Induction of physical education knowledge points in geographical atmosphere of college entrance examination

Atmospheric movement refers to the exchange of heat, momentum and water vapor between different regions and different heights, so it is very important to review the knowledge points of geographical atmospheric movement in college entrance examination. The following is a compilation of physical education knowledge points recommended by me for the college entrance examination. I hope it will help you!

Physical education knowledge points of geographical atmosphere in college entrance examination

1, the generation and change of atmospheric motion are directly determined by the spatial distribution and change of atmospheric pressure.

2. The air pressure in a place often changes, and the root cause of stroke is the increase or decrease of air quality in the atmospheric column above it. The air pressure everywhere always decreases with the elevation.

3. The air pressure at a certain point is equal to the weight of the vertical air column per unit area at that point.

4. The pressure difference per unit height (vertical pressure gradient) indicates that the pressure value decreases with the increase of unit height; The height difference of unit air pressure indicates the height change value corresponding to each unit change of air pressure in vertical air column.

5. The change of gas column quality is mainly caused by thermal and dynamic factors.

Thermal factors refer to the volume expansion or contraction caused by the increase or decrease of temperature, the density increase or decrease and the mass increase or decrease caused by the convergence or divergence of airflow.

Dynamic factor refers to the change of air column quality caused by atmospheric movement. According to the situation of air movement, it can be summarized into the following three situations:

Convergence and divergence of horizontal airflow and vertical motion of air masses with different densities

6. The spatial distribution of air pressure is called air pressure field.

7. Isobar is the connection line of all points with equal air pressure on the same horizontal plane. Isobaric surface is a surface composed of points with equal air pressure in space.

8. Potential height refers to the work done by an object with unit mass to overcome gravity when it rises from sea level (potential is zero) to Z height, also known as gravity potential, and the unit is potential meter.

9. Warm high pressure: a pressure system in which the center of high pressure is warm and the surrounding area is cold, the isobar and isotherm are basically parallel, and the warm center and high pressure center are basically coincident.

10. Asymmetric temperature and pressure field system: refers to the system where the center of ground high and low pressure system and the center of temperature field are not coincident.

1 1. The forces acting on the air include gravity, pressure gradient force, geostrophic deflection force, friction force and inertial centrifugal force. 12, the pressure gradient force is the direct cause and power of the horizontal movement of air.

13. Geostrophic wind means that when the pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force are balanced, the air moves horizontally in a straight line at a uniform speed. The geostrophic wind is parallel to the isobar. If you go against the wind, the high pressure in the northern hemisphere is on its right and the high pressure in the southern hemisphere is on its left. This is the so-called wind pressure law.

14. When air particles move in a curve, they are not only affected by the pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force, but also by the inertial centrifugal force. The wind when the three forces reach balance is called gradient wind.

15. Due to the existence of horizontal temperature gradient, the velocity vector difference of geostrophic wind in vertical direction is called thermal wind.

16. In the free atmosphere, with the increase of height, no matter how the wind direction changes, the wind at the top always tends to be hot air.

17, C. H. D. Buys Ballot's wind pressure law: the relationship between wind field and pressure field of friction layer is that it stands on the leeward side of the northern hemisphere, with high pressure in the right rear and low pressure in the left front.

18. The wind speed near the surface layer increases during the day, reaches the maximum in the afternoon, decreases at night and decreases to the minimum in the morning; On the other hand, the upper layer of the friction layer has low wind speed during the day and high wind speed at night. The daily variation of wind is bigger in sunny days than cloudy days, bigger in summer than in winter, and bigger on land than at sea.

19, atmospheric circulation refers to large-scale atmospheric movement. Main factors of the formation of atmospheric circulation:

Solar radiation, earth rotation, surface characteristics and ground friction. The uneven heating of the atmospheric system by solar radiation is the fundamental reason for the large-scale movement of the atmosphere, and the imbalance of heat budget at high and low latitudes is the direct driving force for the generation and maintenance of atmospheric circulation.

2 1, the average state of atmospheric circulation:

Mean zonal circulation mean horizontal circulation mean meridional circulation

2 1, the most basic state of atmospheric circulation is the prevailing zonal circulation centered on the polar regions, that is, easterly winds and westerly winds. In the middle and upper troposphere, except the equatorial region, all latitudes are almost the same westerly wind, and the latitude span of westerly wind is expanding with height.

22. Distribution of zonal circulation in the surface layer:

High latitude area: It is a shallow easterly belt in winter and summer, also called polar easterlies. It is mainly distributed in the polar side of the North Atlantic depression and the North Pacific depression, and its thickness and intensity are greater in winter than in summer. Mid-latitude area: From the ground, it is a westerly wind, also known as the prevailing westerly belt.

Low latitude area: from the ground to the sky is a deep easterly layer, called tropical easterly belt or trade wind belt.

23. Horizontal circulation refers to the trough, ridge, high and low pressure circulation developed after the zonal circulation is disturbed (mainly due to the land and sea distribution on the earth's surface, ground friction and large terrain).

24. In the troposphere of the northern hemisphere, the average horizontal circulation in the upper layer is the existence of large-scale average troughs and ridges in the westerlies. For example, in June 65438+10/October 500 hectopascals, there were three average grooves: East Asia, North America and Europe.

25. In the lower troposphere at middle and high latitudes, the thermal and dynamic changes caused by the differences of land and sea properties and the fluctuation of the surface are manifested as huge high and low pressure systems:

5438+ 10 June Northern Hemisphere: Aleutian low, Iceland low, Siberian high, North American high in July, Northern Hemisphere: South Asia low, North American low, Hawaiian high, azores high.

