Jutland naval battle

I found it in my history book and some web pages ~ ~ I hope it will help you:

Since the 1805 Trafalgar War, Britain has always maintained its position as a maritime hegemon, and its huge fleet has triumphantly roamed the world's oceans. After the outbreak of World War I, although Germany strengthened its naval power, it still lagged behind Britain in the number of ships and the tonnage of drainage, and the caliber and quantity of artillery were not as good as Britain. Therefore, in the two and a half years after the start of the war, the British navy imposed a sea blockade on Germany by virtue of its superiority. The British main fleet crouched like a watchdog in Flo Port, Scappa, keeping a close eye on the German ocean fleet, which made it trapped in Port William and bremerhaven for most of the time and became a veritable "existing fleet".

1916 65438+10, Admiral reinhard Schell was appointed commander of the German ocean fleet. Facing the powerful British main fleet, Schell, a "rough and aggressive" old sailor, believes that although war is a contest of strength, there is only one realistic choice before him, either to be trapped in the harbor and do nothing or to repel the British main fleet. How to repel the strong enemy with the dominant German navy? After some hard thinking, an aggressive and bold plan matured in Scheer's mind: first attack the British coast with a few battleships and cruisers, lure some British fleets out, then concentrate the main force of the ocean fleet to annihilate, and then defeat the main British fleet in the decisive battle. In order to realize this plan, Schell spent four months sending battle cruisers, submarines and Led Zeppelin to attack the east coast of Britain. And carry out mine laying and reconnaissance operations.

1965438+In the early morning of May 3, 2006/kloc-0, hippel vice admiral led a "decoy fleet" consisting of 5 battle cruiser, 5 light cruisers and 30 destroyers to sail out of William Harbor as planned. According to Scheer's orders, this "decoy fleet" will sail north along the Danish west coast to the Geraker Strait in scarborough. In this way, many British spies on both sides of the Taiwan Strait will report the position of hippel's fleet to London. During the voyage, hippel also let the radio transmitters of various ships send messages constantly to lure the British into taking the bait.

Two hours after leaving hippel, Schell personally led the main force of the ocean fleet and quietly left Port William. This is a huge fleet consisting of 2 1 battleships, 6 light cruisers and 3 1 destroyers, hidden 50 nautical miles behind the "bait fleet" fleet, ready to assemble the hooked enemies at any time. In addition, the reconnaissance support force composed of 16 large submarine, 6 small submarines and 10 large zeppelin has been deployed in the British sea and the North Sea in advance to closely monitor the movements of the British navy.

Contrary to hippel's high-profile sailing as bait, Schell's main formation kept a strict radio silence when sailing. At the same time, the radio station in Port William continued to use the call sign of Schell's flagship-"Fidler the Great" to contact with the outside world, creating the illusion that Admiral Schell and the main force of the ocean fleet were still in the port.

Scheer's plan seems impeccable, however, he never thought that the secret of this operation had been leaked. This is because 19 14 In August, after Russia sank the German "magdeburg" light cruiser at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, Russian divers accidentally found a code book and semaphore manual of the German navy in the wreckage of the German warship and provided them to Britain, so that the British could easily decipher the radio code of the German navy. On the afternoon of May 30, Admiral John Jellicoe, commander of the main fleet of the British Navy, received a top secret telegram from London: "The German ocean fleet will set sail tomorrow." After learning the information, Jellicoe made a battle plan exactly like Scheer overnight: Betty vice admiral led the avant-garde fleet from Rosetta Harbor, Scotland, and arrived in the waters near jutland, east of Norway, on the afternoon of March1to join forces with the German fleet. Jellicoe personally led the main fleet from Flo Port in Scappa and arrived at the sea area 60 nautical miles northwest of Betty's fleet on the afternoon of March1. If Betty is angry with the German fleet at the moment, after taking the initiative to show weakness, he should lead the other side to the direction of the main fleet, so that Jellicoe's huge fleet will appear behind the German ship. With the huge firepower and speed of the British fleet, Jellicoe thought it was completely sure to annihilate the German fleet that appeared in the expected sea area.

