General knowledge points of geography in senior high school

You can refer to the geography basic teaching materials in Baidu library that I uploaded. The underlined part is the focus of the exam.

Physical geography (atmosphere, hydrology, topography, soil, vegetation) (focusing on climate analysis factors, hydrological topography analysis)

Atmosphere: (key and difficult points of physical geography, grasping analytical factors, etc. )

1, climate characteristics: temperature, precipitation, seasonal changes. Characteristics of temperature and precipitation: total amount, seasonal distribution and spatial distribution.

Climate analysis factors: large range (latitude, monsoon, wind pressure belt) and small range (topography, ocean current, human factors, differences in thermal properties between land and sea). Latitude (low latitude high temperature, tropical rain forest climate near 0, tropical desert climate from 30 to west coast, Mediterranean climate from 30 to 40 west coast, 40-terrain (high terrain, low temperature, low terrain, high temperature, rainy windward slope, little rain leeward slope), land and sea (more precipitation in offshore, less precipitation in offshore), ocean current (warm)

2. Solar radiation and temperature, factors affecting the total solar radiation: latitude, topography, weather conditions and air density. The daily variation of temperature is mainland > ocean, plain > mountain peak, sunny > cloudy, with the lowest temperature around sunrise and the highest temperature around 14. The annual variation is continent > ocean, high latitude > low latitude. In China, the temperature difference between the north and the south is large in winter (the north is affected by the winter wind, the sun's altitude angle is small, and the sunshine time is short), and the temperature is generally high in summer.

Precipitation, types: topographic precipitation (windward slope), convective rain (equator or afternoon), frontal rain (intersection of cold and warm fronts), typhoon rain. Snow line height: temperature (the height of snow line decreases from low latitude to high latitude, and the sunny slope of the same mountain range is high and the shady slope is low), precipitation (the height of snow line is inversely proportional to precipitation, and the precipitation on windward slope is high and the snow line is low), and the surface fluctuates (the snow line on flat and gentle slope is easy to be lifted by the wind, and the snow line on steep slope often falls).

3, ① Thermal circulation, the air pressure level refers to the same plane, and the air pressure near the ground is higher than the air pressure at high altitude in the vertical direction. Factors affecting air pressure (the higher the altitude, the lower the air pressure, the higher the temperature near the ground, the lower the air pressure, the lower the air pressure rising, and the higher the air pressure sinking).

Suitable for land sea breeze (winter and summer, day and night), mountain breeze (night mountain breeze, day and night breeze) and urban breeze.

② The wind belt in the pressure belt moves north and south, and the tropical grassland climate, the Mediterranean climate, the circulation direction of the Indian Ocean, the changes in the direction of Xia Feng in southwest India and northwest Australia in winter.

The sub-polar subtropical zone is the dynamic cause, the polar high equatorial low heat is the cause, and the thermal properties of the East Asian monsoon are different from those of the South Asian monsoon, and the pressure belt moves north and south. The subtropical high and equatorial low are windless areas.

③ Common weather system, cold and warm front: judge the reasons (high and low pressure center, whether the cold air mass is retreating, month, icon, rain area range and position, slope) and weather changes (temperature, air pressure, precipitation, wind direction).

Cold front, spring sandstorm, summer rainstorm, one autumn rain and one cold; Warm front, warm spring in bloom, continuous spring rain; Quasi-static front, plum rain in Jianghuai in early June, freezing rain in Kunming, sunny and warm in Yunnan, heavy rain and snow in Tianshan Mountain in winter.

Low pressure, typhoon in summer and autumn; High pressure in summer, drought in the Yangtze River in summer, crisp autumn in the north and dry and cold winter in the north.

