What are the characteristics of Polyporus umbellatus?

Polyporus umbellatus (Persex fr)pilá t is also known as Polyporus umbellatus, Polyporus umbellatus and Grifola umbellatus. Belongs to Basidiomycotina, Thallus Laminariae, Aphasia, Polyporaceae, Polyporaceae. Polyporus umbellatus contains polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide and ergosterol. Take sclerotia as medicine. It is beneficial to water and dampness, and has been found to have certain curative effect on hepatitis B in recent years. Since ancient times, Polyporus umbellatus has been used as medicine by digging wild ones, with less natural resources and more and more dosage, and the contradiction between supply and demand has become increasingly prominent. In recent years, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces have successfully planted wild Grifola umbellata, ending the history of relying solely on wild Grifola umbellata for medicine for thousands of years.

I. Morphological characteristics

The sclerotium of Polyporus umbellatus grows underground, which is irregular and semi-lignified. The individual size ranges from nearly 30 cm long to 65438 00 cm in diameter. As small as an egg, the surface is uneven, shriveled and warty, the epidermis is covered with a layer of dark brown, with paint luster, and the section is white or yellowish mycelium. Fresh sclerotia is soft, firm but not firm after drying, as light as cork, and it is elastic when pressed by hand. The fruiting body appears from the top of the sclerotium near the surface or slightly protruding from the surface, with an upright stalk and many branches. Each branch has an umbrella-shaped or funnel-shaped fleshy cap with a diameter of about 1.5cm, commonly known as "dried mushroom" and "polyporus umbellatus flower". The hat is round, rarely single-eared, with small scales and fine lines on it, radial, thin and sharp edges, and often rolled in. The meat is thin and white, and it is foraminifera with oval spores. When it matures, it will pop out of the face under the hat. The fruiting bodies vary in size, the largest being 29cm in diameter and 37cm in height, with more than 1 1,000 small lids, and the smallest being single ear, with a diameter of 1.6cm and a height of 23cm, and the size has nothing to do with the sclerotium size of Polyporus umbellatus (Figure 21-kloc-0/0).

Fig. 21-10 Polyporus umbellatus morphological diagram

1. fruiting body 2. Burden 3. Spores 4, 5. sclerotium

Second, biological characteristics.

(1) Growth and Development of Polyporus umbellatus

1. Relationship between Polyporus umbellatus and Armillaria mellea growth and development

In 1954, Japanese scholar Ji Yichuancun wrote "Illustration of Primary Color Bacteria", in which it was mentioned that the mycelium of Armillaria was parasitic in Grifola umbellata, but the growth and development of Grifola umbellata could not be linked with Armillaria umbellata, and Grifola umbellata remained in the wild. In recent years, the investigation and cultivation experiments of wild Polyporus umbellatus proved that Polyporus umbellatus could not grow without the invasion of Armillaria mellea. From the investigation of wild Polyporus umbellatus, it can be observed that Armillaria mellea grows in its cave (Table 2 1-3). Armillaria mellea saprophytes on rotten roots, semi-rotten roots, or parasitizes on fresh roots, and emits bacteriocin to invade the sclerotium of Polyporus umbellatus, and cavities with black films appear between hyphae in the sclerotium. It has been reported that "some components in the secretion of Armillaria mellea are the nutritional source of Polyporus umbellatus", but whether the relationship between them is parasitic or * * * needs further study.

Table 2 1-3 Investigation on the Growth of Wild Polyporus Armillaria in Shanxi Province (1980)

