Brief introduction of Hangzhou Bay Bridge? Also, is it all open to traffic?

Hangzhou Bay Bridge is a sea-crossing bridge across Hangzhou Bay in China. It starts from Zhengjiadai, Haiyan, Jiaxing, Zhejiang in the north and ends at Shuilu Bay, Cixi, Ningbo, with a total length of 36 kilometers. It is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the world, which is 1 1 km longer than the King Fahd Bridge connecting Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, and the second bridge in the world after the Pontchartrain Lake Bridge in the United States.

The world-famous Hangzhou Bay Bridge was put into trial operation on May 1 2008. Zhongning.com and more than 20 well-known websites and local websites such as People's Daily Online, Xinhua.com, Sina.com, Sohu.com, Netease.com, Tencent.com, Qianlong.com, Dongfang.com and Zhejiang Online jointly broadcast live for 8 hours. Some citizens who have been to the Hangzhou Bay Bridge called and asked where the mileage pile number on the bridge started. On the surface, it seems that neither Jiaxing nor Haiyan is right. The person in charge of the relevant department of the Municipal Highway Bureau explained this.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge is a part of shenyang-haikou expressway. The national expressway is 37 10 km long, and consists of several sections of expressway in different provinces (cities). If it is compiled from the starting point to the end point, too many mileage piles will make drivers unable to judge the mileage of a province, which is not conducive to the management of local highway departments. Therefore, according to the National expressway Network Planning compiled by the Ministry of Communications, all provinces have compiled their own mileage pile numbers.

Shenhai Expressway runs from north to south, from Jiangsu to Zhejiang. The cross-sea bridge connecting Hangzhou Bay is the north bank connection of Jiaxing Bridge. At present, the first phase of the project has been completed, and preparations for the second phase are under way. The second phase of the north connection extends to Jiangsu, and connects with Nantong Sutong Bridge, which will be completed before 20 10. The border between Jiangsu and Zhejiang is zero kilometers away from the Zhejiang section of Shenhai Expressway.

From zero kilometers to the starting point of the north bank of the bridge, 49 kilometers, plus 36 kilometers of the bridge, to Ningbo, 87 kilometers ashore. After that, the mileage pile number naturally extends to Wenzhou and out of Zhejiang.

After the completion of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, the land distance between Ningbo and Shanghai will be shortened by120km, providing a convenient passage for the national trunk line-the third line crossing Hangzhou Bay. The bridge is designed as a two-way six-lane expressway with a design speed of 100km/h, a design service life of 100 years and a total investment of about1400 million yuan. Construction started on June 26th, 2007 165438+20031October 4th. After 43 months of engineering construction, the whole bridge was completed. It is planned to complete the bridge deck pavement before June 30, 2007. The bridge was completed on the evening of May 1 2008. The torch relay of the 2008 Olympic Games crossed the Hangzhou Bay Bridge.

The construction of the bridge is conducive to actively docking with Shanghai, expanding opening up, promoting cooperation and exchanges in the Yangtze River Delta, improving the opening up level of Zhejiang Province, especially Ningbo and Jiaxing, and enhancing its comprehensive strength and international competitiveness; It is conducive to improving the layout of expressway network and national trunk lines in the Yangtze River Delta region and alleviating the traffic pressure in Shanghai, Hangzhou, Ningbo and expressway; It is conducive to changing the situation of Ningbo's transportation hub, thus becoming a transportation hub and implementing the regional development strategy around Hangzhou Bay; It is conducive to promoting the development of tourism in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai.

[Edit this paragraph] Overview of the bridge

Hangzhou Bay Bridge is a convenient passage for the national trunk line-the third line to cross Hangzhou Bay. The bridge starts from Zhengjiadai, Haiyan, Jiaxing City in the north, spans the wide Hangzhou Bay and ends at Shuilu Bay, Cixi City, Ningbo City, with a total length of 36 kilometers. After the completion of the bridge, the land distance between Ningbo and Shanghai will be shortened by more than 1.20 km, thus greatly relieving the pressure of the already crowded Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo expressway and forming a two-hour traffic circle between Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai with Shanghai as the center.

