousand people, * * * set up 36 parties, each party set up a canal commander. Ma Yuanyi, who was ready but generous, mobilized Jingzhou Army.

Tens of thousands of people from Yangzhou went north to Yecheng, Jizhou, ready to launch an uprising in Yecheng. Due to the informer Tang Zhou, the court split Ma Yuan.

In Luoyang, the capital, more than 1000 Taiping Taoists were killed, and Jiazi's uprising scheduled for March 5 was forced to be launched in February ahead of schedule.

Zhang Jiao calls himself General Tian, Zhang Bao, his younger brother, General Earth and Sean. They are all Taiping Taoists in Bazhou.

"Burned the yamen, robbed the city, lost the counties, and many officers fled; In ten days, the world responded and the capital shook. "

After ten months of fierce fighting, under the heavy encirclement and suppression of the Eastern Han Dynasty, although the main force of the Yellow Scarf was completely annihilated, it stayed in Zhong Ping for five years.

(188) The Yellow Scarf in the Central Plains launched another uprising, in which the Yellow Scarf in Qing and Xu States grew to one million. exist

During the Yellow turban insurrectionary, a large number of Taiping Dao backbones were killed in the battle, and the Taiping Dao organization disintegrated invisibly, and most of the believers remained.

Into the five buckets of rice.

Although Taiping Road collapsed after the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, it still had considerable influence on later generations.

For example, the concept of 36 sides of Taiping Road was inherited by later Taoism; Later Taoist priests wore nine sticks and yellow clothes.

Using spells and spells to cure diseases and eliminate disasters also inherited the provisions of Taiping Road. Tang and song dynasties

Zoroastrianism respects Zhang Jiao more as its leader. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the Anbaili Uprising in Sichuan and Shaanxi preached that "the sky will die and the sky will live,

The prediction that people will be miserable when disasters are near you is also obviously influenced by Taiping Road.

Zhang Lu

(? ~ 2 16) is the grandson of Zhang Ling and the teacher of Wudou Midao. The word Qigong (a "public flag") is Pei Guofeng.

(Fengxian County, Jiangsu Province). After Zhang Ling's death, his son Zhang Heng succeeded to the throne. After his death, Zhang Lu became the leader. Its mother is good at fitness,

"A little tolerance" and "There is a ghost road", Ada and I traveled back and forth in Yizhou. Through his mother's relationship with Liu Yan's family, he got

To trust. In the second year of Chuping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (19 1), Ada appointed him as Du Yi Sima, and together with other Sima Zhang Xiu, led the troops to attack Hanzhong Tai.

Shousu Valley. After Zhang Xiu killed Su Gu, Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu and seized his army. Ada died, and his son Liu Zhang took his place, but Zhang Lu didn't.

Obey his orders and kill Rumu's family. Zhang Lu established political power in Hanzhong, educated the people and established political power with the "Five Mi Dou Road".

The system of combining education with teaching. Historically, Zhang Lu followed Zhang Xiu's teaching methods in Hanzhong and "polished" them. Call yourself a "master".

Those who came to learn Taoism were called "ghost soldiers" at first, but they were believed by this Tao, so they were called "offering wine", and all leaders were responsible; Leading many people is to "rule the head"

Big drink offering ". Don't be an officer, manage local government affairs with wine sacrifices. Inherit the teaching methods of his ancestors and teach the people to be honest and not to cheat and make them sick.

People turn themselves in; Forgive the offender three times, and punish him if he commits another crime; If it is too small, it should be repaired.

A step of atonement. The Moon Order stipulates that it is forbidden to slaughter and drink alcohol when everything grows in spring and summer. He also founded justice.

Give up, buy rice meat, give it to passers-by for free, and claim that eating too much will offend ghosts and gods and get sick.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people fled to the relatively stable Hanzhong area, such as Kansai people who followed their children.

Tens of thousands of people fled to Hanzhong Valley in the afternoon. Zhang Lu was also supported by Du Fu, Pu Gu, Yuan Yue and others.

Hold on. He adopted a lenient policy to govern Hanzhong, and "the people take benefit as their foreign policy". "Wanderers, send them back to their places, and dare not refuse to serve".