2. The growth and development of Polyporus umbellatus sclerotium

Intuitive sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus can be divided into dark brown, grayish yellow and pure white, which are customarily called Polyporus umbellatus, Polyporus umbellatus and Polyporus umbellatus. Old drug farmers believe that black-brown polyporus is an old stem for more than three years, gray-yellow is a biennial, and white is a newborn polyporus. Polyporus nigricans and Grifola frondosa are planted with Armillaria mellea. Under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, the black skin breaks out from a certain point of the sclerotium and emits white hyphae, and each germination point can grow and develop into a new white porous fungus covered with a layer of white skin. Under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, the white skin of tremella fuciformis grows normally, darkens in autumn and winter, turns grayish yellow in the next spring, darkens in autumn, gradually turns from gray to brown, and turns completely black after one winter. There are two layers of black skin between the new bacteria and the mother bacteria, which can be separated by hand and obvious stratification can be seen. In the home planting experiment, in order to observe the growth of newborn Poria cocos, the ground was broken every 10 day and observed for three times, and it was found that Poria cocos turned gray. In the investigation of wild polypores, it is often found that new white polypores are born on the fresh polypores that have just changed from white to gray. These phenomena show that when new polypores encounter unfavorable external conditions, they can also turn from white to gray, and when conditions are suitable, new polypores germinate, leading to delamination in the middle. Sometimes, when the growing poria cocos encounters adverse weather conditions, its growth speed will be greatly slowed down, but it will not stop growing. When conditions are good, Poria cocos continues to grow, leaving a gourd-shaped waist on the body, but there is no separation in the middle, but many hyphae are connected. From the above observation data, it can be concluded that growing pigs can form more than one shedding layer a year, but one polyporus without shedding layer grows a year. In the investigation of wild Polyporus umbellatus, it is often seen that there are large pieces of Polyporus umbellatus, weighing about 1kg, which are cylindrical without stratification and can grow for one year. It makes us realize that artificial cultivation of Polyporus umbellatus can grow a large area of Polyporus umbellatus within one year as long as it can meet its requirements for external environmental conditions, and Polyporus umbellatus can also produce high yield. The three different colors of Polyporus umbellatus can only reflect the characteristics of three different growth and development stages, and can not fully represent its growth years.

Fig. 21—1/growth diagram of polyporus umbellatus.

1. black polyporus (female polyporus) 2. Polyporus cinerea (polyporus cinerea) 3. Stop branch 4. Growing branches (white polyporus) 5. Armillaria mellea 6. Stratification 7. Gourd waist.

(B) the growth and development of external environmental conditions.

1. Topography

Most of the wild Grifola umbellata are distributed in mountainous areas with an altitude of 1000-2000 m, but some alpine areas with special climatic conditions also have Grifola umbellata growth, such as Diancang Mountain in Yunnan. Due to the influence of the maritime climate in the Bay of Bengal, the wild Grifola umbellata is still distributed in the mountainous area at an altitude of 4,000 meters, and the mountainside is at an altitude of 2,500-3,500 meters. In terms of the distribution of Polyporus umbellatus, in rainy Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, Polyporus umbellatus mostly grows on sunny slopes, while in rainy Shaanxi, both sunny and shady slopes grow, but most of them are semi-cloudy and semi-sunny slopes in Yang Er (Table 2 1 Polyporus umbellatus generally grows at 20-50. There are more slopes.

Table 2 1-4 Slope Distribution of Wild Polyporus umbellatus

2. Plants

Wild Polyporus umbellatus lives underground in the forest, mostly around the roots of trees or bushes in the forest. According to the investigation, Polyporus umbellatus grows in primitive broad-leaved forest, mixed forest, secondary forest and bamboo forest, and its associated trees are oak, birch, maple, oak, elm, poplar, willow, maple, privet, pine nut, willow, dog bone and Yang Ping. Shanxi found that Polyporus umbellatus was the most distributed in the secondary forest where new trees grew after harvesting. There are broken stumps, roots and immature old trees, and there are many dead leaves. Natural Armillaria mellea and wild Polyporus grow vigorously.

3. Temperature

According to the investigation in Shanxi Province, when the local temperature reached 9.5℃, Grifola umbellata began to sprout. When the ten-day average ground temperature is around 12℃, Polyporus umbellatus grows, and when the monthly average ground temperature is around 14-20℃, Polyporus umbellatus germinates the most and grows the fastest. The temperature requirement of domestic Polyporus umbellatus is similar to that of wild investigation data, but the germination rate of Polyporus umbellatus is higher than that of domestic Polyporus umbellatus (Table 2 1-5).