The total investment of the bridge is expected to exceed 65.438+04 billion RMB, including 36 kilometers of the bridge, 65.438+065.438+08 billion RMB; North shore connecting line is 29 1 km,1.700 million; The south bank connecting line is 55.3 kilometers and 3.4 billion. Private capital accounts for half of the total capital, including Youngor, Tai Fang Kitchenware, Haitong Group and other private enterprises. The toll period of the bridge is 30 years, and the toll standard is expected to be 55 yuan/vehicle.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge is designed as a two-way six-lane expressway with a design speed of 100km/h, a design service life of 100 years, and a total investment of about11800 million yuan. The bridge has two navigation channels, namely, the North Channel Bridge is a rhombic steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes with a main span of 448m, and the navigation standard is 35,000 tons; Nanhang Road Bridge is a type A steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with single tower and double cable planes, with a main span of 3 18m and a navigation standard of 3,000 tons. Except for the South and North Waterway Bridges, the other approach bridges all adopt prestressed concrete continuous box girder structures ranging from 30 to 80 meters. Hangzhou Bay Sea-crossing Bridge is the longest sea-crossing bridge built or under construction in the world. The main project of the bridge will ensure smooth construction in 2003 and be completed and opened to traffic in 2008.

The project company was established in September, 20001year. The investment in bridge construction is11800 million, and the capital is 3.85 billion yuan. Among them, Ningbo holds 90% and Jiaxing holds 10%. Private enterprise investment accounts for 50.25% of the company's capital. This project has invited four banks including China Development Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank to lend 7 billion yuan, and loan agreements have been signed.

The economic benefit of the bridge itself is an important basis for attracting investors. According to the traffic flow survey, the traffic flow of the bridge reached 52,000 vehicles in 2009, 80,000 vehicles in 20 15 and 96,000 vehicles in 2027. According to the calculation, the financial internal rate of return of the bridge will reach 8.03 ~ 10. 1%, the payback period will be 14.2 years, and the return on investment will be 15. 10% (excluding the construction period) and1.

The bridge was designed, managed, invested and built by China, and its six projects are the highest in the world or in China, with the steel consumption equivalent to seven "bird's nests", and it can resist typhoons of 12 or above.

[Edit this paragraph] Engineering characteristics

1, engineering environment characteristics

The weather in Hangzhou Bay is complex and changeable, and typhoons, tornadoes, thunderstorms and sudden small-scale disastrous weather occur from time to time. The natural conditions of Hangzhou Bay have the following characteristics:

(1) The sea area is vast, with many typhoons, large tidal range and fast current, which has typical maritime climate characteristics and few effective working days;

(2) Deep soft soil and deep bearing stratum bring a series of problems to the design and construction of offshore foundation;

(3) The South Beach is long, and the construction conditions are complicated, so it is difficult to meet the requirements of the construction period by using conventional design schemes and construction methods;

(4) The environment is corrosive;

(5) Shallow gas is enriched in many places in the south beach, which endangers the construction safety.

2. Difficulties in engineering construction

(1) The project scale is large, and the offshore engineering quantity is large. The total length of the bridge project is 36 kilometers, and the offshore section is 32 kilometers. The whole bridge has a total of 2.45 million cubic meters of concrete, 820,000 tons of various steel products,+03,565,438 steel pipe piles, 3,550 bored piles, 0/272 caps/kloc and 65,438 piers, and the project scale is huge.

(2) The natural environment is harsh. The tidal range is large, the flow velocity is fast, the flow direction is chaotic, the waves are high, and the erosion is deep. In some areas, the soft soil layer is thick and the shallow gas is rich. Among them, the south bank 10 km beach area is dry and wet alternately, and most offshore projects are offshore operations, so the construction conditions are poor. Affected by hydrometeorology, there are few effective working days. According to on-site construction statistics, the annual effective days of offshore construction operations are less than 180 days, and the tidal flat area is about 250 days.

