Projects invented by scientists because of the names of animals and scientists.

Nasty flies seem to have nothing to do with the grand space cause, but bionics closely connects them.

Flies are notorious "smelly things". They can be seen everywhere and have a bad smell. Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell, and can smell the smell thousands of meters away. But flies don't have noses. What does it rely on to act as a sense of smell? It turns out that the "nose" of flies-olfactory receptors are distributed on a pair of antennae on the head.

Each "nose" has only one "nostril" communicating with the outside world, which contains hundreds of olfactory nerve cells. If the smell enters the nostrils, these nerves will immediately convert the smell stimulus into nerve electrical impulses and send them to the brain. The brain can distinguish substances with different smells according to different nerve electrical impulses generated by substances with different smells. Therefore, the fly's antenna is like a sensitive gas analyzer.

Inspired by this, bionics successfully imitated a very strange small gas analyzer according to the structure and function of the olfactory organs of flies. The probe of this instrument is not metal, but a live fly. A very fine microelectrode is inserted into the olfactory nerve of the fly, and the guided neuroelectric signal is amplified by an electronic circuit and sent to an analyzer; The analyzer can give an alarm as soon as it finds the signal of odorous substances. This instrument has been installed in the cockpit of the spacecraft to detect the composition of the gas in the cabin.

This small gas analyzer can also measure harmful gases in submarines and mines. This principle can also be used to improve the input device of computer and the structural principle of gas chromatography analyzer.

From Fireflies to Artificial Luminescence

Since the invention of electric light, life has become more convenient and rich. But electric lamps can only convert a small part of electric energy into visible light, and most of the rest is wasted in the form of heat energy. The heat rays of electric lamps are harmful to people's eyes. So, is there a light source that only emits light without heating? Humans have turned their attention to nature again.

In nature, many creatures can emit light, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects and fish, and the light emitted by these animals does not produce heat, so it is also called "cold light".

Fireflies are one of many luminous animals. There are about 65,438+0,500 species of fireflies. Their luminescent colors are yellow-green, orange, and their brightness is different. Fireflies emit cold light, which not only has high luminous efficiency, but also is generally soft, suitable for human eyes, and the light intensity is relatively high. Therefore, bioluminescence is an ideal light source for human beings.

Scientists found that the luminous device of fireflies is located in the abdomen. This light emitter consists of three parts: light emitting layer, transparent layer and reflecting layer. There are thousands of luminescent cells in the luminescent layer, all of which contain fluorescein and luciferase. Under the action of luciferase, fluorescein combines with oxidation to emit fluorescence with the participation of intracellular water. The luminescence of fireflies is essentially a process in which chemical energy is converted into light energy.

As early as the 1940s, people created fluorescent lamps on the basis of the study of fireflies, which greatly changed the lighting sources of human beings. In recent years, scientists first isolated pure fluorescein from fireflies, then isolated luciferase, and then synthesized fluorescein artificially by chemical methods. Biological light source composed of fluorescein, luciferase, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and water can be used as a flash lamp in mines filled with explosive gas. Because this lamp has no power supply and does not produce magnetic field, it can be used to clear magnetic mines under the irradiation of biological light source.

Now, people can get cold light similar to biological light by mixing some chemicals for safe lighting.

Electric fish and volt battery

Many creatures in nature can generate electricity, and there are more than 500 kinds of fish alone. People call these discharging fish "electric fish".

All kinds of electric fish have different discharge skills. Electric ray, electric catfish and electric eel have the strongest discharge ability. Medium-sized torpedoes can generate about 70 volts, while African torpedoes can generate up to 220 volts; African electric catfish can generate 350 volts; Electric eels can generate 500 volts. There is a South American electric eel that can generate up to 880 volts, and it is called the champion of electric shock. It is said that it can kill big animals like horses.

Where is the mystery of electric fish discharge? Through the anatomical study of the electric fish, it is finally found that there is a strange power generation organ in the electric fish. These generators are made up of many translucent disk-shaped batteries, called electric plates or plates. Due to the different types of electric fish, the shape, position and quantity of the electric plates of the generator are also different. The generator of electric eel is prismatic and located in the muscles on both sides of the caudate spine. The torpedo generator is shaped like a flat kidney, arranged on both sides of the body midline, with 2 million electric plates. The generator of electric catfish originated from some kind of gland, located between skin and muscle, with about 5 million electric plates. The voltage generated by a single plate is very weak, but because there are many plates, the voltage generated is very large.

The extraordinary skills of electric fish have aroused great interest. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/9th century, Italian physicist Volt designed the world's earliest voltaic battery based on electric fish power generation organ. Because this kind of battery is designed according to the natural generator of electric fish, the research of electric fish called "artificial electric officer" also gives people such enlightenment: if the power generation organ of electric fish can be successfully imitated, then the power problem of ships and submarines can be solved well.

Jellyfish windward ears

"Swallows fly low before the rain, cicadas sing, and the sky clears up in the rain." Biological behavior is related to the change of weather. Fishermen along the coast know that fish and jellyfish living along the coast swim to the sea in batches, which indicates that a storm is coming.

