Know little about Wulingyuan geology

1. What is the geological junction of the landform in Wulingyuan tourist area?

A large area of limestone karst landform in the north of the scenic spot has been eroded and dissolved by river changes for hundreds of millions of years, forming countless caves, sinkholes, skylights and springs. The forest coverage rate of Wulingyuan scenic spot is 67%.

There are more than 400 species of wild animals, more than 850 species of woody plants, 3 species of leopard, clouded leopard and yellow-bellied pheasant under first-class protection, and 25 species of giant salamander, macaque and pangolin under second-class protection. There are 5 species of Davidia involucrata, Bole Tree and Taxus chinensis var. mairei, and 16 species of Taxus chinensis, Eucommia ulmoides and Magnolia officinalis.

Extended data

The strata that constitute the sandstone peak forest landform are mainly composed of Yuntaiguan Formation and Huangjiadun Formation of Middle and Upper Devonian in Upper Paleozoic, and the strata are characterized by coastal clastic rocks. The rocks are pure and thick, the bottom is flat, vertical joints are developed, and the rocks are exposed in syncline outline, which reflects the special geological and structural environment and basic conditions for the formation of sandstone peak forest landscape.

Water erosion and gravity collapse caused by external geological activities, as well as biochemical and physical weathering of organisms, are essential external conditions for shaping Wulingyuan landscape.

Baidu encyclopedia-Wulingyuan scenic spot

2. Geological causes of Zhangjiajie

Reasons for the geological formation of Zhangjiajie: Due to the influence of geography, stratum, structure, climate and many other conditions, Zhangjiajie has formed a rich and colorful landform. Topographically, Zhangjiajie is bordered by Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west, Dongting Lake in the east, mountainous areas in western Hubei in the north and Xuefeng Mountain in the south. Its overall topography is: low in the southeast and middle, high around, and there are patches of alluvial soil on both sides of the Lishui River. Mild climate, abundant rainfall and developed streams. All the streams converge into Lishui, and then flow into Dongting Lake from west to east for 800 miles. Tens of meters and hundreds of meters of sediment have been deposited in the lake. Contrary to Dongting Lake, the terrain gradually rises from east to west, and there are mountains with an altitude of1.500m such as Tianmen Mountain and Qixing Mountain in the urban area. There are mountains. This is a unique flowing water erosion landform in this area. The occurrence of extremely thick timely sandstone in Wulingyuan Scenic Area is gentle, and the strata will not collapse along the weak part of the stratum, covering the Silurian flexible shale. Under the action of gravity, vertical joints of hard timely sandstone develop. Under the strong erosion of flowing water, the rock strata not only disintegrated and collapsed, but also remained in place, forming wonders such as male, strange, dangerous, beautiful, quiet and wide. It is the main body of Wulingyuan Scenic Area. Leo Scenic Spot in Cili County is also composed of timely sandstone in the same horizon, and the rock stratum is relatively flat. The top of Wutai Mountain is covered with yellow-green shale and marl, which is a kind of water-resisting rock series and can protect the underlying sandstone from running water erosion. Another outstanding performance of urban flowing water erosion landform is that due to the rising of the earth's crust, the downward cut of streams is increased, and it is too late to widen rivers. The valley forms narrow valleys and canyons. The bottom of the river is straight, with steep walls and steep beaches. The headwaters of Lishui River, the upper reaches of Huangshui River and Mao Yan in Zhangjiajie City are such valley landforms. In recent years, karst landform is also called karst landform in academic circles, which is another remarkable feature of Zhangjiajie landform. It accounts for about 40% of the city's area, and mineral deposits are well developed both on the surface and underground. It is an integral part of the karst terrain development area in northwest Hunan, China. Sangzhi County, Cili County, Wulingyuan District and the southeast of Yongding County are the terrain development areas. Karst topography can be seen everywhere in the city, such as gullies, gullies, stone buds, dry valleys, stone hills and stone ridges. Only the stone forest is rare in the urban area, and some single stone pillars can also be seen in Tianmen Mountain Scenic Area, but forests are rarely formed. In northwest Hunan, there is only Huayuan County, an autonomous prefecture. Commonly known as "stone fence", it is eye-catching and attracts many tourists and scholars to visit. Underground caves and karst sediments are a must in Zhangjiajie. Its cave scale, Jiutian Cave in Sangzhi County can be listed as a member cave of the World Cave Society, and it is indeed worthy of the resounding title of the first cave in Asia. It can be seen that Jiutian Cave and Huanglong Cave in Wulingyuan District are unusual. It is the representative of underground karst landform in Zhangjiajie. They are a combination of karst caves, karst rivers, underground rivers, sinkholes and funnels. Karst deposits such as stalactites, stalagmites and stone pillars in the cave are varied and varied. It can be said that what they think, see and hear greatly expands the imagination of tourists, and it is often difficult for people to find suitable words and languages to praise her.