(3) It is very difficult to make the overall design scheme. The design requirements are new, in which the approach bridge in the underwater area (18.27km) and the approach bridge in the south bank beach area (10. 1km) are the key points of the whole project. The problem of structural corrosion protection is very prominent, and there is no standard to follow; In the process of bridge operation, the driving environment on the bridge deck is affected by unfavorable factors such as strong wind, dense fog, heavy rain and driver's visual fatigue. It is the key to ensure the driving safety on the bridge deck to adopt reasonable and effective design countermeasures. The design scheme involves the application of new materials, new processes and new technologies and the development of a number of large-scale special equipment.

In terms of construction technology, it faces many key construction challenges, such as overall prefabrication, transportation and erection of large-tonnage box girder in high pier area of offshore rapids, long-distance transportation and erection of large-tonnage box girder in wide beach area, design of super-long spiral steel pipe pile, anti-corrosion and pile sinking construction. In the aspect of measurement control, the deformation of structure measurement caused by the effect of super-long bridge length and earth surface is very prominent. Restricted by the marine environment, the traditional measurement methods can no longer meet the requirements of construction accuracy and progress. How to realize rapid and efficient survey construction with the help of GPS technology is the core technical problem that restricts the construction period of the whole bridge.

(4) The construction objectives are demanding, and the construction organization and operation management are difficult. This large-scale bridge project has attracted worldwide attention. At the beginning of the construction, Ningbo Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government clearly put forward that the bridge project should be implemented according to the standard of "three first-class goals". Facing the complex construction environment and challenging projects, how to organize and manage the bridge project is a great challenge for the headquarters. Due to the large number of construction sites and long battle lines, there are synchronous and overlapping processes, which brings difficulties to organizing construction and controlling project quality, progress, safety and funds. How to take effective engineering control and operation management measures under meteorological and hydrological conditions such as typhoon, strong wind, spring tide, huge waves, rapids, heavy rain, fog and lightning is a new topic that needs to be faced in engineering management.

[Edit this paragraph] The importance and urgency of building Hangzhou Bay Bridge.

Located in the Yangtze River Delta, Hangzhou Bay is the most dynamic and economically developed area in China. The construction of Hangzhou Bay Bridge has far-reaching strategic significance for the economic and social development of the whole region.

(1) directly promotes the economic and social development of Ningbo and Jiaxing, and promotes the development of surrounding areas such as Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Zhoushan and Wenzhou, which has a positive impact on the overall development of the whole province and even the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta. According to statistics, the GDP of Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxing and Taizhou accounts for more than 70% of the province. The project construction will make the development of these areas even more powerful, inject new vitality into the further development of regional economy and society, and play a greater role in improving the overall comprehensive strength of the province. The bridge project has not been fully started, and the "bridge economy" has been surging in Cixi City, Yuyao City and Haiyan County of Jiaxing on both sides of Hangzhou Bay. On the basis of scientific planning of the new area, the first phase of development presents a booming scene, and investors have settled here.

(2) Actively open wider to Shanghai, promote cooperation and exchanges in the Yangtze River Delta region, and further enhance Ningbo's comprehensive competitiveness and international competitiveness. As the largest economic center city in China, Shanghai is an important platform for China's internationalization. In the new century and new stage, Ningbo should build a modern international port city and achieve great economic development and leap forward. It is necessary to integrate with Shanghai, integrate into the Yangtze River Delta and move towards internationalization. The construction of the bridge will greatly shorten the time and space distance between the southeast coast of Zhejiang and Shanghai, and make Ningbo integrate into the international metropolis economic circle in a larger scope, at a higher level and with superior location advantages. This has a far-reaching positive effect on radiating the vast hinterland of Ningbo, optimizing and upgrading the industrial structure, improving the investment and development environment, attracting foreign investment and improving the comprehensive competitiveness of Ningbo Province. The construction of Hangzhou Bay Bridge will create more favorable conditions for optimizing the development environment and further attracting and utilizing foreign capital.

(3) It is conducive to promoting the urbanization development strategy. The construction of the bridge will further strengthen the links between Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shaoxing and Taizhou, promote the formation of Hangzhou Bay urban continuous belt and coastal open belt, and make this area an important part of an internationally competitive metropolitan group with Shanghai as the leader. At the same time, the construction of the bridge will also have a far-reaching impact on the urbanization development of surrounding counties and cities. Cixi, Haiyan and other places aim at this once-in-a-lifetime strategic opportunity, have scientific planning ideas, attract population and industry gathering, and promote the rise of new districts and new cities.