26. The average meridional circulation refers to the vertical section along the meridional in the north-south direction, which consists of the vertical components of the average north, south and wind speed. There are three mirror meridional circulation circles in the northern hemisphere: low latitude circulation circle, which is a direct thermal circulation circle (positive circulation circle), also called Hadley circulation circle. The mid-latitude circulation circle is an indirect thermal circulation circle (inverse circulation circle), also called Ferrer circulation circle. The high latitude circulation circle, also known as the polar circulation circle, is also a direct thermal circulation circle and a cold circulation circle.

Knowledge points of geographical pressure zone and wind zone in college entrance examination

1. Form:

● Single cycle: ideal cycle.

● Three-circle circulation: low latitude, middle latitude and high latitude circulation. Seven pressure zones and six wind zones are formed.

Note: Remember the name, location and direction of the wind belt. The pressure zone and the wind zone are symmetrical about the equator.

● Seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt: In summer in the northern hemisphere, pressure belt and wind belt move northward.

2. Difference of thermal characteristics between land and sea:

● In winter, the mainland rapidly cools down, forming high pressure and cutting off the sub-polar low pressure zone; In summer, the mainland heats up quickly, forming a low pressure, cutting off the subtropical high pressure area. (cold high pressure, hot low pressure)

● Barometric center (northern hemisphere):

Asia

North Pacific

North Atlantic

winter

Asian high

(Mongolia? Siberian high)

the aleutian low

Iceland low pressure

summer

Asian low pressure

(Indian low pressure)

Hawaii high school

Azores high school

● Monsoon:

Summer: The southeast monsoon prevails in China (from the subtropical high belt in the western Pacific), and the southwest monsoon prevails in South Asia (the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere crosses the equator in summer and gradually turns to the southwest wind to the right under the geostrophic bias).

Winter: The northwest monsoon prevails in China and the northeast monsoon prevails in South Asia.

3. Climate type:

● To describe the climate of a place, it is necessary to describe precipitation and temperature clearly.

(1) is controlled by a single pressure belt or wind belt: tropical rainforest climate, temperate maritime climate.

(2) Under the alternate control of two kinds of pressure belts or wind belts: Mediterranean climate and savanna climate.

● More important climate types:

(1) Tropical Rainforest Climate: It is hot and rainy all year round, mainly distributed in Amazon Plain, Malay Archipelago and Congo Basin.

(2) temperate maritime climate: generally, the temperature is higher than 0o, and the precipitation is neither too much nor too little; Distributed at latitude 40 north and south? ~60? Between the west coast of temperate continent; Western Europe is the most typical, and the rest are distributed in the northwest coast of North America, southern Chile, southeastern Australia and New Zealand.

(3) Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer and mild and humid in winter. Distributed in latitude 30 ~ 40? On the west coast of the continent, the Mediterranean region is the most typical, and the rest are distributed in the Pacific coast of California, central Chile, southern Australia and Cape Town in southern Africa.

(4) The climate of China is mainly subtropical monsoon climate (south), temperate monsoon climate (north) and temperate continental climate (northwest) plateau climate (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau).

Knowledge points of common weather system in college entrance examination geography

Air mass: a large range of air with uniform physical properties such as temperature and humidity in the horizontal direction, which can be divided into two types: cold air mass and warm air mass. The specific differences are as follows:

(1) According to the concept of cold and warm air mass. If the temperature of an air mass is higher (or lower) than the temperature of the area it passes through, it is a warm air mass (or a cold air mass).

(2) According to the latitude and temperature of the source. Air masses formed and originated at high latitudes are generally cold air masses, while warm air masses are the opposite.

(3) According to the moving direction of the air mass after formation. The air mass moving from low latitude to high latitude is a warm air mass; On the contrary, it is a cold air mass. So in the northern hemisphere, the air mass moving from south to north is a warm air mass, and the air mass moving from north to south is a cold air mass; The southern hemisphere is the opposite.

Front: When two air masses with different properties (warm air mass and cold air mass) meet in the process of moving, there will be a narrow and inclined interface between them, which is called front.

Front line: the line formed by the intersection of the front and the ground, which is called the front line.

Front: front and front are generally referred to as front.

That is, the formation of front: two air masses with different properties meet in the process of moving, and the transition layer formed between air masses with different properties is called front.

Cold front: the front where the cold air mass moves to the warm air mass actively. The warm air mass moves faster, which often brings strong winds, rain and snow and cooling weather.

Warm front: the front where the warm air mass actively moves to the cold air mass, which moves slowly and can form continuous precipitation or fog.

Quasi-static front stop: the cold and warm air mass is quite strong, which makes the front swing back and forth, often forming continuous rainy weather.

Three characteristics of the front line

① Frontal slope: Frontal slope to cold area in space, with a certain slope.

(2) Sudden change of meteorological elements: There is little difference in temperature, humidity, air pressure and other meteorological elements inside the air mass, but there is great difference on both sides of the front.

(3) The weather near the front changes dramatically: Due to the gradient of the front and the intersection of cold and warm air, warm air can rise or be forced to rise along the slope, and the warm air contains more water vapor, so the air rises adiabatically and the water vapor condenses, which is easy to form rainy weather.

Guess you like:

1.20 18 High school geography questions must recite knowledge points.

2. About what? Atmosphere? The geography of the college entrance examination must be memorized.

3. Organizing the knowledge points of the eight planets in the geographical solar system in the college entrance examination

4.20 17 Review Questions and Answers on Geographical Atmospheric Circulation in College Entrance Examination

5. Key Collection of Geography College Entrance Examination