3. What is the structure of this area?

Visitors to Zhangjiajie are all amazed by Wulingyuan's unique sandstone peak forest landform and the magical underground karst landscape of Jiutian Cave and Huanglong Cave, and are fascinated by its amazing charm.

Many people will not only marvel at it, but also study it and learn more about it. Tracing back to the source and exploring the mysterious mechanism formed by its peculiar natural landscape, in order to add endless fun.

In order to help people understand nature scientifically, it is necessary to briefly introduce the strata, structures, minerals and landforms that constitute the elements of urban natural landscape. The strata in the urban area are basically well developed, only the pre-Sinian system is not exposed, and the Carboniferous system is missing.

Cambrian and Ordovician are well developed in this area, and the main lithology is limestone, dolomite and shale. The well-developed lithology has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad, and they often come to inspect it.

In recent years, the author has received many investigation groups, including American and French scholars. It can be said that Zhangjiajie is famous not only for its natural scenery, but also for its stratum.

The stratum in Zhangjiajie city is mainly limestone, which provides inexhaustible raw materials for the production of stone, lime and cement in China's construction industry. Limestone layer is a prerequisite for the formation of underground karst cave landscape in our city, because the main component of limestone is calcium, which is easily soluble in water, especially when the water is under certain pressure in the deep underground.

Calcium in limestone is dissolved and taken away. After hundreds of thousands, millions or even tens of millions of years of sedimentary calcification, karst ditches and grooves will be formed on the surface of limestone, and cavities will be formed underground, so there will be tiankeng, karst caves and hidden caves. When this calcium-containing water loses its pressure in the flow, or its composition changes, some calcium will precipitate in the form of travertine deposition and become underground cavities.

Due to the protection from the destruction and gradual accumulation of natural external forces, natural landscapes such as stalactites, stalagmites and stone pillars have been formed. Secondly, in the urban area, the branches are shale and sandstone.

This kind of sandstone, especially the timely sandstone of Yuntaiguan Formation of Middle Devonian, is the most famous in our city. This kind of sandstone is characterized by thick layer, dense and hard structure and not easy to weather.

Golden Whip Rock and Nantianyizhu in Wulingyuan Scenic Area are the full embodiment of this sandstone character. It is the pride of Zhangjiajie and the material basis for the formation of Wulingyuan landscape. Without it, there would be no beautiful scenery of Wulingyuan today.

In addition, there are more precious paleontological fossils in Zhangjiajie stratum. Permian coral fossils are the raw materials for making tortoise shells. The dinosaur fossil of Furong Dragon buried in Jurassic was excavated at Furong Bridge in Sangzhi in 1970s, and now it is on display in geological museum, Guangdong Province.

It can be said that there are many real treasures in the stratum of Zhangjiajie, waiting for people to explore and dig constantly. Tectonic urban tectonics spans two major first-order tectonic units, namely, Jiangnan ancient land and Yangzi paraplatform.

Generally speaking, it is a relatively stable land platform, mainly moving up and down. Folding movement is not strong, and no magmatic rocks are exposed. Fault structures are only developed in the contact part of the two major structural units, that is, the Lishui River Valley in the urban area, and there are not many other areas. This solid crustal foundation is the real mystery that thousands of seasonal sandstone peak forests in Wulingyuan Scenic Area will not collapse for millions of years.