(4) As the first cross-sea bridge in China's coastal corridor, it broke through the bottleneck of Hangzhou Bay, optimized the layout of national trunk road network, changed the situation of Ningbo's transportation hub, facilitated the implementation of the regional development strategic network around Hangzhou Bay, and greatly enhanced the competitiveness of Ningbo, an economic center city with great development potential. The construction of the bridge is also conducive to supporting the construction of Shanghai international shipping center, promoting the integrated development and utilization of Ningbo and Zhoushan deep-water port resources, promoting the development of tourism and national defense construction, and alleviating the traffic pressure of Hangzhou transit (Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway).

[Edit this paragraph] Bridge highlights

The total length of the bridge is 36 kilometers, which makes it surpass world famous bridge such as Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Bahrain Embankment Bridge in the United States and become the longest sea-crossing bridge built or under construction in the world.

According to preliminary verification, the bridge * * * needs 769,000 tons of steel, cement 1.29 1.000 tons, petroleum asphalt 1.65438 tons, wood 1.9 1.000 cubic meters and concrete. The 50-meter * 16-meter box girder in Nantan adopts the technology of whole-hole prefabrication and large-scale flat car transportation, which sets a new record for transporting heavy beams at home and abroad.

The 70m * 16m box girder of the approach bridge in the underwater area adopts the integrated scheme of full-hole system, transportation and erection, and the single girder weighs 2 180 tons, ranking first in China. The diameter of steel pipe piles driven into the approach bridge in the underwater area is 1.5- 1.6m, and the pile length is about 80m, totaling more than 4,000 steel pipe piles, which is the highest in the history of bridge construction in China.

The concept of landscape design was first introduced into the design of this bridge. With the help of the aesthetic concept of "Long Bridge Lying on the Wave" in Su Causeway of West Lake, the landscape designer determined the general layout principle of the bridge in combination with the hydrological environment characteristics of Hangzhou Bay and the psychological factors of drivers and passengers while driving. The plane of the whole bridge is S-shaped curve, and the overall linear shape is beautiful and lively. Viewed from the side, the navigation hole bridge of the North-South Waterway is arched and has an undulating elevation shape.

1.7km south of Nanhang Road, about 14km from the south bank, there is an offshore platform with an area of1.2000 square meters. During the construction period, the platform will serve as a living base for offshore operators and a platform for maritime rescue, survey, communication and maritime monitoring. After the completion of the bridge, this platform in the sea is a rescue platform for maritime traffic services and an excellent sightseeing platform for tourism and leisure.

[Edit this paragraph] scientific and technological characteristics

The high technology content is first reflected in the construction technology. We insist on respecting science and relying on experts to carry out extensive technical consultation and exchange activities. According to experts' opinions, the construction decision-making design is put forward, and the construction scheme of prefabrication, factory, large-scale and offshore construction changing into onshore construction is adopted, which breaks through the long-standing concept that design determines construction. The largest component for precast hoisting is a prestressed concrete box girder with a length of 70m, a width of16m, a height of 4.0m and a weight of 2180t, and the longest component is an ultra-long steel pipe pile with a length of 84m and a diameter of1.6m, which is called chinese odyssey. In order to reduce the corrosion of chloride ions in seawater on bridge reinforcement and concrete and ensure the service life of the bridge 100 years, the designer has specially formulated an effective scheme to prevent seawater corrosion. Wait, we can see the high-tech content of bridge engineering.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge will be a "digital bridge". Scientific research units will use hardware and interface technology, network and database technology, image graphics technology, artificial intelligence technology, computational mathematics, finite element technology, mechanics and other disciplines to establish a scientific evaluation system for bridge design, construction and maintenance. The whole bridge will be equipped with a central monitoring system, and 1 km monitors will be installed on average. In this way, not only can the bridge be scientifically and reasonably maintained and managed, but also the health status of the bridge can be grasped in real time. At present, this project has applied to the Ministry of Communications for the key scientific research project of bridge engineering 17, which is also rare in the domestic bridge industry.

[Edit this paragraph] The most important bridge

1. The total length of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 36 kilometers, ranking first among the sea-crossing bridges under construction and built in the world.