At 20: 30 pm on May 30th, Jellicoe led a huge fleet consisting of 24 battleships, 4 battle cruiser, 20 cruisers and 50 destroyers out of Flo Port in Scappa. After that, Betty led an avant-garde fleet consisting of four battleships, six battle cruiser, 14 light cruisers and 27 destroyers to leave the port of Rosetta. A few hours later, the German submarine ambushing outside Rosetta Port sent back a telegram of "Enemy Fleet Sailing" to the Ocean Fleet. And Germany's "bait fleet" is also under the surveillance of the British. Almost two fleets in their nests believe that their "bait tactics" have been successful, and they are heading in the opposite direction to the scheduled battlefield. At this point, neither Schell nor Jellicoe expected that the other fleet had been fully deployed. What is even more unexpected is that in the near future, they will personally participate in the decisive battle of the world's largest fleet.

On May 3 1 day 14, the British avant-garde fleet led by Betty vice admiral arrived in the waters north of Cape Horn Reef. At this point, in the waters east of Betty's fleet, the German avant-garde fleet led by hippel vice admiral is also heading north on the parallel route, and 40 nautical miles is the main force of the German ocean fleet led by Admiral Schell. Betty and hippel who also don't know the enemy is not far away, see two hostile fleet will pass by, but the mysterious arrangement of fate just pull the two bitter rivals together. 14: 20, a Danish cargo ship "Voyol" blew its horn when passing through the sea south of jutland. With a sharp whistle, a thick steam soared into the sky. The British cruiser "Galati" and the German corvette "Elpin" discovered this abnormal steam at the same time, and they all went to check it out. When the two ships approached the freighter in the same direction, they quickly recognized each other, so they immediately issued a warning to their respective fleet commanders: "Enemy ships found!" Signal. 14: 28, "Galac" fired at the German ship first, and the German ship "Pinger" also returned fire. The two sides launched a brief artillery battle. After this prologue, a Jutland naval battle with a total of 265 warships, including 149 British warships,165,438+06 German warships and 654.38+million naval officers and men, spread over more than 400 square miles of ocean, quickly opened the curtain of the drama.

Hippel vice admiral, on his flagship "Lutsov", ordered all his ships to turn to the southeast after receiving the report that "El Ping" found the enemy's situation, and tried to lead Betty to the main force of the ocean fleet. Betty saw that hippel was slipping away, so she went after the ship. His action was so urgent that his four powerful battleships failed to see the signal clearly and fell behind 10 nautical miles. As a result, Betty's strength against hippel was originally 10:5, which was reduced to 6: 5.

15: 45, near jutland, two avant-garde fleets of British and German navies sailed in the same direction. Because Betty is a little faster, the distance between him and hippel is getting shorter and shorter. At the same time, Jellicoe, the main fleet of both sides, is about 20 nautical miles, and Schell is about 40 nautical miles. But under the lure of hippel, Betty gradually approached the sea where Shel was, but he didn't know it. Hippel, of course, also don't know in Betty's fleet, there is a larger British fleet, led by admiral Jellicoe himself, is coming here. 15: 48, hippel ordered the ship to fire at Betty's fleet 2 1000 yards away. With the first artillery shells of German ships, the battle between the avant-garde fleets of both sides finally started.

Because the German ship adopted the advanced whole ship unified azimuth shooting command system, the artillery hit rate was much higher than that of the British ship. In addition, the German armor-piercing bullets are also superior to the British. After the exchange of fire between the two sides, the first volley of German ships hit Betty's fleet, and Betty's flagship "Lion" was also hit frequently. At 16, an armor-piercing bullet penetrated the middle turret of the Lion and exploded in the tower, igniting the powder bag. At the critical moment, Colonel Harvey, the commander of the turret whose legs had been blown off, made great efforts to order water to be injected into the ammunition compartment through the sound pipe, so that the 26,000-ton "Lion" was saved from the doom of total annihilation. After the war, Colonel Harvey was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.

16: 05, the British19,000-ton battle cruiser "Unyielding" was hit by two armor-piercing projectiles, which caused an amazing explosion and soon sank together with the officers and men on board 10 17. Later, hippel ordered concentrated fire to bomb the British Queen Mary and the battle cruiser, so that the 26,350-ton super intrepid warship hit several bombs in a row. After the explosion, it broke into two pieces and quickly sank, leaving only 9 people alive among the 1275 people on board.