Understanding the structural characteristics of this area will help us to deepen our understanding. Many tourists may ask why there is more than one sandstone in China, such as Wulingyuan. Wulingyuan, the only sandstone giant peak with a hundred meters and a hundred meters, why does it stand tall in the blue sky? Miracle! So I chose Wulingyuan in Zhangjiajie.

Due to the special conditions of mineral strata and structure, Zhangjiajie's minerals are mainly sedimentary minerals, including coal, iron, nickel and molybdenum, followed by lead, zinc and copper formed by low-temperature hydrothermal solution, and non-metallic minerals include limestone, dolomite, marble, Shi Ying, barite, silica (in time) and mineral water. In a word, from a scientific and industrial point of view, earth mines and stone mines can burn bricks and tiles, while sand mines and stone mines can build bridges and tall buildings.

What can be used and serves the national economic construction are all useful mineral resources, which should be cherished and protected, but their values are different. Seasonal sandstone is a mineral resource, which forms a unique sandstone peak forest landform in Wulingyuan Scenic Area.

Its silica content is 90% to 99.06%, which is a high-quality raw material for producing timely glass. I think people will definitely choose the latter as an ore mining or preserving its peak forest landscape, because the value of the latter is immeasurable.

The landform of Zhangjiajie is influenced by geography, stratum, structure, climate and many other conditions, forming a rich and colorful landscape spectacle. Topographically, our city is adjacent to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west, Dongting Lake in the east, mountainous area in western Hubei in the north and Xuefeng Mountain in the south.

Its overall topography is: low in the southeast and middle, high around, and there are alluvial soil plains along the banks of Lishui River. Throughout the year, our city has a mild climate, abundant rainfall and developed streams. All streams converge on the Lishui River and then flow into Dongting Lake from west to east for 800 miles.

In the lake, there are tens of meters and hundreds of meters of sediment. Contrary to Dongting Lake, the terrain gradually rises from east to west, and there are mountains with an altitude of1500m or more such as Tianmen Mountain and Qixing Mountain in the city center.

There are high mountains and low plains, which is a unique flowing water erosion landform in this area. The occurrence of extremely thick timely sandstone in Wulingyuan Scenic Area is gentle, and the rock stratum cannot collapse along the weak part of bedding plane, covering Silurian flexible shale.

Under the action of gravity, vertical joints of hard timely sandstone develop. Under the strong erosion of water, the rock stratum not only disintegrated and collapsed, but also was carried by running water. Remaining in the same place will form a strange forest with strange peaks, which is the main body of Wulingyuan scenic spot. Wutai Mountain Scenic Area in Cili County is also composed of timely sandstone in the same horizon, and the occurrence of rock stratum is relatively gentle.

People who have been there for sightseeing may ask, why doesn't Wutai Mountain form a peak forest landform, but a platform called "Fangshan"? As long as tourists carefully observe, it is not difficult to find that the top of Wutai Mountain is covered with yellow-green shale and marl, which is a water-resisting rock series, which can protect the underlying sandstone from running water erosion. Unfortunately, it's only been a million or ten million years.

4.

Anyone who comes to Zhangjiajie for sightseeing is all amazed by Wulingyuan's peculiar sandstone peak forest landform and the magical underground karst landscape of Jiutian Cave and Huanglong Cave, and is fascinated by its amazing charm.

Many people will not only marvel at it, but also study it and learn more about it. Tracing back to the source and exploring the mysterious mechanism formed by its peculiar natural landscape, in order to add endless fun.

In order to help people understand nature scientifically, it is necessary to briefly introduce the strata, structures, minerals and landforms that constitute the elements of urban natural landscape. The strata in the urban area are basically well developed, only the pre-Sinian system is not exposed, and the Carboniferous system is missing.

Cambrian and Ordovician are well developed in this area, and the main lithology is limestone, dolomite and shale. The well-developed lithology has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad, and they often come to inspect it.

In recent years, the author has received many investigation groups, including American and French scholars. It can be said that Zhangjiajie is famous not only for its natural scenery, but also for its stratum.