4. Interpretation of climate types ① Judging the northern and southern hemispheres according to the temperature ② Judging the temperature zones (tropical Leng Yue > 15, subtropical or temperate maritime Leng Yue 0- 15, temperate Leng Yue-15, and Leng Yue <15). ③ Determine the specific climate type: rainy year > 2000 hot rainy year > 700 warm sea; Summer rain type hot season > 1500, sub-hot season 750- 1000, warm season 500-800. In winter, the rainy year is 300- 1000 in the Mediterranean, and the rainy year is less than 250 in the hot sand, warm continent and polar climate.

Climate types are only distributed in the northern hemisphere: hot season, warm season, sub-frigid continental, tundra; Only on the east coast of the mainland: hot season, sub-hot season, warm season; Only on the west coast of the mainland: hot sand, Mediterranean sea, warm sea; Affected by a single pressure belt: hot rain, hot sand and ice sheet; By a single wind belt: a warm ocean; Controlled alternately by pressure zone and wind zone: hot grass, Mediterranean, hot season, sub-hot season and warm season.

Uniqueness: Hot rain formed in eastern Madagascar, northeastern Australia, southeastern Brazil Plateau and northeastern Central America (influenced by the headwind slope topography and warm current); Hot grass in the equatorial region of the East African Plateau (high altitude, low temperature, no convective rain); Patagonia Plateau formed a temperate continental climate because the Andes blocked the west wind. The hot sand in Atacama and Somali on the west coast of South America is mainly affected by the cold current, and the hot sand is formed in the trade wind area because of the deep inland of Central Asia and northwest China and the subtropical high of West Asia in sub-Saharan Australia.

7. Supplement: Climate and life: the street direction forms an angle of 30-60 with the meridian (convenient for lighting), the southern part of the roof line is gentle and steep, and there is less precipitation in the northern part. The stronger the continental climate, the thicker the wall. Traffic construction should consider the intensity of rainstorm and debris flow, clouds, etc. At low temperature, agriculture adopts intercropping and interplanting, plastic greenhouse and three-dimensional agriculture. The thinner the tree ring, the richer the temperature and precipitation this year. The direction in which the canopy extends represents the wind direction. Spring City (low latitude and high altitude area).

8. Supplement: rainy season in China, rainy season in South China in April and May, rainy season in Yangtze River in June (rainy season in early June, drought in the middle and late June), rainy season in Northeast China in July and August, retreating to the south of Yangtze River in September, and disappearing in 65438+ 10. Strong summer monsoon, coming early and leaving late, waterlogging in the north and drought in the south; The summer monsoon is weak, coming late and leaving early, with waterlogging in the south and drought in the north (China's frontal rain belt is located 5-8 north of the subtropical high ridge in the western Pacific).

9. Supplement: Wind pressure law: at high altitude, under the action of geostrophic deflection force and horizontal pressure gradient force, the horizontal airflow direction is parallel to the isobar, and the northern hemisphere stands in the lee, with right high pressure and left low pressure, while the southern hemisphere is the opposite. Near the ground, if the friction is considered, the direction of horizontal airflow intersects the isobar obliquely, while the northern hemisphere stands on the leeward side, with high pressure in the right rear and low pressure in the left front, and the southern hemisphere is the opposite.

8. Supplement: Meteorological disasters: ① Global warming affects sea level rise, making droughts and floods more serious, threatening human health, leading to the adjustment of ecosystem, changing crop system and changing water cycle. Measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, active response, global cooperation, afforestation and the development of clean energy. (2) Inversion of temperature, elevation increase, temperature drop less than 0.6℃ or temperature increase often occur when the ground temperature is low, because of ground radiation cooling, air advection, air subsidence and frontal activity. Influence, photochemical pollution, pollution is not easy to spread. (3) Rainstorm, with daily precipitation exceeding 50 mm .. Measures, monitoring and early warning, emergency evacuation plan, flood control insurance, dam repair, river regulation, reservoir repair, flood diversion area and flood plain management. ④ Drought, measures, improvement of agricultural structure of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, drought-tolerant crops, irrigation and water conservancy construction, improvement of farming system and shelter forest construction. (5) Acid rain (mostly in winter, because coal is burned for heating in winter), harm, acidification of fish in rivers and lakes, acidification of soil, harm to forest crops, corrosion to buildings and harm to human body. Measures to reduce man-made emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, comprehensive utilization of sulfur resources in coal, clean coal technology and clean fuel technology, and afforestation.