2. Hangzhou Bay Bridge is located in a strongly corrosive marine environment. In order to ensure the service life of bridges, the durability requirement that the design service life is greater than or equal to 100 years is explicitly put forward for the first time in China.

3. The "Erection on Beam" technology of the 50m box girder of the Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge has increased the erection and transportation weight from 900 tons to 1.430 tons, setting a new record for bridge construction with similar technology and topography in the world.

4. The superstructure of Hangzhou Bay Bridge in deep water area adopts 70m prestressed concrete box girder prefabrication and maritime transportation technology. In order to solve the engineering problem of early cracking of large concrete box girder, the "secondary tensioning technology" was creatively put forward and implemented, which completely solved the "stubborn disease" of this project.

5. The maximum diameter of steel pipe pile of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 1.6m, the maximum length of single pile is 89m, and the maximum weight is 74t, creating the largest steel pipe pile with large diameter and super-long full spiral bridge at home and abroad.

6. There is a large amount of shallow methane under the south bank of Hangzhou Bay Bridge 10 km beach, which poses a serious threat to construction safety. In the construction of bored piles in tidal flat area, the safe construction technology of controllable deflation is creatively adopted, and its construction technology is the first in the world under similar geographical conditions.

[Edit this paragraph] System innovation

Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the first national super-large transportation infrastructure project with local private enterprises as the main body and investment exceeding 10 billion. The capital of the bridge is 3.85 billion yuan, of which private capital accounts for more than 50%. * * * There are 17 private enterprises in the province, which have invested in shares with the increasing economic strength. It can be said that the investment system and construction mode of the bridge project have made positive and beneficial explorations in broadening the investment field of private capital, establishing an investment model combining private capital with state-owned capital, and realizing the "win-win" operation mechanism between the government and enterprises. It starts from Zheng Jiali, Haiyan and Jiaxing in Zhejiang in the north and ends at Shuilu Bay in Cixi, Ningbo in the south.

[Edit this paragraph] Technological innovation

1 Overall Design of Hangzhou Bay Bridge

The total length of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 36 kilometers, and the construction conditions are very bad. In order to ensure the safety and quality of offshore construction, design and construction must be considered comprehensively. After many investigations and expert consultations at home and abroad, the general principles of construction decision-making design were formulated, and the offshore construction was changed to onshore construction as far as possible, and the design and construction principles of factory, large-scale and mechanization were adopted.

2. Complete sets of technologies for design, manufacture, anti-corrosion and construction of large-diameter and super-long steel pipe piles.

The steel pipe pile foundation of this bridge has the characteristics of long pile length, large diameter and large quantity. Piles are 89m long, with diameters of1.5m and1.6m, totaling 5474. Through nearly a year's construction of steel pipe pile foundation, the progress is fast and the quality is good, which proves that this choice is correct.

Its innovation points are: prefabrication of super-long whole pile; Internal and external spiral welding; Three layers of molten epoxy powder coating; Automatic submerged arc welding process: welding with large diameter and unequal wall thickness; Sacrificial anode cathodic protection.

3. Integral prefabrication of large-tonnage 70m prestressed box girder and erection technology of maritime transportation in strong tidal waters.

Its innovations are as follows: (1) The mix proportion of marine durable concrete is studied; Analysis of local structure of 70m box girder: Vacuum-assisted grouting technology: Vibration bridging equipment for long-span and high flatness bridge deck construction is developed. The early tensioning process was adopted for the first time and achieved good results. A world-class 2,400-ton hydraulic suspension wheel-rail 70-meter box girder longitudinal moving trolley was designed and manufactured by ourselves.

4. Precast and erection technology of large-tonnage 50-meter prestressed box girder.

Its innovations are as follows: (1) Combining with the construction scheme, the key structure of large-tonnage box girder is optimized; Research and practice of marine durable concrete performance: vacuum grouting test and practice of prestressed pipeline: comprehensive technology of box girder bridge erecting machine.