The stratum in Zhangjiajie city is mainly limestone, which provides inexhaustible raw materials for the production of stone, lime and cement in China's construction industry. Limestone layer is a prerequisite for the formation of underground karst cave landscape in our city, because the main component of limestone is calcium, which is easily soluble in water, especially when the water is under certain pressure in the deep underground.

Calcium in limestone is dissolved and taken away. After hundreds of thousands, millions or even tens of millions of years of sedimentary calcification, karst ditches and grooves will be formed on the surface of limestone, and cavities will be formed underground, so there will be tiankeng, karst caves and hidden caves. When this calcium-containing water loses its pressure in the flow, or its composition changes, some calcium will precipitate in the form of travertine deposition and become underground cavities.

Due to the protection from the destruction and gradual accumulation of natural external forces, natural landscapes such as stalactites, stalagmites and stone pillars have been formed. Secondly, in the urban area, the branches are shale and sandstone.

This kind of sandstone, especially the timely sandstone of Yuntaiguan Formation of Middle Devonian, is the most famous in our city. This kind of sandstone is characterized by thick layer, dense and hard structure and not easy to weather.

Golden Whip Rock and Nantianyizhu in Wulingyuan Scenic Area are the full embodiment of this sandstone character. It is the pride of Zhangjiajie and the material basis for the formation of Wulingyuan landscape. Without it, there would be no beautiful scenery of Wulingyuan today.

In addition, there are more precious paleontological fossils in Zhangjiajie stratum. Permian coral fossils are the raw materials for making tortoise shells. The dinosaur fossil of Furong Dragon buried in Jurassic was excavated at Furong Bridge in Sangzhi in 1970s, and now it is on display in geological museum, Guangdong Province.

It can be said that there are many real treasures in the stratum of Zhangjiajie, waiting for people to explore and dig constantly. Structure: Urban geotectonics span two major first-class structural units, namely, Jiangnan ancient land and Yangzi paraplatform.

Generally speaking, it is a relatively stable land platform, mainly moving up and down. Folding movement is not strong, and no magmatic rocks are exposed. Fault structures are only developed in the contact part of the two major structural units, that is, the Lishui River Valley in the urban area, and there are not many other areas. This solid crustal foundation is the real mystery that thousands of seasonal sandstone peak forests in Wulingyuan Scenic Area will not collapse for millions of years.

Understanding the structural characteristics of this area will help us to deepen our understanding. Many tourists may ask why there is more than one sandstone in China, such as Wulingyuan. Wulingyuan, the only sandstone giant peak with a hundred meters and a hundred meters, why does it stand tall in the blue sky? Miracle! So I chose Wulingyuan in Zhangjiajie.

Minerals: Due to the special conditions of stratum and structure, Zhangjiajie's minerals are mainly sedimentary minerals, including coal, iron, nickel and molybdenum, followed by lead, zinc and copper formed by low-temperature hydrothermal solution, and non-metallic minerals include limestone, dolomite, marble, Shi Ying, barite, silica (timely) and mineral water. In short, from a scientific and industrial point of view, earth mines and stone mines can burn bricks and tiles, and sand mines and stone mines can build bridges and tall buildings.

What can be used and serves the national economic construction are all useful mineral resources, which should be cherished and protected, but their values are different. Seasonal sandstone is a mineral resource, which forms a unique sandstone peak forest landform in Wulingyuan Scenic Area.

Its silica content is 90% to 99.06%, which is a high-quality raw material for producing timely glass. I think people will definitely choose the latter as an ore mining or preserving its peak forest landscape, because the value of the latter is immeasurable.

Landform: In Zhangjiajie city, due to the influence of geography, stratum, structure, climate and many other conditions, colorful landforms have been formed. Topographically, our city is adjacent to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west, Dongting Lake in the east, mountainous area in western Hubei in the north and Xuefeng Mountain in the south.

Its overall topography is: low in the southeast and middle, high around, and there are alluvial soil plains along the banks of Lishui River. Throughout the year, our city has a mild climate, abundant rainfall and developed streams. All streams converge on the Lishui River and then flow into Dongting Lake from west to east for 800 miles.

