How much oil does Trident burn in one minute?

Lin Biao is a famous "strategist" and a famous "ever-victorious general". He was a brave soldier all his life and commanded two major battles that decided the fate of China. He traveled all over the country from the northeast to Hainan Island. Why did he make this decision-fled abroad, even lost the game and lost his reputation?

This book will take you into history and discuss in depth all kinds of speculations, rumors and debates around the "913" incident.

Crash landing due to lack of fuel.

Supposedly, the Lin Biao landline is most nervous in three stages: first, whether it can take off from Beidaihe; Second, will there be any trouble after take-off, such as being intercepted, including being shot down; Third, will it be shot down by Soviet-Mongolian air defense forces as bombers or reconnaissance planes after crossing the border? When these three stages are lucky enough to break through, it only needs to fly confidently and boldly to the scheduled Irkutsk. Why risk landing in the wild?

The answer is: the plane is out of gas.

According to the regulations, Trident aircraft has a full load of 22 tons of fuel, a cruising time of 5 hours (including 1 hour reserve fuel) and an average fuel consumption of 4.5 tons/hour. However, when Trident flew to Beidaihe on the evening of September 256 12, it refueled 15 tons. It takes more than half an hour to fly from Beijing to Shanhaiguan, using 2.5 tons of oil. At this time, there is still 12.5 tons of oil in the tank. On the morning of 256 13, it was too late to refuel when we took off from Beidaihe in a hurry. Beidaihe to Windur Khan is about 1 100 km. Before leaving the country, the plane circled over the bell tower in Inner Mongolia. The air flight time 1 hour is 53 minutes, and it has been kept at a low altitude of 2500-6500 meters during the flight, which consumes a lot of fuel, so there is only 2.5 tons of oil left on the plane. At this time, there is still some oil in the tank, so it can't be used because the oil pump can't pump it up. It will continue to fly at low altitude, and it can only fly for more than 20 minutes at most. According to this amount of oil, let alone Irkutsk can't fly, even Ulaanbaatar can't fly. In this case, the pilot has no choice but to land in the wild. (Beyond the Desert, China Youth Publishing House Du 200 1 Edition, pages 258 and 277).

The above analysis was made by Air Force Chief of Staff Pu Liang shortly after he fled Lin Biao.

Kang Tingzi, the second co-pilot of Trident 256 who escaped death because he missed boarding, also made the same analysis. He said: "When Shanhaiguan Airport took off, the fuel on the plane was only12.5 tons. Flying at normal altitude and speed, including the lowest average fuel consumption, can only fly for up to two hours. " Therefore, it is reasonable for Pan Jing to land in the wild after flying 1 hour for 53 minutes. (Hunan Literature and History Supplement, page 27)

A series of subjective and objective reasons led to the failure of forced landing

There is no doubt that Pan's decision to make a forced landing was correct, but why did it lead to the consequences of the crash? There are both objective and subjective reasons. The main points are as follows:

1. Wrong judgment, I don't know the exact position of the plane. The crash site is only 60 kilometers northeast of Wen Durhan, where there is an airstrip. The runway rolled out of the grassland, and the surrounding terrain was very flat and open. Trident 256 flew there and landed, and there was enough oil. However, Pan did not leave. This may be because Pan Jingying mistook the landing site for an airstrip in Windur Khan, or he didn't know there was an airstrip in Windur Khan at all, and he just eagerly chose a flat place as the landing site. Because there is no navigator on the plane and there is no ground navigation, it is difficult for Pan, who is highly nervous, to find out his exact position. Nevertheless, the Soubrat Ga basin can be selected for pan-mute, which is a sandy soil with a length of more than 3,000 meters from north to south and a width of more than 800 meters from east to west. It is not easy to make a forced landing when there are 30-40 cm thatch everywhere. (Yu Gong: The Truth of Lin Biao Incident, China Radio and Television Press, 1988, p. 160)

2. Unfamiliar terrain and insufficient light increase the difficulty of landing at night. Everyone in the industry knows that landing a plane is not an easy task, and it is even more difficult to land a plane in a foreign country at night. 13 of the night is dark and there is no moon in the sky. Coincidentally, there was a power outage in Wen Durhan that night, and the whole city was in complete darkness. However, the famous Berger fluorite mine in the northwest of the basin 10 km has no power failure and no lights. It is very likely that Pan Jingying took that lighted place as the Wen Durhan airstrip. As for the terrain, there are hidden dangers in flatness, and there are bumpers with different heights in the middle. (Sun Yixian: Beyond the Desert, China Youth Publishing House, 200 1 edition, p. 187).