8. Supplement: The northern hemisphere isotherm is tortuous, while the southern hemisphere isotherm is straight, because the southern hemisphere has a vast ocean. The main factors affecting the distribution of land isotherm are latitude position (low latitude and high temperature, the isotherm is roughly parallel to latitude), land-sea distribution (high inland temperature and high summer temperature, the isotherm protrudes to the high latitude direction, roughly parallel to the coast) and topographic relief (high terrain and low temperature, the isotherm protrudes to the high temperature direction, and the isotherm is roughly parallel to the contour line). The nature of ocean current (warm current affects high temperature, and the degree of isotherm bending is slightly different), the underlying surface (the specific heat capacity of water surface is large, followed by vegetation, and the specific heat capacity of bare land is small), and others (such as heat island effect).

9. Supplement: Convective rain, accompanied by lightning storms, mostly occurs in equatorial regions, frontal rain mostly occurs in summer afternoons in other temperate regions, and typhoon rain mostly occurs in summer and autumn in tropical waters of West Asia.

Hydrology: (physical geography focus, rivers, ocean currents, water resources)

1, river: ① Hydrological characteristics: sediment concentration (depending on vegetation coverage), water level change (depending on recharge type, water conservancy project and lake regulation), northeast spring flood and summer flood, southeast Australia winter flood and summer flood), flow (depending on precipitation and basin area), water energy (depending on drop, flow, ice age, ice flood (from low latitude to high latitude) ③ River development direction: fresh water supply in the middle and upper reaches, power generation, tourism, fresh water cultivation in the middle and lower reaches and shipping. ④ Hydropower development conditions: hydrological conditions (large flow, fast flow rate, large catchment area, narrow reach and multi-canyon landform), geological conditions (avoiding faults and karst landform) and economic conditions (capital, technology, market and transportation, considering whether it is necessary to emigrate). ⑤ River transport value: natural (flat terrain, gentle water flow, large flow, deep water depth, wide and straight) and human (rich in resources, developed economy, large flow of people, reasonable distribution of transportation network, extending in all directions). ⑥ River recharge type: rainwater recharge in humid areas, summer flood or winter flood; Melting snow and ice in high latitudes, spring flood; In arid and semi-arid areas, snow and ice melt in the mountains and flood in summer; Groundwater is common all over the world. In the lower reaches of the Yellow River and Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River, only river water supplies groundwater. ⑦ River landforms and settlements: V-shaped valleys in plateau areas, where settlements are distributed in strips on both sides of deep valleys and narrow floodplains; In the flood plain on both sides of the alluvial fan in front of the mountain, the settlements are distributed in a strip or winding shape in front of the mountain or along the river; Plains are distributed along rivers or coasts.

Causes of river flood disasters; Characteristics of water system; Wide basin; Many tributaries; High sediment concentration; The plain river is winding and the water flow is slow and unsmooth. Hydrological characteristics: it flows through humid areas with abundant rainfall; The main stream has a long flood season and a large amount of water. Climatic characteristics: the climate was abnormal in that year, and heavy rain fell in the basin, causing floods. Excessive logging, serious damage to vegetation, increased soil erosion, reduced the ability of water conservation, runoff regulation, peak clipping and drought compensation in the basin; Sediment deposition into the river raises the riverbed and reduces the flood discharge capacity of the river. Siltation around the lake caused the lake to shrink, and the capacity of flood peak regulation and storage decreased.

Principles of river management: upstream: flood regulation, middle: flood diversion and storage, and downstream: flood discharge and water collection. Governance measures: upstream: building reservoirs and planting trees; Medium: construction of reservoirs and flood diversion and storage projects; Downstream: reinforce dams, dredge rivers and dig rivers.