In the lake, there are tens of meters and hundreds of meters of sediment. Contrary to Dongting Lake, the terrain gradually rises from east to west, and there are mountains with an altitude of1500m or more such as Tianmen Mountain and Qixing Mountain in the city center.

There are high mountains and low plains, which is a unique flowing water erosion landform in this area. The occurrence of extremely thick timely sandstone in Wulingyuan Scenic Area is gentle, and the rock stratum cannot collapse along the weak part of bedding plane, covering Silurian flexible shale.

Under the action of gravity, vertical joints of hard timely sandstone develop. Under the strong erosion of water, the rock stratum not only disintegrated and collapsed, but also was carried by running water. Remaining in the same place will form a strange forest with strange peaks, which is the main body of Wulingyuan scenic spot. Wutai Mountain Scenic Area in Cili County is also composed of timely sandstone in the same horizon, and the occurrence of rock stratum is relatively gentle.

People who have been there for sightseeing may ask, why doesn't Wutai Mountain form a peak forest landform, but a platform called "Fangshan"? As long as tourists carefully observe, it is not difficult to find that the top of Wutai Mountain is covered with yellow-green shale and marl, which is a water-resisting rock series, which can protect the underlying sandstone from running water erosion. Unfortunately, it's only a million or ten million years.

5. Wulingyuan Scenic Area has

Wulingyuan Scenic Spot and Wulingyuan Scenic Spot in Hunan Province were listed on the World Heritage List in 1992 and 65438+February.

Wulingyuan is located in the Wuling Mountain area in the northwest of Hunan Province, China. It consists of Zhangjiajie, Tianzi Mountain and Suoxiyu, with a Fiona Fang of 369 square kilometers, which is under the jurisdiction of Zhangjiajie City. Hundreds of millions of years ago, it used to be a rough ocean.

Years are long, and things are different. The "Yanshan Movement" with infinite natural forces gradually pushed this place into land, mountains and rivers, and then "chiseled through" and "finely carved" with exquisite craftsmanship, thus forming today's sandstone, peak forest and canyon landforms with primitive ecosystems, forming a unique natural landscape with gurgling streams, towering peaks and jagged rocks.

The main landscape is seasonal sandstone peak forest landform, and there are 3 103 strange peaks in the territory, which are spectacular in different postures. In addition, ravines are criss-crossed, streams are densely covered, forests are dense and inaccessible, the forest coverage rate reaches 85%, the vegetation coverage rate reaches 99%, there are more than 3,000 kinds of middle and higher plants, more than 700 kinds of trees and as many as 450 kinds of ornamental garden flowers.

50 families 1 16 species of terrestrial vertebrates. The underground caves in the area are beaded with jade, and the initial length of the developed Huanglong Cave is 1 1 km.

Wulingyuan is a collection of "steep mountains, strange peaks, beautiful water, secluded gorge and beautiful caves", with 5,000 rock peaks of different shapes standing in deep valleys. 800 streams meander through the Stone Forest Canyon. There are Yubi Peak, Baofeng Lake with unique caves, Huanglong Cave with "one cave dominating the underground sky", and towering golden whip rock.

Whether it's exploring the secluded spot in Huangshizhai, the Range Rover in Jin Bianxi, exploring in Shentang Bay, picking up music in Shili Bookstore, or watching clouds of sand Daogou in the West Sea.

.. are intoxicating and give out picturesque admiration.

Wulingyuan is a fairyland on earth, a treasure house of green plants, a paradise for wild animals and rich in resources. There are patches of primitive secondary forests, exotic flowers and plants such as Davidia involucrata, Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides and lobster flowers, as well as rare birds and animals such as macaques, civets, pheasants and golden pheasants.

Wulingyuan, beauty lies in mystery and beauty lies in nature. Wulingyuan has "five wonders": strange peaks, strange rocks, canyons, beautiful waters and caves.

Wulingyuan's unique seasonal sandstone peak forest is rare at home and abroad, making it an extraordinary scenic spot. In an area of more than 360 square kilometers, according to aerial survey, there are more than 3000 peaks, 1000 more than 400 meters vertical.