In just a few minutes, the British battle cruiser 1 sank, while the Germans only lost two small destroyers. The balance of power quickly reversed, and the British situation was in jeopardy. At this critical moment, four British battleships left behind arrived, and huge guns roared and rained down, finally saving Betty from the predicament.

Under the bombardment of large caliber guns from British battleships, the German fleet was at a loss. Hippel directed his battleship to retreat eastward. Betty followed closely. It was not until he found the main force of the oncoming German ocean fleet that he realized that he had been cheated, and let his fleet retreat to the north, and at the same time sent a telegram to Jellicoe for help. Scheer ordered the fleet to pursue all fronts, but he never imagined that the "fish" he caught was also the bait set by others. Hippel, eager for revenge, turned and led his fleet to the front.

18 or so, Jellicoe's main fleet entered the battlefield from the northeast and found the position of the German ocean fleet. Jellicoe immediately ordered the fleet to change the battle formation and adopt the tactic of "T" used in naval battles. Twenty-four battleships quickly formed a single battle line with a length of 1.5 million yards, and swooped down to the southeast German ocean fleet. Betty's fleet also turned its course and fought fiercely with hippel's fleet. 18: 20, hippel's flagship "Lvtsov" was hit by intensive artillery fire from British ships. Two old British armored ships were also hit by German battle cruiser and sank. 18: 33, No.3 battle cruiser squadron's17,000-ton flagship "Invincible" was hit by a German ship again and was immediately blown in two. Admiral Hood, commander of the fleet, sank to the bottom of the sea with the crew. However, the loss of the British fleet did not affect the number advantage of the main fleet. Jellicoe successfully used the "T" prefix tactics and gave full play to his naval gun firepower. The German warships arranged in a vertical line one after another were greatly hindered in exerting the artillery power because the front blocked the shooting boundary behind them. What's more, the Betty fleet, which turned ahead of schedule, has begun to insert into the sea behind the German fleet. In the face of difficulties and the confession of British sailors, Schell finally found himself facing the entire British main fleet. He decisively ordered the ship to turn to starboard without hesitation. According to this order, all German ships turned their course, made a sharp turn of 180 degrees, and withdrew from the battle. Because the route to the German base was cut off by Betty's fleet, the ocean fleet had to travel southwest, which means that the farther the ocean fleet ran, the farther it was from the southeast base. Scheer saw that Jellicoe didn't pursue, and judged that Jellicoe must have deployed the main fleet to his own return route, which was more terrible than pursuing. So, Schell decided to turn around and kill back when the British fleet changed formation, break through the tail of the main fleet, break the British blockade, fight our way out and return to the base. After some thinking, Schell once again gave the order to turn the whole fleet. He wants to fight back and fight Jellicoe again.

Shortly after afternoon 19, Schell's fleet appeared on the port side of Jellicoe's fleet. Unfortunately, due to the calculation error of the staff officers, the German ocean fleet did not rush to the tail of the British main fleet, but directly crashed into the center of the British main fleet, and once again formed a "T" line combat situation in favor of the British fleet on the battlefield. The ocean fleet once again turned its back to the sunset, and the outline was clearly visible, while the main fleet was still hidden in the smoke. The British battleship fired at a distance of 8000 yards, and the German ship could not see the British ship, only the flash of the muzzle in the distance. Scheer saw that the ocean fleet was once again in a critical situation, and immediately ordered the release of smoke screens and torpedoes, and ordered the hippel battle cruiser to make a "death charge" to cover the main retreat. Under the cover of smoke and hippel, the ocean fleet was out of danger again. When the last batch of ships came out from the disorderly army, the "Lu CuO House", which had repeatedly built military exploits, was riddled with holes and could not continue sailing, so it was forced to abandon the ship and sink. The battle cruiser Mao Qi raised the command flag of hippel, vice admiral.