2. Ocean current: ① The salinity of seawater decreases from the subtropical high to both sides, with the lowest in the Baltic Sea (fresh water injection, less evaporation of precipitation and closed bay) and the highest in the Red Sea. The factors affecting salinity (climate precipitation evaporation, ocean current, high cold current and low cold current, fresh water injection, sealing degree, high icing and low melting ice, 60 N is lower than 60 S because 60 N injects more fresh water on land. ② Yantian: less precipitation, large evaporation, long sunshine time and windy; Flat and wide beach, muddy beach. (3) Fishing ground: the confluence of cold and warm air currents or upwelling brings nutrients to the surface. The continental shelf area is sunny and has strong photosynthesis. The river injection brings rich nutrients, the seawater temperature is suitable, and the coastline is tortuous, and it is harbor-like. (4) Port: water conditions (the port is wide and deep, free from freezing and silting, and the bay is closed), port construction conditions (appropriate geological terrain and slope), economic hinterland, urban facilities (convenient transportation) and policy conditions. ⑤ Red tide: May-10 is warm, the ocean current is slow, the bay is closed and rich in nutrients. Endangering aquaculture and fisheries, destroying the marine environment, endangering human health and affecting tourism. ⑥ ocean current judgment: according to the isotherm, determine the height of the northern and southern hemispheres. ⑦ Impact of ocean current on environment: water and heat balance, climate (hot sand, hot rain, warm sea), marine life (fishing ground), shipping (upstream and downstream), seaport (Murmansk ice-free port) and environment (accelerating purification and expanding pollution). (8) Current direction: the surface Atlantic → Mediterranean, and the bottom Mediterranean → Atlantic; Surface Indian Ocean → Red Sea, bottom Red Sea → Mande Strait Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean in Malacca Strait → South China Sea in summer and South China Sea in winter → Indian Ocean; Kategat sea water flows from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea.

3. Reasons for water shortage: less precipitation, large evaporation and uneven seasonal distribution; Small surface runoff; The developed population and industry and agriculture use a large amount of water, with low utilization rate and serious pollution and waste.

Rational utilization of water resources (solving the problem of water shortage), open source (artificial rainfall, seawater desalination, groundwater development, reservoir construction, cross-regional water transfer), and throttling (publicizing and educating water-saving awareness, improving water resource utilization, reducing waste, controlling pollution, formulating laws and regulations to raise people's awareness of water-saving and adjusting water prices).

Functions of the reservoir: regulating climate, improving ecological environment, developing aquaculture, tourism, flood control, power generation value, irrigation function and improving shipping value.

4. Supplement: The phreatic water (above the first aquiclude) is buried shallowly, and the water level is greatly influenced by climate, so it is easy to be polluted. Excessive use will cause the water level to drop and form a funnel area. Coastal seawater will flow backwards, the ground will sink, the groundwater will easily rise due to improper irrigation, and the confined water (between two aquicludes) is stable, not easy to be polluted, and the water quality is good. Excessive use or pollution will make it difficult to recover. The land water cycle makes little supply to the land water body, and the land-sea cycle makes the land water body constantly updated, and the sea cycle is the largest, but it can't supply the land water body. The average precipitation in mid-latitude areas of the ocean is much less than the evaporation, which is negative, and the evaporation in high latitudes is less, which is positive, while the average precipitation in all parts of the land is greater than the evaporation, which is positive.

5. Supplement: The surface ocean current in the mid-latitude area is centered on the subtropical zone, showing an anticyclonic ocean circulation, while the ocean circulation in the mid-high latitude area shows a cyclonic ocean circulation. El Nino phenomenon is a forest fire prone to drought, which is caused by abnormally high temperature in the equatorial eastern Pacific, rainstorm and flood, and abnormally low temperature in the western Pacific around Christmas. La Nina, on the other hand, occurs when the summer monsoon in China increases, there is more precipitation in the north and more typhoons.