Unlike other places, the peak stones here are tall and dense. Those abrupt rock walls and peaks, such as silks and bamboo shoots, are like soft screens, fans and roots, and they are endless, giving people a magnificent feeling. There are more than 80 observation platforms in Tian Zi and Zhangjiajie, where you can watch.

The names of many peak stones, ranging from Shentang Bay and West Sea Scroll to Goddess Offering Flowers, Qu Zi Ling Xing and Luohan Peak, also give people a wild imagination. Whenever the rain clears or the rainy weather continues, the faint valley produces clouds and clouds, and the mountains are surrounded by clouds. The sea of clouds is thick and light, the stone peaks are hidden and present, and the scene changes.

On sunny days, fog makes hard peaks charming, elegant and mysterious. The best season to watch fog is summer. Tian Zi is the best place to watch fog, and it is also the place where photographers often set foot.

Wulingyuan water turns around the mountain. It is said that Zhangjiajie alone has "800 miles of beautiful water", and many waterfalls, springs, streams, ponds and lakes are wonderful. Water makes the mountains more lively. Jin Bianxi is a long river more than ten kilometers long. You can walk from Zhangjiajie along the stream to Suoxiyu, slowly flow through Zhicaotan, Tiaoyutan, Nanmuping and Tianzizhou, and finally flow into Lishui from Suoxiyu.

The canyons on both sides of the strait confront each other, and the red rocks and green trees reflect the streams. Walking on the path by the stream is cool all the way.

Step on the stone steps of the wooden bridge, watch the fish pond play in the water, and listen to the sound of cuckoo echoing in the valley. The caves here are also very distinctive, with a large number and scale.

The famous Huanglong Cave, Guanyin Cave, Xiangshui Cave, Qiuci Cave, Feiyun Cave and Luojin Cave are seven and a half kilometers long. The cave is divided into four floors, including a reservoir, two rivers, three waterfalls, four pools, thirteen halls and ninety-six corridors.

"Ice Bell", "Bamboo Lining Road" and "Dragon Palace Dance" are the essence of Huanglong Cave. Wulingyuan is full of mountains and plains, and there are dense forests everywhere.

The forests that have grown for thousands of years have never been cut down, and the forest coverage rate is as high as 97.9%. Even a lonely stone peak stands a few pine trees. Large areas of primitive secondary forests cover the sky, and ancient plants such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Ginkgo biloba, Davidia involucrata and lobster flower, which are called living fossils, abound; Rare birds and animals such as pheasant, pangolin, monkey-faced eagle, red-billed lovebird, macaque, flying tiger, python and so on. Haunt the forest. In the early 1980s, when experts visited Wulingyuan, they lamented that it was a "refuge" for animals and a "gene bank" for plants.

Wulingyuan has a mild and rainy climate, with no heat and cold, and the annual average temperature is around 15 degrees. This microclimate provides a good habitat for animals and plants. It is the simple pastoral scenery that contrasts with the natural scenery.

Wulingyuan is a settlement of Tujia, Bai and Miao ethnic minorities. Terraces and houses are dotted among green mountains and green waters, with green trees and smoke. If you are lucky enough to catch up with local festivals, you can also enjoy folk songs and dances. Together with the mountains and dense forests of Wulingyuan, it constitutes a primitive and boundless picture scroll.

Wulingyuan consists of three scenic spots: Zhangjiajie National Forest Park Suoxiyu Nature Reserve Tianzishan Nature Reserve Wulingyuan Scenic Spot [Editor's paragraph] Wulingyuan Scenic Spot (WLYFJNSQ) Wulingyuan Scenic Spot combines the glory of world natural heritage, world geological park and national 5A scenic spot, and is also composed of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Suoxiyu Nature Reserve, Tianzishan Nature Reserve and Yang Jiajie Nature Reserve. Wulingyuan is famous for its strange peaks, strange rocks, canyons, beautiful water and caves. There are 5000 stone peaks of different shapes standing in deep valleys. 800 streams meander through the Stone Forest Canyon.

Whether exploring the secluded places of Range Rover and Jin Bianxi in Huangshi Village, exploring Shentang Bay, picking up fun in Shili Gallery, or enjoying the scenery in Xihai and Shadaogou, it is fascinating.