3. Excessive nervousness and improper operation in the face of special circumstances. When landing, don't put down the landing gear. Wipe the ground with your stomach. The biggest worry is that the plane will catch fire and explode after wiping the ground, so you must drain the oil. To discharge the oil, it needs to hover for 20 minutes, but Pan didn't do it, probably considering the threat of ground anti-aircraft fire caused by prolonged hovering. Although he made a series of preparations for forced landing, the landing action was incomplete and the landing speed was too high, but speed brake didn't open it. As a result, the plane bounced, overturned, broke, and then caught fire and exploded after encountering uneven ground.

4. Poor technology is doomed. Although Pan was chosen, his skills in flying Trident aircraft have not reached perfection. On the contrary, after the Trident plane was repaired and refitted in August 197 1, it made several test flights, went to Shanhaiguan Airport and flew over a long route, but it was never satisfied with its "landing" action. /kloc-On that night in September of 0/2, the day before the Trident plane Lalin went to Shanhaiguan, Pan flew to the northeast again. Someone saw him in a bad mood and asked what was going on. He said that the problem of "landing" was still not ideal (Ada: Review of My Participation in the September 13th Incident, originally published in Children of China, No.9, 2000). It is because of his fatal technical shortcomings that it is difficult to deal with emergencies.

Pan Jing's flying skills are not the best. Teacher Shi Niantang recalled: Pan was the deputy political commissar of the special plane division at that time. He was introverted, not very cheerful and rarely spoke. His advantage is calm, but it also brings a little "wood" to his brain. When he flew to Il-18, he didn't fly well. 1969, Pan flew to Shanhaiguan Airport by Il-18, and "crashed" in a thunderstorm, so he couldn't get off the plane, so he couldn't get on the runway. That time I took Pan's place in the back cabin, which caused the plane to crash. Chen Lianbing (deputy chief of staff of Trident Flying Group) told me several times to fly Trident, but we didn't say anything, which meant that Pan couldn't.

The design of trident is extremely unfavorable to forced landing. Its wing and belly have fuel tanks, which are grounded at high speed, and it is easy to cause the fuel tank to catch fire due to friction and heat. Since the advent of Trident, there is no precedent of successful forced landing at home and abroad. Therefore, even if Pan's driving skills are brilliant, it is difficult to make up for the congenital defects in aircraft design, not to mention Pan's technical level is not the best.

The origin and correction of several rumors

1. Was the plane shot down by China?

This statement used to be very popular, based on the fact that there was a big hole in the plane.

According to Sun Yixian, a staff member of the China Embassy who first arrived at the crash site for inspection, there is indeed a big hole with a diameter of more than 40 cm at the wing root of the aircraft wing, and there are two slender holes in the shape of rabbit ears beside the big hole. At first, he suspected that the big hole seemed to be caused by a surface-to-air missile. However, further exploration of the bottom of this hole reveals that it has not penetrated and the other side of the wing is intact. And irregular aluminum thorns around the big hole, some inward and some outward. If it is a surface-to-air missile, how can it not penetrate the wing and the hole is facing up? After careful observation and in-depth analysis, he finally denied his original understanding. (Sun Yixian: Beyond the Desert, China Youth Publishing House, 200 1 edition, p. 195).

However, some people insist that Lin Biao's plane was shot down by missiles. Zhang Ning in the book "Dust Robbery", on page 278, quoted a soldier who was demobilized from the Second Artillery Corps as saying that he shot down Lin Biao's plane with a missile. The demobilized soldier said: "I was a soldier at the base when the accident happened. We were ordered to fire, and we didn't know what the target was. After hearing the document, we realized that it was Alinbiao landline. " Zhang Ning asked him if he had made a mistake. I'm afraid that's Zhou Yuchi's plane. The second artillery soldier smiled and said, "where can I use missiles to hit helicopters?" Zhou Yuchi's helicopter was forced to land in the suburbs of Beijing, and it was useless to fire. The direction in which we launch missiles is not Beijing. We used a new type of missile, and the warhead exploded in the opposite direction, which hurt the plane at that time. "

In view of the fact that one side of the wing is intact and the other side is blasted with a big hole, it is obviously nonsense to fabricate a "new missile". Up to now, I haven't heard that the warhead of a surface-to-air missile can explode in the opposite direction when it hits an airplane. Besides, there were no surface-to-air missiles capable of hitting 200 kilometers in China at that time. Even today, more than 30 years later, 2 1 century, China's surface-to-air missile with such a range has not come out.