6. Supplement: Important Channel Canal, Taiwan Province Strait, Korean Strait, Malacca, Turkish Strait, the Strait of Hormuz, Mande Strait, mozambique channel, Gibraltar Strait, English Channel, strait of magellan, Bering Strait, Suez Canal and Panama Canal.

7. Supplement: marine resources, minerals, biology, chemistry, energy and space resources. The properties of seawater include salinity and temperature.

Terrain (soil, vegetation): (Understand terrain analysis)

1, terrain features: terrain type (and centralized distribution), terrain (high and low strike), surface condition, landform, average altitude and coastline.

Terrain formation: internal forces (crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism, seismic volcanic fault fold); External forces (weathering, erosion, handling, accumulation).

Fold: anticline (middle and old sides are new, rock strata are arched, oil and gas are stored, and tunnel excavation is easy to erode into valleys); Syncline (in the old and new frontier, there is water underground, coal and iron storage, which makes it easy to build dams and mountains because of hard lithology).

Faults: while rising like Huashan, Lushan and Taishan, they fall like Fenhe and Weihe Valley; Large faults like the Great Rift Valley in East Africa.

Running water action: ① erosion, forming V-shaped valley, red desert and rocky desertification. ② Dissolution, forming funnels, underground rivers, caves, stone forests and peak forests such as Guilin, Lunan Stone Forest and Yunnan-Guizhou karst landforms. (3) The treatment effect of mud and sand. (4) Sediments, alluvial fans, deltas and alluvial plains (piedmont alluvial plains, fan-shaped with taniguchi as the apex, with deep and fertile soil, no drought and no waterlogging, belonging to high-yield fields; The floodplain in the middle and lower reaches is flat and open, and the soil is fertile but prone to drought and flood; The estuaries and coasts are mostly triangular, with dense river networks, which are prone to salinization, accumulation and seawater jacking.

Wind action: ① erosion, Gobi, wind erosion depression, wind erosion column, wind erosion castle, in arid and semi-arid areas. (2) Handling and flying sand and stones. ③ Accumulation, sand dunes and loess plateau (large particles are deposited first, and small particles are deposited later).

Glaciation: ① erosion, ice bucket, tinder, U-shaped valley, glacier plain and glacier depression, such as the Great Lakes, Finland and Norwegian fjords.

2. Terrain judgment: According to the water system, the centripetal water system is a basin and the radial water system is the top of the mountain; Isotherm, closed, the peak is low in the middle and the basin is high in the middle.

3. Supplement: topography and life: there are settlements, many groups in the northern plains, and scattered hills in the south; For transportation, in mountainous areas, choose gentle areas such as river valleys and mountain basins, with short lines, crossing residential areas as much as possible and occupying less farmland; It has a space flight and space launch base, low latitude and high altitude, sunny days, convenient transportation, flat and open terrain, sparsely populated, and no rivers and lakes.

4. The natural zone is developed. The lower the latitude, the higher the mountain and the more natural zones. Vertical natural belt has high sunny slope and low shady slope; There are more natural zones on sunny slopes than on shady slopes. The distribution height of the same natural belt decreases with the increase of latitude

5. Supplement: Plants and environment: acid soil, dictyophora, Pinus massoniana, Chinese fir, camellia oleifera, tea tree, tung tree, sumac, Phyllostachys pubescens and camphor tree; Alkaline soil, Suaeda salsa; Humid environment, reeds, big tender leaves and underdeveloped roots; In arid environment, the leaves of Alhagi are waxy, needle-shaped and the roots are developed; SO2 pollution, Petunia mosaic spots; The sparse tree rings indicate that there is much precipitation and high sunshine temperature. The extension direction of the flag crown represents the wind direction.