Table 2 1-5 Effect of Temperature on Germination of Polyporus umbellatus

4. Humidity

According to the determination of soil water content in Polyporus umbellatus producing areas, it is considered that 30-50% soil water content is suitable for the growth of Polyporus umbellatus. Guxian Polyporus Farm belongs to Linfen, Shanxi Province, and Polyporus is widely distributed. The comparison of the average monthly rainfall (Table 2 1-6) shows that the rainfall in July and August accounts for 45% of the annual rainfall, and these two months are still the peak season for the growth of Polyporus umbellatus.

Table 2 1-6 Statistics of Monthly Average Rainfall in Linfen City, Shanxi Province

5. Land

Polyporus umbellatus grows in the humus soil layer, loess layer or sandy loam layer of mountain forest, but in the loose humus soil layer, Polyporus umbellatus grows mostly and has a large individual. The pH value of soil investigated in different places is quite different from the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (Table 2 1-6), which is closely related to the formation of local soil and precipitation leaching, but the soil water content and pH value are more related to the growth of Polyporus umbellatus.

Fig. 2 1— 12 Changes of soil water content during the growing season of Polyporus umbellatus in Huoshan, Guxian County.

Table 2 1-7 Soil Investigation of Wild Polyporus

Third, cultivation techniques.

There are many cultivation methods of Polyporus umbellatus, but at present, fixed bed culture and active bacteria combination culture are better, with high inoculation rate and easy manual control, so that new Polyporus umbellatus can grow in the same year of spring planting.

(1) cultivate the fungus branches, fungus materials (stems) and fungus beds.

Please refer to the culture method of gastrodia elata branches, materials and beds.

(2) seed selection

This is the key link of polyporus umbellatus cultivation. The fungus materials used for cultivating Polyporus umbellatus should be used as seeds, instead of black sclerotia with poor reproductive ability and rotten and hollow sclerotia, fresh Grifola umbellatus with elastic pressure, white mycelium and tender section should be used as seeds, and the selected sclerotia can still be used as medicine. After planting, it is rotten and cannot be planted. When planting, you can also break large pieces of Grifola umbellata into small pieces of 5-6 cm for planting.

(3) culture time

It can be cultivated before freezing or April-May after thawing in the early spring of the following year, and then inoculated with bacteria to give birth to new poria cocos.

(4) cultivation method

1. Mixed culture of fungal materials

Dig a hole with a width of 50×50cm and a depth of 40cm, lay a layer of leaves on the bottom of the hole, put three cultivated fungus materials with a distance of 2-3 cm, connect the selected sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus to the place where Armillaria is flourishing between the two fungus materials, fill the gap between the fungus materials with leaves, put the two fungus materials on the upper layer, put the sclerotia in the same way, and then cover it with a layer of leaves and soil.

2. Fixed bed cultivation

When planting, dig up the cultivated fungus bed, take out the fungus stick on it, and keep the fungus material below. After indirectly planting sclerotia, cover the leaves to fill the gap between the materials, plant the fungus material on the upper layer, and cover the soil 10cm.

(5) Site management

Polyporus umbellatus should not be turned and trampled by livestock after planting. In the north where there is less rain, soil moisture should be checked frequently, so that the soil moisture content often reaches 40-50%, especially in the peak period of Grifola umbellata growth in July and August. In case of drought, water should be diverted for irrigation to ensure the normal growth of Grifola umbellata.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Polyporus umbellatus is a perennial fungus, and its yield is not high within one or two years after planting, especially in cold mountainous areas and the north, and its growth rate is slow. It takes three or four years to grow vigorously and yield high. But if it is harvested for too long, the fungus will rot, which will also affect the growth of Polyporus umbellatus. Therefore, it should be harvested in the autumn of the third and fourth years after planting, and all the fungus materials and sclerotia in the cultivation hole should be dug out, and the sclerotia with soft sclerotia and grayish brown should be selected as seed bacteria. The black and hard old core should be taken out of the sediment and dried for medicine. In the cultivation hole, a layer of surrounding soil can be shoveled to continue planting Agaricus blazei, and old fungus materials that are still strong, free from infection of miscellaneous bacteria and full of Armillaria mellea can be selected, and new wood segments can be added twice to continue cultivation, or newly cultivated fungus materials can be used for accompanying cultivation.