/kloc-in October, Zhou Enlai accompanied Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie to visit the Canton Fair. After seeing off the foreign guests, he was invited to give a report to the leading organs of the army in Guangzhou, telling some inside stories about Lin Biao's defection. At the meeting, someone handed a note asking whether the Prime Minister ordered the troops to shoot down the Lin Biao plane with missiles. After reading the note, Zhou Enlai said the following words very seriously:

"I repeat, I didn't order Lin Biao's plane to be shot down. It really blew itself up and committed suicide when landing. You can think about it, Lin Biao is the vice chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and I'm just a member of the Standing Committee. He is the deputy commander-in-chief in the army, and I have no position in the army. May I order the army to shoot down Vice Chairman the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Deputy Commander-in-Chief? He is written in party constitution's nine successors! If I order the troops to shoot him down, how can I explain to the whole party, army and people all over the country! Of course, when Lin Biao's plane escaped, I reported it to the chairman in time. This is a * * * party member at the very least organizational discipline! But the chairman said, it's going to rain, mom is getting married, and if he wants to go, let him go. The chairman can tolerate Lin Biao. Zhou Enlai, why should I stop him? Chairman also said during his southern tour that Lin Biao still needs to be protected. If he admits his mistake, he can also be given a member of the Politburo. The chairman is very tolerant of Lin Biao. Why should I kill Lin Biao? " (Tumen and Xiao Sike: Special Trial —— Trial Record of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counterrevolutionary Group, Central Literature Publishing House, 2003, p. 342).

1972 In the spring, at a meeting held by the Central Committee in Jingxi Hotel, Zhou Enlai said in his speech: Lin Biao is the vice chairman of our party, and Ye Qun called me to say that he would take a walk in the sky. At that time, he didn't know where he was going or what to do. In this case, which one of you (Zhou Enlai points to the participant with his right index finger) dares to get off. How can we explain to the whole party, the whole army and the people of the whole country by intercepting the special plane of the Deputy Commander and shooting down Lin Biao? !

This clearly shows that China will never shoot down Lin Biao's special plane. (Ada: Review of my participation in the "September 13th" incident, Children of China, No.9, 2000)

After the Lin Biao incident, in order to find out the cause of the plane crash, the central government ordered the Air Force to set up an expert group to make a conclusion report on the cause of the plane crash. The air force expert group is headed by Wang Hai, a famous air combat hero and the second minister of the Air Force Military Training Department (later served as the commander of the Air Force), and its members include He Peiyuan, vice minister of the Air Traffic Control Department, Lu Derong, deputy director of the Air Traffic Control Department, Wang Jinan and Wang Tao of the Air Traffic Control Department, and Zhao and Jinhua, staff officers of the Air Traffic Control Department. Later, the Ministry of Public Security also sent people to participate. The air force expert group clearly believes that "the possibility of the plane being shot down can be ruled out" and that "the big hole in the fuselage that caused all kinds of speculations was formed when the oil in the fuel tank on the plane burned and exploded at the same time." (Wang Hai: My Battle Career, Central Literature Publishing House, p. 297, 2000).

There are two more powerful evidences: First, we did not deploy surface-to-air missiles in the cross-border direction of Lin Biao special plane at all. Second, the Lin Biao plane crashed about 360 kilometers from the border. At that time, we didn't have any anti-aircraft missiles that could reach that far. Even in today's escalating air defense weapons, it can't be done.

2. Was the plane shot down by Su Meng?

If we rule out the possibility that the Lin Biao plane was shot down by China, will it be shot down by Su Meng?