6. Supplement: In the development of agriculture, attention should be paid to the development of karst landform areas, the protection of water sources and the rational utilization of groundwater, the exploration to prevent collapse, the construction of water conservancy dams to prevent leakage, and the development of tourism resources to protect the environment from water pollution and the destruction of karst cave vegetation.

Human geography (population, city, agriculture, industry, transportation) (focusing on industrial agriculture location analysis theory)

Population: (pay attention to multiple-choice questions)

1, population growth mode: primitive (high or low), traditional (high or low), transitional (greatly reduced birth rate), modern (low or low); The natural growth rate of developed countries is low (developed economy, good welfare and high education level), while the natural growth rate of developing countries is high (backward economy, poor welfare, raising children to prevent old age).

Population age structure: over 7% of the population aged 65 or over 10% of the elderly, under 4% or over 40% of the children are transitional. The population of developing countries is mostly transitional, while the population of developed countries is mostly modern.

Population problems: rapid growth (developing countries need to control population growth and family planning), aging (developed countries need to postpone retirement, absorb immigrants and encourage childbearing), and urbanization of population (developing countries need reasonable planning to coordinate economic development with environment and society).

2. Population change: including natural growth or population migration. Natural population growth determines population change, while mechanical population growth is caused by population migration and has no influence on the global population.

Influencing factors of environmental population capacity: resources, science and technology, population consumption level and degree of opening up.

China population line: Tengchong-Heihe line, Sulu Yutai is a densely populated area.

3. Reasons for population migration: ① nature (climate, water, soil, minerals), ② humanities (employment, income, education, medical care, policy, war, political center shift).

Direction of population migration: ① Before World War II, old continent→ new continent, developed → underdeveloped, such as Europe, Africa → America, China, Japan, India → Southeast Asia and America; After World War II, developing → developed, such as Asia, Africa and Latin America → North America, Western Europe or oil-producing areas; The foreign population in Arab, Kuwait and other countries exceeds their own population. ② China, rural → urban, inland → coastal. (3) the United States, the northeast → the south and the west (because the south and the west have abundant sunshine and beautiful environment).

The impact of population migration: ① It will provide labor force, promote economic development, increase the burden of public facilities and increase the difficulty of urban management. (2) Moving out, strengthening contact, developing economy, alleviating the contradiction between man and land, and developing land resources, which leads to brain drain and insufficient labor force.

4. Supplement: It affects birth rate (marriage system, birth policy, contraceptive technology, social atmosphere) and death rate (natural disasters, bad weather, diseases, medical care). Countries with population over 1 100 million: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Pakistan, Japan, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Mexico. The most densely populated province in China: Jiangsu.

City: (pay attention to urbanization problems and countermeasures and reasonable urban planning)

1, urbanization characteristics: ① Developed countries started early, with high level (80%), balanced development and anti-urbanization. (2) Developing countries started late, with unbalanced development, low level (40%) and fast speed.

Urbanization: environmental pollution, ecological destruction, traffic congestion, housing shortage, increased unemployment and poor social security; Measures: Reasonable planning, arrangement of green belts, construction of new urban areas, expansion of traffic, new commercial housing and improvement of social security.

The significance of urbanization: it is conducive to population transformation, absorbing rural surplus labor force to transfer to secondary and tertiary industries, improving industrial structure, improving industrial production efficiency, promoting scientific and technological progress and informatization, and improving the overall development level.

2. Reasonable urban planning: ① the overall layout of the city (scattered mountains or rivers, concentrated groups in plains), ② the rational layout of functional areas (convenient transportation, leaving room for development, protecting historical cities; Reasonable layout of the industrial zone: there is a green belt between the industrial zone and the residential zone, which moves outside the city and is distributed along the main traffic lines; Residential area: land use, high and low level differentiation; Business circle: located in the city center or traffic trunk line, the lower floor is mostly retail and the upper floor is office. Buildings are tall and dense, and the population changes greatly day and night. )

Agriculture: (focus on human geography and grasp the agricultural location analysis module)

1, agricultural location: ① nature, climate, water source, topography and soil ② humanities, technology, market, transportation, policy, labor force, land price and industrial base.