5. Study on durability of concrete structures in marine environment.

Its innovation lies in: (1) establishing reliable electrical parameters of steel bar corrosion and the change criterion of output optical power; Developing dynamic prediction software for concrete structure life; Formulate the design scheme of long-term original observation system for durability of bridge concrete structure, and cooperate with the implementation of the project schedule. This technology will fill the domestic gap.

6. Research on key technologies of all-weather operation measurement and control of cross-sea bridge.

Its innovations are: the continuous operation of GPS reference station, its successful application on Hangzhou Bay Bridge, and the rules and regulations formed in practice, which make up the gap of Chinese bridges; The current code does not meet the corresponding standard for establishing the projection coordinate system of tens of kilometers long sea-crossing bridge. According to the particularity of Hangzhou Bay Sea-crossing Bridge, it is solved to provide reference for formulating the corresponding code. The transition surface fitting method is creatively put forward, which makes the accuracy of GPS fitting elevation at sea reach the third-class accuracy. The continuous multi-span cross-sea elevation penetration survey is carried out by using the ranging triangle height method combined with GPS fitting height method, which creates a fast mid-sea elevation penetration survey method. A large-scale bridge surveying and mapping data management system based on B/S mode is developed by using GIS technology for the first time in China.

7. Study on the river model and pier local scour of Hangzhou Bay Bridge.

In August, 2002, through expert group appraisal, the research results reached the international advanced level, among which the simulation method and test technology of solid model tidal bore, distributed muddy water tidal system and Gaza system of sediment changing with tidal bore reached the international advanced level. In 2004, he won the second prize of Zhejiang Science and Technology Progress Award.

8. Study on the influence of disastrous weather on traffic safety of cross-sea bridge and its countermeasures.

The main innovations are: determining the wind speed standard for safe driving of vehicles; Conduct research on all types of disaster weather; Put forward the traffic safety guarantee measures of Hangzhou Bay cross-sea bridge; Systematic research based on meteorological monitoring system, forecasting system and road management system; Formulate road traffic control standards under different disaster weather conditions; Develop data acquisition equipment such as low-cost sensors; Develop computer software integrating data transmission, data processing and information release. At present, a series of intermediate results have been achieved, among which the wind barrier scheme recommended in the report will be implemented soon.

9. Information management technology of cross-sea bridge construction

Its innovation lies in: the whole bridge structure is decomposed into 22,949 structural members, and 625 tables of collected data are associated with them, providing a complete structured data retrieval method; Integrate and unify engineering communication and network construction, greatly reducing the cost of basic network construction; Realize remote multipoint wireless video image transmission and loopback.

The software development of the system has been completed and put into operation for more than one year, which has played a great role in the project implementation.

Five of the above-mentioned scientific and technological innovation achievements have passed the appraisal of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Communications, and the achievements have reached the international leading level in general, which provides reference for similar bridge construction in China.

[Edit this paragraph] Project Memorabilia

1, preparation work

(1) Project demonstration and comparison stage

65438-0993, the construction of Hangzhou Bay traffic corridor began, and the Ningbo Municipal Government entrusted Shanghai Neighborhood Company and China Communications Highway Planning and Design Institute to conduct a pre-feasibility study. During this period, several symposiums were held to solicit opinions from all sides, and economic, hydrological, geological and meteorological topics 13 were successively carried out, and evaluation meetings and demonstration meetings were organized. On June 2 1 2000, the 37th executive meeting of Zhejiang Provincial Government made a decision to build the Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge, made it clear that Ningbo was the main construction site of the bridge, and requested that the project proposal be submitted as soon as possible for national support.

(2) Project approval stage

In August 2000, Zhejiang Development Planning Commission submitted a project proposal to the State Planning Commission. On April 30th, 2002, the project was approved through discussion at the 28th meeting of the Prime Minister's Office in the State Council. On May 29th of the same year, the State Planning Commission officially issued the approval of the project.

(3) "Work Permit" approval stage

In July, 2000, China Communications Highway Planning and Design Institute was entrusted to carry out the "feasibility study" of this project. In July 2002, Zhejiang Provincial Planning Commission submitted the Work Feasibility Report of this project to the State Planning Commission. During this period, special studies on engineering geology, shallow gas, wave force, environmental protection, economy, meteorology, transportation, etc. 19 were carried out successively, and passed the expert review. In August of the same year, the Ministry of Communications and China Consulting Company conducted an industry review and evaluation of the Work Permit report. In February 2003, the 15 1 Prime Minister's Office Meeting in the State Council discussed and adopted the Work Feasibility Report of this project. In March of the same year, the State Planning Commission approved and issued the Work Permit.