At 20 o'clock, it was getting dark. Jellicoe was worried about being attacked by German torpedoes and mines, so he didn't pursue them. He plans to surround the Schell fleet outside the route back to the local base first, and then annihilate it in one fell swoop after dawn. In his words, "this will be a beautiful day for the Royal Navy." Cher also knew that if his fleet failed to rush out of the encirclement at night, he would have no hope after dawn. After careful analysis and calculation, Schell decided to turn to the southeast, take advantage of the night to kill from the tail of the main fleet, and then return to the base by the Economic Cooperation Reef Waterway. To this end, the Sher police station has destroyers available to intercept the British main fleet and cover the breakthrough of the ocean fleet.

According to Scheer's orders, German destroyers fought to the death in World War I and attacked the British main fleet from different directions like wolves, which caused confusion and misjudgment to the British army and made Jellicoe confused about the direction of the German fleet. At 23: 30, the ocean fleet met the destroyer of the British guard, thus staged the last scene of the Jutland naval battle. With the help of flares, searchlights and the firepower of the fired ships, the two sides fired and collided aimlessly. In the midnight battle, the British battle cruiser "Edward Black Prince" mistakenly thought that several huge shadows coming towards it were friendly ships, so it sent out a contact signal, which led to the volley of four German battleships, and the "Edward Black Prince" immediately turned into a fireball. The old German battleship Pomera, the light cruisers Flawn Loeb and Rostock were sunk by torpedoes of British destroyers, and the light cruiser/kloc-0 accidentally collided with the Japanese battleship Posen and sank. The loss of the destroyer in the night battle is: 5 British troops and 2 German troops. Then cut off the route between the German fleet and the local base.

At 3 o'clock in the morning of June 1 year, the German fleet finally fought its way out from the blockade of the British army and ran towards the Cape Reef. The waters of Horn Reef are the only place to pass in and out of Port William, the base of the German ocean fleet. After the outbreak of World War I, the German navy laid numerous mines here to resist the sea attack of the British fleet. My arrangement is extremely irregular, like a mystery. Since the war, many British warships that attempted to sneak attack on Port William never came back and were buried in minefields. To get through the minefield, only the senior generals of the German navy know the only narrow waterway. At half past three, it is the darkest moment before dawn. Schell checked the position of the compass, found the entrance of the waterway, and ordered his fleet to line up in a single column, one by one safely passing through the minefield and heading for Port William. The ocean fleet finally got rid of the British main fleet! Outside the minefield, the British main fleet, which followed closely, could only roar and fire, and did not dare to cross the line. At 4 a.m. 15 a.m., the British Admiralty sent Jellicoe a telecom reconnaissance report, telling him that Schell's fleet had safely passed through the Jiaojiao waterway and was about to return to Port William. Disappointed, Jellicoe had to return to Flo Naval Base in Scappa with his main fleet. The unprecedented battleship Long Hudou ended at sea.

After the naval battle, both sides claimed to be winners, so that how to judge became a famous case in the history of world naval battles. In this war, the British fleet lost three battle cruiser, three light cruisers and eight destroyers, with a combat tonnage of 1 15000 tons and 6945 casualties. German fleet * * * lost 1 old battleships, 1 battle cruiser, 4 light cruisers and 5 destroyers, with a combat tonnage of 6 1000 tons and 3058 casualties. The odds between Britain and Germany are nearly 2 1. As far as tactics are concerned, the Germans are indeed the winners of this naval battle. The ocean fleet launched a fierce challenge to the powerful British main fleet, and the hippel fleet hit the bertil fleet hard. Scheer's accurate judgment and excellent navigation technology made him get rid of Jellicoe's pursuit and occupied a great advantage. But in terms of strategy, the German navy failed to break the blockade of the British navy, and the global ocean was still dominated by the British navy. The ocean fleet is still an "existing fleet" because it is trapped in the harbor. As The New York Times commented: "The German fleet attacked its prison guards, but they are still in prison."

Jutland naval battle is the largest and last fleet decisive battle in the warship era. Gunboat doctrine was defeated in this naval battle. Since then, Germany and other maritime powers have begun to develop new forces and explore new methods of sea control. The submarine attack and the air-sea decisive battle of the aircraft carrier in World War II are the products of this exploration.