edible white fungus

(Yue Dechao, Huang, Pan Shimin)

Tremella fuciformis Also known as auricularia auricula, auricularia auricula. It belongs to the annual edible medicinal fungi of Basidiomycotina, Kelp, Cladosporium, Tremella fuciformis and Tremella fuciformis. It is distributed all over the world, mainly in China, Japan, Cuba, the West Indies, the United States and Brazil. China is mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Fujian, Hubei, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Shaanxi and Taiwan Province provinces. The most famous are tremella fuciformis in Tongjiang, Sichuan and tremella fuciformis in Zhangzhou, Fujian. Taking fruiting body as medicine. Flat in nature, sweet and light in taste and non-toxic. Has the effects of moistening lung, promoting fluid production, nourishing yin, nourishing stomach, invigorating qi and blood, and strengthening brain and heart. Indications: cough due to lung heat, chronic cough with itchy throat, expectoration with blood, etc. Modern medical research shows that its chemical components mainly contain polysaccharide, protein, fat, resin and mucus. Firstly, three kinds of acidic polysaccharides were isolated from fruiting bodies by Ukai et al. (1972) in Japan, and it was pointed out that the anti-tumor activity of tremella produced in Japan was higher than that of tremella produced in China. In China, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College (1975) uses fruiting bodies to make polysaccharide injection for clinical application, which can improve the lymphocyte transformation rate of leukemia patients. The pharmacological test results of Institute of Radiology, China Academy of Medical Sciences (1978) show that it can protect mice from acute radiation injury, improve leukopenia caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy, enhance immunity and protect bone marrow.

In recent years, Fujian Sanming Institute of Fungi and Sichuan Institute of Antimicrobial Industry have used tremella fuciformis submerged culture to produce tremella fuciformis sugar, which has certain curative effect in the clinical treatment of chronic bronchitis, cor pulmonale and chronic pulmonary heart disease. Yinmi tablet (a compound preparation produced by fermentation of tremella fuciformis and Armillaria mellea mycelium) has good curative effect on coronary heart disease and angina pectoris.

I. Morphological characteristics

Tremella fuciformis consists of mycelium and fruiting body. The mycelium is slender, with branches and septa, gray-white, spreading and growing in the matrix, decomposing and absorbing nutrients and moisture in the matrix, and forming fruiting bodies when conditions are suitable. When the fruiting body first grows, it is a small piece of white paste, and when the temperature and humidity are suitable, it gradually grows into pure white. It consists of many thin and wrinkled petals, which are shaped like chrysanthemums or cockscomb flowers, with different sizes and a diameter of 5- 12 cm. The surface is smooth, rich in gum, elastic and translucent. When dry, it is horny, hard and brittle, white or beige, and can be restored after absorbing water. Its dry-to-fresh ratio is 1: 8-40.

The seed layer consists of countless basidiospores all over the petal surface, and the basidiospores are buried deep in the seed layer. Each basidiospore is divided into four cells vertically or slightly obliquely, and the top of each cell is elongated into a slender stalk extending below the surface of the seed layer, which is called basidiospore, and basidiospores are born on the basidiospore stalk. Basidiomycetes are ovoid or nearly spherical,12-13×10μ m, colorless and transparent; Spores are nearly spherical, 6-7.5× 4-6 microns, colorless and transparent. When the basidiospores mature, they can spring to new places and germinate and reproduce under suitable conditions (Figure 21-13).

Fig. 21-13 morphological diagram of tremella fuciformis.