(4) Preliminary design stage

In February, 2006, CCCC Highway Planning and Design Institute, China Railway Bridge Survey and Design Institute and the Third Aviation Institute of the Ministry of Communications decided to undertake the design task of this project through bidding. On June 5438+ 10, 2003, the Provincial Planning Commission and the Communications Department jointly presided over the preliminary design review. On March 10, Zhejiang Provincial Communications Department submitted a request for reviewing the preliminary design documents of this project to the Communications Department. From April 9 to 12, the Ministry of Communications organized 24 domestic experts to review the preliminary design. On August 6th, 2003, the Ministry of Communications approved the preliminary design of the bridge.

(5) Construction preparation stage

200 1 10, the headquarters started the 15 "five connections and one leveling" project on the south bank. In February, 2003, the project of "five connections and one leveling" was basically completed, and the conditions for construction were met. In April, 2003, the experimental section project was carried out in the south bank beach area, which explored the overall start-up of the bridge project and accumulated useful experience.

2, the main project starts

According to the overall implementation plan of the bridge, "Differentiate different types of engineering operations, maintain the integrity of construction organization and the continuity of working procedures", * * * is divided into 12 civil works tender, 7 supervision tender and some materials tender. In July and August, 2003, the procurement bidding of cement, some steel plates and steel bars was completed first. In 20031October, 1 1, the tender for 7 civil works and 3 supervision sections in the first phase was completed. In March, 2004, the tender for five civil works tenders and four supervision tenders in the second phase was completed, with a total tender amount of about 8.57 billion yuan. On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/4th, 2003, the first steel pipe pile with a length of 73m and a diameter of/KOOC-0/.5m was driven into the predetermined position by the V-bid of China Port No.2 Navigation Bureau, which marked the commencement of the main project of the bridge. On March 16, 2004, the second phase of civil engineering bidding was signed, which marked that the bridge project entered the stage of comprehensive construction.

3. Main engineering nodes

On June 8, 2003, the foundation stone laying ceremony was held for the bridge project.

On June 8, 2003, the first bored pile started construction in the beach area of the south bank, and on March 27, 2007, the last bored pile was poured into the bridge pile of the platform ramp in the sea to complete the construction.

20031October 28th 10, the north bank approach bridge project started and was completed on May 26th, 2007.

On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, 2003, the construction of Nan 'an Steel Trestle with a total length of 9.78km was started, with a bridge width of 7m and 50,000 tons of steel. Construction was completed on February 24, 2005, and demolition began on August 24, 2006.

On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/4th, 2003, the first steel pipe pile was laid on Hangzhou Bay Bridge. On February 3, 2006, the last steel pipe pile of the main bridge was sunk in place.

On1October 28th, 2003, 165438, the south bank approach bridge project started and was completed on1October 8th, 2007.

On July 9, 2004, the first section steel casing of China Southern Airlines Road and Bridge was sunk, and the pile cap pouring was completed on August 2, 2006. On June 2007, 65438+1October 10, the first section of steel box girder was erected, and the main tower was capped on June 26, 2007. On June 1 1 day 15, 2007, the last steel box girder was erected in place and the Nanhang Road Bridge was successfully closed.

The first precast pier was poured on August 28th, 2004, and the last precast pier No.474 was poured on September 30th, 2006. The first precast pier was installed in June 2004 at 65438+ 10/0, and the last 474 precast piers were installed in June 2006 at 65438+10/8.

On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/7, 2004, the construction of the pile foundation of the main pier of the North Channel Bridge began. On February 27th, 2006, the construction of the last cast-in-place pile was completed, and on February 6th, 2007, the first steel box girder was hoisted in place. On February 7, 2007, the main tower was successfully capped. At 9: 58 pm on June 13, 2007, the last steel box girder of the main bridge of Beihangdao Bridge was hoisted in place, and the Beihangdao Bridge was successfully closed.