Jellyfish, also known as jellyfish, is an ancient coelenterate that floated in the ocean as early as 500 million years ago. This lower animal has the instinct to predict storms, and every time before the storm warning, it will swim to the sea to take refuge.

It turns out that in the blue ocean, infrasound (frequency is 8- 13 times per second) generated by the friction between air and waves is always a prelude to storm warning. This infrasound is inaudible to the human ear, but the little jellyfish is very sensitive. Bionics found that there is a thin handle in the ear cavity of jellyfish, a small ball on the handle, and a small auditory stone in the ball. When the infrasound before the storm hit the auditory stone in the jellyfish's ear, the auditory stone stimulated the nerve receptors on the ball wall, so the jellyfish heard the rumble of the coming storm.

Bionics imitates the structure and function of jellyfish ears, designs a storm predictor for jellyfish ears, and accurately simulates the organs that jellyfish feel infrasound. This instrument is installed on the front deck of the ship. When it receives the infrasound wave of the storm, it can automatically stop the horn rotating 360 degrees, and the direction it refers to is the direction of the storm. The reading on the indicator can show the intensity of the storm. This forecaster can forecast storms 15 hours in advance, which is of great significance to navigation and fishery safety.

The invention of frog muscle and battery

Humans have known all kinds of electrical phenomena in nature since ancient times, such as thunder, lightning, electric fish, calcium carbide that generates electricity when heated, and even the method of generating static electricity by amber friction. It was not until17th century that Gretzsche of Germany became the friction starter of rotating sulfur ball that electricity was discussed scientifically. In the18th century, a professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands invented a glass bottle that could accumulate frictional charges, and it became popular throughout Europe as a game. Because this kind of friction electricity is stored in a Lyden bottle, it will disappear immediately when it is discharged once, so it is of little use.

Jaffani, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, Italy, found that when a metal rod touches the skinned frog leg muscles, the frog muscles contract. He thinks that all animals have electricity and store it in muscles. The contact of metal rods causes animals to discharge, and muscles will contract due to the impact of electricity. The discovery of this animal waste has aroused great response from scientists all over Europe. Volt, a professor of physics in university of pavia who is also an Italian, also discussed this, but came to another conclusion: the contraction of muscles is not caused by the electrical discharge of animals, but by the electricity generated by contact with metals. 1800, Volt designed and completed a new electricity storage device according to the discharge phenomenon of animals. In this device, dozens of silver plates and tinplate plates are alternately stacked, and cloth strips soaked in salt water are inserted between each pair of plates as a stack; The metal plate and salt water cloth are replaced by metal plate and salt water bowl respectively, and the electricity can be continuously taken out without charging in advance. The invention of Volt really shocked British scientists. Napoleon also invited him to Paris to witness his experiment and awarded him a gold medal, a generous annual salary and a title. Batteries have brought good news to mankind in daily life, science and industry, and those praises and honors are insignificant.

The invention of cardiac activity current and electrocardiogram

/kloc-in the 9th century, Swiss anatomist Kelly Kerr and German physiologist Miao Lei used pigeons to prove the existence of cardiac activity current. Willenstein, a German physiologist, first used graphs to represent the active current of nerves and muscles, and then many physiologists used his invented device to display the active current of animal hearts. The device is only used for research, and the heart must be measured under exposed conditions through dissection. So, is there any way to measure the heart on the body surface instead of exposing it? At that time, it happened that the French physicist Lepman invented a capillary electrometer, which prompted the French physiologist Waller to use the newly invented capillary electrometer to measure the voltage of human heart activity and draw a graph.

These results attracted the attention of the Dutch physiologist Eindhoven and called Waller's cardiac activity voltage diagram "electrocardiogram". Then he devoted himself to the research and confirmed that ECG is very valuable for clinical diagnosis. So he devoted himself to the development of high-precision ECG recorder. A few years later, he finally developed a high-precision timely string galvanometer, which can be used for ECG measurement and accurate recording of human ECG.

The biggest disadvantage of the ECG recorder invented by Ian Dovin is that it weighs more than 140 kg and cannot be brought into the ward. However, it is impossible to bring a patient with serious heart disease to his laboratory. Since clinical trials can't be done, even the best equipment is useless. Therefore, it was suggested that he might as well connect the inpatients in the university affiliated hospital with his laboratory equipment by wires, so that he could record the electrocardiogram of many heart patients. He named this electrocardiogram "remote electrocardiogram". Eindhoven's ECG recorder has played a great role in the clinical diagnosis of heart disease. Until now, ECG is still a common device for our diagnosis of heart disease.

The radar is a biological sonar detector derived from bats; At present, the most advanced bulletproof vest technology comes from spiders-the strength of spider silk is more than ten times that of steel wire with the same thickness; Camouflage comes from the protective color of the vast biological world, and the prototype of the plane comes from birds ... In short, we can learn many useful things from the vast nature, which is a living example left over from biological evolution for hundreds of millions of years.