How to solve the internal crisis of the Westphalia Peace Treaty?

The internal crisis of the Westphalia Peace Treaty was solved by Dutch regency and no ruling. Despite Qi Xin's concerted efforts, the judges still don't know what to do next. Anna from Masalin and Austria didn't expect such a united resistance, and she wasn't sure how to deal with it. They chose to give in at first. Parti celli？ De? Emeri was fired in July. Financiers whose interests were once protected find that their actions have become illegal, and overall peace may be realized soon, so they are unwilling to lend more money. The French government unilaterally cancelled all debts and signed contracts. Gaston, the king's uncle? De? Orleans appeared in the High Court as a mediator, persuading the Regent and Masalin to accept most of the terms of the joint resolution.

Then the environment changed in August. Wait until gaston? De? When Orleans was fully aware of the impact of the decision made by the St. Louis court, he tried to stop it, but it was too late. When the news of the victory of Prince Condé Lance (August 20th) came, Masalin felt a plot turning point (coup? Tre's time is up. On August 26th, three judges (including Brussels) were arrested when they played "Praise the Lord" in Notre Dame de Paris to celebrate the victory. As a result, Paris citizens who were inspired by numerous pamphlets with high political enthusiasm spontaneously built roadblocks.

The court fled from Paris to Reuel for its own safety, and the royal family members Prince Kong Di and Prince Kong Di acted as intermediaries in the meeting and finally reached a settlement. 1October 22, 1648, and 15 in the resolution was accepted by the court, and the judges of the St. Louis court also agreed with this result. On the same day, France formally signed a peace treaty with the emperor in Westphalia.

Masalin used reconciliation with the judge to gain time. He intends to impose an economic blockade on Paris. After the signing of the Westphalia Peace Treaty, he can deploy troops to realize this plan. In response, the High Court announced the expulsion of Masalin in 1649+ 10. The blockade had an effect (the food price in the capital has soared to four times the usual winter price), but Charles I was executed on June 30, 65438/kloc-0, and the news that Spain invaded picardie by taking advantage of the domestic chaos worried Masalin and Austrian Anna.

The two sides reached a settlement again? March 1 1 Reuel Peace and April 1649 Saint-Germain-Angles Peace Talks? The Court returned to Paris in August. But at this time, the stone-throwing party movement has developed to other levels. The opposition of Aix in Rouen, Bordeaux and Provence and the resistance movement led by aristocrats made France still divided and it was difficult to continue the war with Spain. During this period, meteorological disasters in various parts of Europe came to France. In the area of Beauvais, 1647? The bad weather of 165 1 led to serious crop failure, and the poverty rate and mortality rate remained high. The population decreased by one fifth, and it didn't return to its original level until18th century. People at that time used eschatological language to describe the extent of the crisis.

The author of a pamphlet in 1652 wrote:? If it comes to when people have to believe that the final judgment has arrived, I believe it is now. ? The Boroyar Monastery, located not far from the south of Paris, is a refuge for Zhan Sen believers and is called Mother Angelique (M? re Ang？ Mary, Dean of the School of Science? Angelique? Arnault (Marie-Ang? Lique Arnauld) thinks that the suffering around us means that people need more prayers, because? One third of the world is dead? . The stone-throwing party movement that appeared in 1648 is in danger of making a comeback and becoming more popular and radical in 165 1. This movement did not leave the historical stage until 1654 was crowned by Louis XIV on June 7.

1639, Amsterdam City Councillors decided to build a new city hall. 1648 When the Peace Treaty of Westphalia was signed, the city hall finally started construction. More than 13000 stakes were driven into wet subsoil. The project, which cost 8.5 million Dutch guilders, was completed seven years later. It was the largest government building in Europe during this period. There are two maps of the world embedded in the marble floor of the upper floor, each depicting a hemisphere. These two maps highlight the existence of the Dutch East India Company and point out the fact that the number of docks is easy to find from the dome: the Netherlands is a world power. Rembrandt was commissioned to paint eight paintings reflecting Claudius? The oil painting of Claudius Severus uprising in West Africa, the conspiracy and rebellion of this one-eyed Batavian comes from Tacitus' records.

In the end, Rembrandt only painted a picture, depicting Claudius and his comrades in the uprising taking an oath. Instead of kissing each other as a sign of peace, they vowed to fencing? People think that the United Republic of China is a militant military power. The Republic's determination to resume the anti-Spanish struggle once overwhelmed the political differences on the armistice agreement. To continue the struggle is to keep the fortress stationed on the land of more than 30 thousand people. 162 1 year, both the south wing and the east wing of the Republic of China were guarded by forts.

This military power means that Moritz is in power and his successor Frederick? FrederikHendrik enjoys a greater offensive advantage. However, the cost of the United States has risen sharply, and the impact of the Spanish economic blockade has plunged its mercantilist economy into chaos. 1627? 163 1 year, on the one hand, the peace talks aborted many times, on the other hand, during the 80-year conflict, the size of China's army surpassed that of the Spanish army (more than 70,000 people) for the first time. In the case of a major victory on land, Frederick? Hendrick is ready to propose peace talks according to his strength, and the Spanish are willing to listen to his proposal. But the fighting at sea is still developing rapidly, and Flanders stepped up its blockade; Pete. Hein robbed a cargo ship in Bahia port and intercepted a Mexican silver fleet in Cuba.

1629 10, his fleet returned to the Netherlands with goods and treasures worth1/kloc-0,000,000 guilders, equivalent to two-thirds of the annual expenses of the Dutch army. The public debate on whether to hold peace talks has intensified, and the opinions of various provinces and towns in the Republic of China are different, which has led to a deadlock in state affairs. 17 In the 1930s and 1940s, when the land war was in a stalemate, Hendrick became more and more convinced that he could not cooperate with the Dutch provincial council, which was unwilling to fully support his own army or negotiate.

The economic war continues, and the Netherlands has not achieved much success. Dunkirk's privateering has caused more and more serious losses to the Netherlands, but the Dutch blockade of the Flemish economy has not achieved any results. 1645, Portuguese sugar planters revolted against Nigeria and Brazil. Because sugar (trade with Guinea) was the main source of income of the Dutch West India Company, the enthusiasm of the company's shareholders for continuing the war decreased.

The uprisings in Portugal and Catalonia gave the Netherlands the opportunity to resume trade with the Spanish peninsula, which removed another obstacle to negotiations with Spain. 1647+06438+0, the Netherlands and Spain reached an armistice agreement. Three months later, Frederick? Hendrick died while in office (1March 647 14), and his successor was William II. He tried his best to obstruct the Munster peace talks and prevent the implementation of the peace treaty.

He began to negotiate with France and opposed the resolution of the Dutch Provincial Assembly on reducing the size of the Dutch army in May 1650. On June 30, he ordered the arrest of six leaders of the provincial Council, including the future speaker John? De? Jacob, the father of John Dewit? De? Jacob de Witt then unexpectedly attacked Dordrecht and Amsterdam in July.

The dense fog hollowed out the surprise attack on Dordrecht. William's distant relative, Prince William of Nassau? William Frederick led 65,438+0,000 soldiers to attack Amsterdam. Although the city is ready for defense, opinions in the city are not unified. Later, he chose peace talks and accepted the ruling conditions, that is, he would not dissolve the Dutch army, but strengthen his position in the Netherlands. During these weeks, Holland almost fell into civil war, but William II died of smallpox a few months later, and his son William (later William III) was born a week after his death. The internal crisis caused by the signing of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia was solved through the 20-year rule without Stadholder led by the Dutch regent.