Indeed, Sino-Soviet relations were tense at that time, and the Soviet Union stationed a large number of troops on the border between China and Mongolia, including radar, air defense and aviation units. It goes without saying that a large jet plane from China suddenly penetrated into northern Mongolia in the dead of night.

However, Sun Yixian believes that, in fact, Su Meng's radar forces did not find the Trident plane crossing the border in time. There may be two reasons: first, September 12 is a Sunday, and the next morning is still on vacation. The officers and men of the Su Meng army were lax and paralyzed, and they were not careful in their duties. No special circumstances were found in the air; Second, Trident kept flying at low altitude, effectively avoiding the search of ground radar.

The only exception is that in the early morning of September 13, a plane was found deep into Mongolia at the frontier post of Mongolian army Ashagaitu near boundary pillar 4 14, but they kept it a secret for more than 9 hours before reporting to the frontier defense corps, and it was delayed for nearly 9 hours for some reason until 4 pm on September 13. It is this sudden air situation that proves that the Soviet air defense system is full of loopholes. Therefore, at the end of 10, Marshal Battitsky, commander-in-chief of the Soviet National Air Defense Force, made a special trip to Mongolia for nearly a month to inspect and rectify the Soviet air defense system. Since Su Meng didn't even find out the air situation in time, can we talk about launching surface-to-air missiles or sending fighter aviation to shoot down Lin Biao's landline? (Sun Yixian: On the Other Side of the Desert, China Youth Publishing House, 200 1 Edition, p. 279).

Sun Yixian's statement is not entirely accurate. Although Mongolia didn't shoot down the Trident, their radar still found the target, which is the information I learned from the listening troops. 13 At 22: 00 on September, Air Force Command reported: 18: 04, the head of Mongolian radar regiment sent a series of reports to all his subordinates. At 2: 30 in the morning, an unidentified plane caught fire and crashed in Wen Durhan. So enter the first level alert from 18. After receiving this report, Zhou Enlai immediately reported to Mao Zedong and made corresponding emergency preparations.

Around 2009, there was a new saying that Su Meng shot down the Lin Biao plane. Gudashev Risat Salaf Ginovic (Chinese name "Gu Dashou"), a senior diplomat and sinologist in the Soviet Union, recently published his memoir "My Life in China", in which there is a paragraph detailing the "September 13th" incident in 197 1 year. When he was working in the Soviet embassy in China, the Soviet embassy in China sent him to Windur Khan for field trips. He wrote: "Lin Biao, Ye Qun and Lin Guoli took off from Beidaihe Airport in a hurry by military plane, but after crossing the border of China, they were shot down in the Windur Khan area of Mongolia." . "The air force radar of the People's Republic of Mongolia found a military plane from China invading the airspace of the People's Republic of Mongolia and mistook it for a reconnaissance plane." (Yan Mingfu: Former Soviet diplomats witnessed the scene of the September 18th Incident, Yanhuang Chunqiu,No. 10, 2009).

Gu Dashou did not explicitly say whether Lin Biao was shot down by Mongols or by the Soviet Union. He has a problem that can't be explained at all: since he was shot down, why are the bodies of the people on board intact?

Is there something wrong with the plane in the air?

Some people suspect that Lin Biao's landline may have broken down in the air, such as mechanical failure or meteorological difficulties.

Trident 256 is the best aircraft of its kind purchased from Pakistan. Its crew are all carefully selected cadres with excellent political, ideological, technical and work style. The maintenance of the aircraft is impeccable, so there is no technical failure. And when taking off from Beidaihe, the plane was in good condition. When asked about the plane, he answered Wu and instructed Pan that there was something wrong with the plane to deceive and cover up the plot. As for the weather, there is nothing unusual. In the Summary of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s Investigation on the Site of People's Republic of China (PRC) Flight Crash on Mongolian Territory provided in September 16, Mongolia stated: "According to the report of the Meteorological Observatory of Ulaanbaatar Central Airport, at 2 o'clock on September 13, two or four clouds appeared over Delmao County, Kent Province, with visibility of 50 kilometers, no dangerous meteorological conditions and no sandstorm. (Sun Yixian: Nadi in the Desert, China Youth Publishing House, 200 1 Edition, page 2 17) That is to say, the crash of the Lin Biao plane has nothing to do with the aircraft machinery and weather conditions.