1. fruiting body 2. Basket 3. Spore 4. Basket crosscutting

(Imitating Liu Bo)

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions

1. Nutrition

Tremella is a kind of heterotrophs, which usually lives on fallen trees in nature. The utilization ability of cellulose, lignin and other substances is poor, and only simple carbohydrates can be used. When growing on a piece of wood, it can only grow and develop through the decomposition of cellulose by the associated bacteria (Xianghui mycelium).

2. Temperature

The germination of spores, the growth of hyphae and the formation of fruiting bodies all need to be carried out under warm conditions. The optimum temperature for spore germination is 22-25℃. The optimum temperature for mycelium growth is 20-25℃. It is easy to break into arthrospores at 30℃, and it grows slowly when it is too low. The mycelium in auricularia auricula can resist cold; The optimum temperature for fruiting body growth is 20-25℃. At this temperature, not only the fruiting body grows fastest, but also the ear piece is thick and the yield is high. If it is lower than 20℃ or higher than 25℃, it is not conducive to the growth of fruiting bodies. Variable temperature culture or low temperature stimulation is beneficial to the formation of fruiting bodies.

Step 3: Moisture

In the growth stage, the moisture content of wood is required to be 45-50%, and mycelium grows rapidly and healthily. In the heading stage, the fruiting body needs to absorb a lot of water, and the relative humidity of the air should be kept above 90-95%, so that the fruiting body can be formed continuously. Therefore, in the process of cultivation, it is one of the important measures to control and adjust the water content and air humidity of wood at different growth and development stages to obtain high and stable yield.

4. Air

Tremella fuciformis is an aerobic fungus, which needs oxygen in the whole growth and development stage. In the mycelium stage, the mycelium grows slowly under the condition of high oxygen demand but low oxygen. The fruiting body needs more oxygen in the growth and development stage. Lack of oxygen, late separation of free radicals, difficulty in membrane opening and poor yellow color. Humid environmental conditions are easy to cause ear rot and the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.

lamplight

Light is related to the growth and development of tremella fuciformis. Tremella fuciformis can't produce fruiting bodies under dark conditions, and it doesn't grow well under strong light. The tremella cultivated by scattered light is white and of good quality.

6.pH value

The suitable pH value for spore germination and mycelium growth is between 5.2 and 5.8. The optimum pH value of mixed culture of Tremella fuciformis mycelium and Cinnamomum camphora mycelium on sawdust is between 5 and 6.

(2) Life history

Mature tremella tremella basidiospores have ejection force. After being beaten by wind, rain and insect vectors, the mature tremella tremella basidiospores germinate and grow into mycelium-like bud tubes under suitable conditions, forming mononuclear hyphae, and two kinds of mononuclear hyphae with different sexes form binuclear hyphae through mating. Mycelium decomposes and absorbs nutrients and moisture in the matrix, and grows and develops continuously. After a certain stage, the fruiting body is formed by gelatinization. When the fruiting body matures, it produces basidiospores and reproduces the next generation. Under suitable conditions, it takes about 45-60 days to complete such a cycle.

Third, cultivation techniques.

China is the first country to cultivate tremella in the world. 1894 started in Tongjiang county, Sichuan province, and then spread to Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hubei, Fujian and other provinces. In the past, natural inoculation was carried out with wood segments, and the yield was very low. Now, because the pure strain of tremella has been successfully isolated and cultured, and artificial inoculation has been carried out on wood, the survival rate has been ensured, so the yield has been greatly improved and the quality of tremella produced is excellent. At present, the cultivation method of segmented wood is still used in production. Because the bag planting method can save wood, the growth period is short, the conditions are easy to control and manage, and the output is several times higher than that of wood-saving cultivation, so the bag planting method is constantly popularized. In recent years, the methods of planting tremella in bottle and brick pond have also been successful.

(A) the cultivation method of tremella fuciformis

1. Sectional wood cultivation method

(1) Selection of Ear Tree Because the mycelium of Tremella fuciformis has a weak ability to decompose cellulose, it is appropriate to choose a pine tree with a diameter of 3- 10 cm, which is rich in nutrition, high in water content and developed in sapwood.