June 2005 1, the first 70m precast beam, with a width of15.8m and a weight of 2,200 tons, was put in place by the aircraft carrier "Little Swan". On May 2, 2007 1, the 540th 70m precast beam was erected by the ship "Tianyi1".

On July 28th, 2005, the first 50m precast box girder with a width of15.8m and a weight of1.430t was installed by the erection technology of "transporting beams on beams", and on June 6th, 2006, 1 16.

On April 2006 10, the offshore platform sank the first steel pipe pile, and on July 25, the offshore platform sank 3 10 steel pipe piles.

On June 26th, 2007, the whole bridge was completed.

On May 1 2008, the bridge was successfully opened to traffic.

Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge has a huge amount of work. According to preliminary verification, the bridge needs 800,000 tons of steel, 0.29 tons of cement 1 .000 tons of petroleum asphalt 1.65438 tons, 0.965438 cubic meters of wood/kloc-0, 2.4 million cubic meters of concrete and 0.000 cubic meters of steel pipe piles/kloc-0 in the water area. Pile 55 13, bored pile 3550, cap 1272, pier 1428, the largest in China.

[Edit this paragraph] Related data

Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 36 kilometers long, of which the bridge is 35.7 kilometers long. It is a two-way six-lane expressway with a design speed of 100km/h, a total investment of about 654.38+007 billion yuan and a design service life of more than 654.38+000 years. The bridge has two navigation holes in the north and south. The North Navigation Span Bridge is a steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes with a main span of 448m, with a navigation standard of 35,000 tons. Nantong Aviation Bridge is a steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with single tower and single cable plane, with a navigation standard of 3,000 tons. The connecting line between the two sides of the bridge is 84.4 kilometers long, with an investment of 5.265438 billion yuan. Among them, the north connecting line is 2.9 1 km, and the investment is10.78 billion yuan; The south bank is 55.3 kilometers long with an investment of 3.43 billion yuan. The total investment of the bridge and the cross-strait connecting line is about 654.38+0.6 billion yuan. The construction period is about five years.

The bridge structure is a double-tower reinforced concrete cable-stayed bridge with six lanes in both directions, with a design speed of 100km, a design service life of100, a total investment of11800 million yuan and a construction period of 5 years. When completed, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Bridge will become the longest and largest sea-crossing bridge in the world.

The bridge has two passages, namely, the North Passage Bridge is a rhombic steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes with a main span of 448 meters, and the navigation standard is 35,000-ton ships. Nanhang Road Bridge is a type A steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with single tower and double cable planes, with a main span of 3 18m and a navigation standard of 3,000-ton ships. The remaining approach bridges adopt prestressed concrete continuous box girder structures ranging from 30 meters to 80 meters. Non-navigable holes are divided into three blocks: north, middle and south approach bridges, some of which are 32 kilometers long.

The concept of landscape design was first introduced into the design of Hangzhou Bay Bridge. With the help of the aesthetic concept of West Lake Su Causeway, the landscape designer determined the general layout principle of the bridge, taking into account the complex hydrological environment characteristics of Hangzhou Bay and the psychological factors of drivers and passengers while driving. "Long Bridge Sleeping Wave" was finally determined as the final bridge type of Hangzhou Bay Bridge in Ningbo. According to the design scheme, the bridge has four turning points at sea. Seen from the air, it meanders through Hangzhou Bay in an "S" shape, which is beautiful and lively. From the facade, the bridge is not a horizontal line, but undulating. There is an arch at the navigation hole bridge of the north-south passage, which makes the bridge have an undulating facade shape.

In addition, the unique platform of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the first time in China. Nanhang Road is further south 1.7km, about 14km from the south bank. There is a platform in the sea with an area of 10000 square meters, which is enough for two football fields. The platform will be used as a construction platform and a stronghold for offshore construction during the construction period. After the completion of the bridge, this platform in the sea is a rescue platform for maritime transportation services and an excellent sightseeing platform. There is a tall sightseeing tower on the platform, overlooking the rough sea, enjoying the sea scenery and the magnificent appearance of the bridge. The whole offshore platform is connected with the bridge through ramp bridge, about150m away from the bridge.