Constraints: low temperature (high latitude areas, high altitude areas, greenhouses, cold-tolerant crops, plastic film mulching, increasing water area), drought (arid and semi-arid areas, drip irrigation, drought-tolerant crops), salinization (Huanghuaihai and coastal low-lying areas, reasonable irrigation and drainage), low fertility (red soil areas, green manure), and topographic restrictions (development of mountainous areas and terraces).

Climate: rubber is hot and rainy, rice is rainy and hot at the same time, wheat is semi-humid and semi-arid, cotton is full of light and heat, corn has a long growing period, sugar cane is hot and rainy, sugar beet is cool, and apples and pears are warm and temperate. Soil: acidic soil of tea, citrus, rape, Chinese fir and dictyophora; Alkaline soil of beet, seabuckthorn, medlar and Suaeda salsa.

2. Extensive agriculture (expanding production scale and increasing output) and intensive agriculture (investing more capital, technology and labor to increase output).

Agricultural regional types: ① monsoon paddy field agriculture, distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia; Geographical location, climate, labor force, people's preferences; Production characteristics: small-scale farmers have high output, low commodity rate, low level of mechanization, low level of science and technology, and large amount of water conservancy projects; Measures to increase investment in science and technology and moderately expand the scale. (2) Pasture grazing, distributed in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina and South Africa; Excellent geographical location, rich grassland, vast land and sparsely populated, convenient transportation; Features: high commodity rate, large production scale and good economic benefits; Measures to improve traffic, cultivate improved varieties, open up water sources and plant feed. (3) Commodity grain agriculture, distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia and Ukraine; Excellent geographical location, good natural conditions, convenient transportation, vast territory and sparse population, developed industry and advanced technology; Features: high commodity rate, large scale, mechanization and agricultural integration; Problems, high cost and high energy consumption. ④ Mixed agriculture, distributed in Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand; Good location, good natural conditions, vast land and sparsely populated, policy support, advanced technology and broad market; Features, benign ecosystem, effective use of time, flexible arrangement of production, strong market adaptability. (5) Planting agriculture, distributed in Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa; Excellent geographical location, high temperature and rainy, convenient transportation; Features: single cash crop, large-scale intensive farm; Measures to strengthen autonomy and reduce dependence on international capital markets. ⑥ Dairy industry (black and white cows and monochromatic beef cattle) is distributed around the Great Lakes of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and big cities; Location, market, feed, transportation, science and technology, water source and policy.

3. Development direction of regional agriculture: principles (sustainable development, adapting to local conditions, fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses) and measures (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, by-fishing, agricultural product processing, industrial chain, and increasing added value).

Industry: (focus on human geography and grasp the industrial location analysis module)

1, industrial location: geographical location, resources (land, water, climate), agricultural base, transportation, market, science and technology, labor force, policy, industrial base, management, capital, social cooperation, environment, military factors and personal preferences.

According to the advantageous location factors, raw material orientation (sugar factory, aquatic product processing, fruit cannery), market orientation (beer, furniture, bottled beverage factory, printing factory), power orientation (metallurgy, aluminum smelting), labor orientation (ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, packaging, shoe making, umbrella making) and technology orientation (integrated circuits, satellites, airplanes, precision instruments). The influence of market, labor quality and communication network has increased, while the influence of transportation raw materials has decreased.

2. Factory location: environmental factors (air pollution factories are built in the downwind direction of prevailing wind/upwind direction of minimum wind frequency, and prevailing wind is vertical to the suburbs; Water pollution factories are built in the lower reaches of rivers or far away from water sources; Factories polluted by solid waste are built far away from farmland and residential areas. (Reasonable arrangement of green belts). Economic factors (transportation, market, raw materials, labor). Social factors (national defense, national unity, leaving room for urban development and protecting the old city).