(2) Preparation of wood segments

It is best to cut down trees when the leaves fall in autumn and the new buds just grow in the next year, because at this time, the trees have the richest nutrients, the highest soluble sugar content and the closest combination between bark and wood, so the bark is not easy to fall off after cutting. At the same time, pruning should be carried out in sunny days or continuous sunny days after rain. Trees with high water content and easy to turn green and germinate need to be dried. In Shanghai, the heat treatment methods of "soaking in boiling water" and "steaming" can not only promote the complete death of logs, but also adjust the water content in the trees, kill insects and sterilize them, promote the growth of tremella fuciformis mycelium and ensure the high and stable yield of tremella fuciformis. However, after heat treatment, in the cultivation management, the water consumption should not be too much, so as not to cause premature aging of tremella mycelium.

(3) inoculating wood segments

The inoculation time mainly depends on mastering the appropriate temperature conditions for inoculation. At the same time, the temperature varies greatly from place to place, which should be determined according to the local specific temperature situation. Inoculation time is divided into spring and autumn, and it is appropriate to inoculate when the temperature is stable at 15- 18℃. High temperature, easy to be contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria. Low temperature, slow growth. It is better to keep the moisture content of profile at about 40%. It's best to do it on cloudy days or after rain in Chu Qing. Too dry will affect the colonization and growth of mycelium, too wet will lead to mold growth, early emergence and premature aging. Therefore, it is best to spray dry wood in advance or soak it in clear water for a period of time, and then cut or perforate it for inoculation after it is dried by steam. The inoculation method can adopt the method of inoculating liquid strain and solid strain together, which has high survival rate and can prevent pollution. The specific operation is to use the belt of1.1-1.2 cm to punch the inoculation hole, with the hole depth of 1.5cm and the diameter of 1cm, and soak it in rice washing water (1: 1). Inoculation holes should not be too close. Generally, the hole spacing is 7-8 cm, the row spacing is 3-4 cm, and the hole depth is 1.5-2 cm. The cross section of both ends can also be connected with a hole, and the distance can be adjusted according to the thickness of wood and wood segments.

(4) The sweaty parts of wood accumulation

Immediately after inoculation, logs and sweat are piled up. The purpose is to make the strain better colonize and grow on wood. Sweating is essentially a fermentation process. In this process, some organic substances in wood are decomposed, and the decomposition products are easily absorbed by tremella spores and hyphae, thus contributing to the germination of spores and the growth of hyphae. Profile stacking place should master the principle of choosing a mild place when the temperature is low and a cool place when the temperature is high. It is best to have a sunny hillside, the ground is cool, and the ground is not too wet to facilitate growth and prevent mold pollution. Wood blocks can usually be divided into two types: well-shaped and shingles. If the site is dry, or the wood blocks pile up into shingles instead of drying, it is beneficial to keep moisture; If the site is wet or the wood section is wet, it can be piled in a well shape to facilitate water evaporation. Stacking height should be 70-80 cm. After the wood is piled, if the temperature is below 20℃, we should pay attention to heat preservation. You can cover the pile of wood with leaf curtains or plastic film. If the temperature has reached above 20℃, you should pay attention to moisturizing. You don't have to cover that pile with plastic film. In 7- 10 days, it is generally not advisable to lift the cover (leaves and straw curtains), and try to keep the temperature in the reactor at 20-25℃ and the relative humidity of the air above. After stacking, turn over the pile every 7-8 days, and combine with water spraying or ventilation to turn over the pile for the first time. If the wood is too dry, spray water underground to keep it moist. Change the length of wood from inside to outside and from top to bottom to adjust the drying humidity. As long as the temperature and humidity are suitable, ear buds can be found in about 20 days, and a large number of ear buds begin to grow in one month. If the temperature in the pile is too low and the humidity is low, it will take more than one month to germinate the ear buds. Therefore, it is necessary to check and adjust the humidity and temperature in time. If the survival rate is found to be too low, replant it in time. The main criterion for survival after inoculation is whether there are gray-black striped fragrant ash hyphae on the inner wall of inoculation hole and its adjacent tissues. The inspection method can cut open the shallow layer near the inoculation hole to see if the mycelium of camphor tree grows. As long as the strain is of good quality and contains enough tremella hyphae. With the spreading and growth of gray hyphae, tremella fuciformis hyphae can grow smoothly.