Wudou Midao expanded its influence with the power of the regime.

At that time, the Eastern Han regime dominated by Cao Cao had no time to take care of Hanzhong, so Zhang Lu was named the town corps commander (a work called "A True Corps Commander")

",Hanning satrap will lead. Zhang Lu will rule Pakistan and Han for nearly thirty years. In the twenty years of Jian 'an (2 15), Cao Cao was personally led by 100,000 people.

The army marched westward into Hanzhong, and Zhang and Zhang led tens of thousands of soldiers to stick to Yangpingguan, which was broken by Cao Cao. Zhang Lu avoided Pakistan, soon.

Air drop practice. Because of this surrender, I worshipped General Zhennan and made Langzhonghou (a "Xiangpinghou") my household. All five of his sons were sealed off.

Hou, and married Cao Cao. Post-Taoism called Zhang Lu "Zhang Zhennan". The following year, Zhang Lu died and was buried in Ye.

Chengdong (now Linzhang, Hebei). After he surrendered to Cao Cao, a large number of disciples moved northward, making the forces of Wudou Midao develop northward and

Central plains region.

Zhang Lu regarded the Tao Te Ching as the main classic of this religion, and made notes for it, so as to preach it to his disciples.

It's called old Xiangzi Jules. Put forward "Tao" and "scattered form is qi, gathered form is too old gentleman, often governing Kunlun"; Think "Tao"

"Fine" and "Everything is fine when it is divided into everything"; It is advocated that the monarch, the minister and the people should "know by the way" and "observe the precepts"

Tao. "I also think that' fate' is a variant of Tao, and Taoist people only seek longevity." Tao was born.

Appreciate the good and turn death into evil. "Only by observing the precepts can we combine" accumulating goodness and success "with" accumulating essence and becoming a spirit ".

In order not to die and become immortal. Advocating that "the ruler of the country should cultivate his morality, and loyal ministers should assist the streets", pointing out that "Dao Pu"

Deyi, and also. If the government and the people respect it, it will be easy to govern.

Knowing it as the Tao is immortal. "He also criticized the Confucian Five Classics as" semi-evil "and" great absurdity is impossible "; Oppose immorality,

It is believed that "the righteous method of heaven is not in the temple of worship"; For preaching that "a saint is born in heaven, he must have a watch" and "a fairy has his own bones,

The books "River" and "Luo" are not achieved by doing things, but are also negative. They suggest that Taoism should be "loyal and filial" and feel the sky through self-cultivation.

The idea of "immortality" Therefore, he pays special attention to the cultivation of Taoist priests, advocates honesty, and repents when he is sick. mutually

It is said that he also created fasting ceremonies such as Tutanzhai.

From Yuan Dynasty to Dayuan (1308), posthumous title was the "Taiqing Zhao Hua" Guangde Zhenjun.

Pentecostal faith

Taoism in Shi Tian is an important school in the early period of Taoism. There are two views on its origin in academic circles: traditionally, Pentecostalism was founded by Zhang Ling in Hemingshan, Sichuan in 126- 144 (Shundi period of the Eastern Han Dynasty); The History of Taoism in China, edited by contemporary scholars, and Taoism in Shaanxi 2000, edited by Mr. Fan Guangchun, hold that the Wudoumi religion was actually founded in Hanzhong before 184 (the first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty).

According to the introduction of Zhang Jiao and Zhang Xiu's theory in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms of Zhang Lu, "In Xiping, the demon thief has grown up and Sanfu has a bright future. Light and harmony, opening angle in the east, Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. The corner is Taiping Road, and Wudoumi Road is built. For those who are peaceful, teachers hold nine branches as blessings and teach patients to kowtow and think. Because they drink it with water, people who are sick or cured believe, or people who are not cured don't believe. The practice is similar to the angle, and the scarly room is added, so that patients can think. It also makes people drink alcohol as a traitor, and the main drinker uses 5000 articles of Laozi. Let everyone learn that the number is a rape order. Pray for ghosts and patients. Please pray, write down the patient's name and convince the meaning of crime. Three links, the first day on the mountain, the first place buried, the second place submerged, known as three official calligraphy. It is common for patients to have five buckets of rice, so it is called five buckets of rice. "