3. Industrial agglomeration: strengthen information exchange and cooperation, reduce costs, improve efficiency, and use infrastructure; Industrial decentralization: give full play to the regional advantages of various places, reduce costs and improve efficiency.

4. Industrial development direction: develop high-tech industries and processing industries, optimize industrial structure and expand industrial chain; Independent innovation, creating independent brands, improving core competitiveness and increasing added value; Strengthen management and strengthen division of labor and cooperation.

5. Traditional industrial zones and emerging industrial zones: ① Traditional industrial zones, distributed in Ruhr district of China, south-central Liaoning, northeastern United States and central England; Features, based on rich coal and iron resources, mainly based on traditional coal and iron machinery and chemical industry, with large industrial enterprises as the core; Location, resources, water source, transportation and market; Problems: single production structure, declining status of coal energy, global steel surplus, impact of new technological revolution, serious environmental pollution, tight land use and traffic congestion; Measures to develop emerging industries and tertiary industries and optimize industrial structure; Adjust the industrial layout, reduce costs and develop local resources according to local conditions; Expand traffic; Developing science and education; Strengthen planning and beautify the environment. (2) Emerging industrial zones, located in northeast and central Italy, Silicon Valley in the United States, Bangalore in India, Kyushu Island in Japan, Tsukuba in Scotland, Munich in Germany and Hsinchu Science and Technology Park in Taiwan Province Province. Italy (geographical location, no traditional industrial base, cheap labor, developed bank credit, highly open economy and government support; Features: small and medium-sized enterprises are the mainstay, the production process is decentralized, the capital concentration is low, and the industry is scattered in small towns; Measures to form a complete and functional production-sales-service-information network. The United States (superior geographical location, geographical location, beautiful environment, pleasant climate, innovative culture, universities, convenient transportation and military orders; Features: high level of employees, rapid development, high research and development costs, and products facing the world market; Problems, land shortage and high labor price; Measures to move factories to Southeast Asia, Mexico and other regions to build factories).

Transportation: (Know the transportation choice and location)

1, the choice of transportation mode: waterway (large volume, low freight rate, slow transportation speed, poor flexibility and continuity, low cost, and large-scale long-distance goods), railway (large volume, low freight rate, fast transportation speed, poor flexibility but good continuity, large investment required, often used for long-distance goods), and highway (small volume, high long-distance freight rate and fast transportation speed).

2. Evaluation of traffic development conditions: ① natural conditions (geological conditions, topographical conditions, climatic conditions, resource conditions), ② economic and social conditions, and ③ location conditions (natural geographical position, economic geographical position and strategic position). The functions of developing transportation are: society (ensuring national unity and security, improving comprehensive national strength and perfecting transportation network) and economy (promoting scientific and technological cultural exchanges, strengthening the ties between urban and rural workers and peasants, accelerating the utilization of regional development resources, and promoting the expansion of production scale market).

3. Key traffic points Location conditions: Port (water conditions: no freezing or silting, wide port and deep water, closed bay; Land conditions: flat and open, good port construction conditions; Socio-economic conditions: vast hinterland, developed transportation, complete supporting facilities and efficient operation mechanism). Airport (flat and open terrain, proper slope, good geology, few storms and strong winds, good visibility, a certain distance from the urban area and connected to the trunk line, large passenger flow and strong technology).

Man-land relationship: (Understand the important environmental problems and solutions in the world)

1, environmental problems: reasons (population pressure, unreasonable utilization of resources, one-sided pursuit of economic growth). It is characterized by ① resource shortage, ② environmental pollution (air, water, soil, solid waste, noise, radioactivity and ocean), and ③ ecological destruction (soil erosion, desertification, biodiversity loss, vegetation destruction, salinization, wetland destruction, rocky desertification and ozone layer destruction).