(5) The cultivation method of tremella fuciformis is wood cutting.

There are many ways to cultivate tremella, such as tunnel cultivation, shade shed cultivation, shade cultivation, valley cultivation and so on. No matter which cultivation method is adopted, factors such as temperature, humidity, light, ventilation, pests and diseases need to be considered comprehensively. According to specific conditions and local conditions, each region can choose appropriate cultivation methods. (1) Tunnel culture: Choose places with high terrain, sticky soil, good water retention, convenient drainage, good ventilation and clean environment to dig pits or rebuild with ditches. The pit depth is 1m, the bottom width is 2m, and the surface width is 3m. Brick or gravel is laid on the ground to prevent accumulated water and silt from polluting auricularia and affecting the growth of tremella. Dig a drain with a width of 10cm on both sides of the pit bottom, bury 1-2 rows of bifurcated stakes, and put long bamboo poles horizontally on them to discharge ear wood, leaving a working channel in the middle. Scaffolding shall be erected above the pit, with a height of 2-2.5m and a length of 10- 15m. There is a door at each end and 2-3 windows at each side (which can support ventilation). The roof of the shed is covered with a straw curtain, and vines such as melons and beans can be planted around the shed to shade and cool down. The advantages of tunnel cultivation are little influence by external climatic conditions, good temperature regulation, moisture retention and ventilation. (2) Shade shed cultivation: Choose the flat land which is sheltered from the wind, facing the sun and near the water, set up a shed on the ground, with the height of 2-2.5m, surrounded by reed mats or grass curtains on all sides, with doors and windows opened at both ends, dig a diversion ditch with a width of 10cm on the ground, spread bricks or sand on the mud, set up a bracket, and put ear wood obliquely. (3) Shading cultivation: it is a cultivation method that auricularia auricula is arranged in the shade by using mountain forests or nurseries. When discharging, use masonry as a cushion, put two tree poles on it, and put the ear wood on the floor. This method has good moisture retention, can reduce the number of water spraying, and has less rotten ears. ④ Trench planting: spread auricularia auricula in a narrow ditch, build a shed or cover it with ready-made shade, and adjust the temperature, humidity and light.

2. Bottle cultivation

Which is a method for bottle planting tremella by using sawdust. This method is suitable for cities and regions lacking trees. Its advantages are saving a lot of wood and short growth period. Measures can be taken to raise and lower the temperature, and cultivation can be carried out all year round. The conditions are easy to control, the management is convenient, the pests and diseases are reduced, and the output is several times higher than that of material saving. But there must be a sterilization pot, a sterile room, a culture room and a culture bottle. Bottle cultivation is becoming more and more popular.

Preparation of (1) sawdust culture medium

① ingredients: dried sawdust (or cottonseed hull) 7 1.5%, rice bran or bran 25%, sucrose 1%, gypsum powder 1%, bean cake powder 1%, magnesium sulfate 0.05%, appropriate amount of water, and pH value of 5.2-5. (2) Preparation: Weigh the required raw materials according to the above proportion, mix sawdust, rice bran, bean cake powder and gypsum evenly, then add dissolved sugar, magnesium sulfate aqueous solution and water, mix them fully and evenly, and then put them into a jar and bottle, and then compact them moderately while loading, with the height being about 65,438+/-0 cm below the bottle mouth, and punch holes in the middle, with a depth of 2cm and a width of 65,500 cm.

(2) Inoculation

After the culture medium is cooled, aseptic inoculation is carried out in an inoculation room or an inoculation box. The original seed must have the characteristics of high panicle rate, strong vitality, white color, thick meat, easy opening and strong mycelium. Remove the primordia of fruiting bodies from the original seeds with an inoculation shovel, pick the original seeds with the size of peanut kernels, put them into the inoculation port, gently compact them, wrap them with a film and tie them tightly with a rubber band.

(3) Culture

After inoculation, it was cultured in a culture room at 22-25℃. After 3 days, white hyphae can grow at the inoculation port. The relative humidity of indoor air should be kept below 60% within 10 days.

(4) Open a bottle of paper

After 8- 10 days of culture, when mycelium grows 3-4 cm downward in the culture medium, in order to increase the oxygen demand of mycelium, the covered film is removed and replaced with a kraft paper sleeve with a height of 3-4 cm, so that fresh air can enter the bottle and promote the growth of mycelium. After further culture for 5- 10 days, when the hyphae on the inoculation block become thicker, red and yellow water drops appear and tremella primordium is formed, the ventilation of the culture room should be increased to increase the relative humidity of the air by about 80% to promote the formation of fruiting bodies.

3. Plastic bag cultivation

This method is labor-saving, labor-saving and low-cost, which is worth further research and popularization.

(1) Plastic bag specification

Generally, high temperature resistant plastic bags with a length of 40-50 cm and a width of 15-20 cm can be used.

(2) Composition and preparation of culture medium

Sawdust is the same as bottle planting, or cottonseed hull and corncob powder are used instead of sawdust. When loading, it should be properly compacted. When the mouth of the bag is 2/3, a bamboo tube with a diameter of 3-4 cm should be inserted, the nozzle should be plugged with a cotton plug and wrapped with moisture-proof paper. Each bag should be cut with 4-5 holes with a diameter of 2-2.5 cm, and pressed into inoculation holes with a diameter of 1.5cm with a wooden stick. Then stick an adhesive tape with a diameter of 3.5cm, sterilize it with 1.5kg/cm2 for 2 hours, and put it in the inoculation room for later use. When inoculating, it takes two people to operate. One person opens the corner of the adhesive tape next to the alcohol lamp, and the other person quickly connects the strain to the inoculation hole, gently compresses it and immediately seals the original adhesive tape.

(3) Culture

The culture conditions are the same as those of tremella in bottles.

(2) Cultivation management

1. Adjust the temperature

The optimum temperature for the growth of fruiting body is 20-25℃, whether it is wood-planted tremella, bottle-planted tremella or plastic bag-planted tremella. When the temperature is low, pay attention to wind and heat preservation. When the temperature is high, tremella grows fast, but the ear piece is thin, which is easy to cause ear rot. Therefore, shielding and ventilation should be strengthened, and clean water should be sprayed on the floor and ceiling to keep the temperature below 28℃.

control humidity

When the fruiting body of Tremella fuciformis grows, when the moisture content of Auricularia fuciformis is kept at 40-45% and the relative humidity of air is kept at 90-95%, Tremella fuciformis grows vigorously and rapidly, and its color is white and big.

ventilate

The growth of tremella requires a certain amount of oxygen, the indoor air is fresh, and the fruiting body is well opened and white. Therefore, the breeding place must keep the air circulating. When the temperature is high, ventilation is better in the morning; When the temperature is low, ventilation at noon is appropriate. Ventilation time should be increased in rainy season and high temperature season.

(3) Pests and diseases and their control

In the whole cultivation process of tremella fuciformis, the segments and fruiting bodies are vulnerable to pests and diseases, especially in the case of high temperature and humidity and poor ventilation.

Nematodes

(Bacillus. )

It is the main pathogen causing ear rot. 0.5% iodine solution can prevent nematodiasis and stimulate the growth of tremella. After wood spraying, there are few rotten ears, and the fruiting bodies are strong and grow well. It can also be sprayed with 1% glacial acetic acid or vinegar diluted 4 times to inhibit the reproduction of nematodes. If the fungus is seriously damaged, the rotten fungus can be dug out, washed and dried for a few days until the nematodes are removed.