Geographical and climatic types around the world

Due to the different latitudes, land and sea locations, atmospheric circulation, topography, ocean currents and other factors, the temperature and precipitation conditions in different parts of the world are also different, thus forming different climate types.

For a long time, the judgment of climate type has been difficult for students to master when they study. Faced with climate data, many students feel at a loss and can't judge. Introduce some experiences in judging climate types for students' reference.

In junior high school geography study, students need to know the 13 climate type. 13 According to the division of five zones on the earth, climate types can be roughly divided into tropical climate, subtropical climate, temperate climate, frigid climate and alpine plateau climate. In order to facilitate learning and memory, the author summarizes the distribution area and climate characteristics of 13 climate type in the following table (see next page) for students' reference when studying. At the same time, students should keep in mind eight words: set the belt by temperature and set the shape by water, which is related to the understanding and judgment of climate types involved in junior high school geography, that is, to read the annual temperature change curve and monthly precipitation map.

First, look at the monthly average temperature, determine the temperature zone, and determine the main climate types.

The average monthly temperature is above 20℃ for tropical climate, and below 10℃ for frigid climate and alpine plateau climate; the average monthly temperature in Leng Yue is between 0℃ and 10℃ for subtropical climate or temperate maritime climate; the average monthly temperature in Leng Yue is below 0℃, and the average temperature in the hottest month is above 15℃.

Secondly, according to the monthly precipitation and annual precipitation, the climate types in three temperature zones (tropical zone, temperate zone and cold zone) are subdivided.

Tropical climate: in the tropical climate, there is a lot of precipitation in each month (the month with monthly precipitation above 100mm is a rainy month), which is a tropical rainforest climate, and the climate with little precipitation in each month is a tropical desert climate. There are rainy season (rainy season) and dry season (dry season) in a year, which is tropical monsoon climate or savanna climate. In order to distinguish the two climates, we should look at temperature and rainfall. The highest temperature appears in May, and the annual precipitation is above 1500mm.

Subtropical climate: in the subtropical climate, the high temperature period is consistent with the rainy period, and the monthly average temperature curve and monthly precipitation histogram are "pagoda-shaped", which are subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate respectively (some textbooks combine these two climates into one climate type); If the high temperature period is consistent with the low rainfall period, and the monthly average temperature curve and monthly precipitation histogram are "lip-shaped", it must be a Mediterranean climate.

Temperate climate: in temperate climate, if the high temperature period is consistent with the rainy period, the monthly average temperature curve and the monthly precipitation histogram are also "pagoda-shaped", which should belong to temperate monsoon climate or temperate continental climate. The way to distinguish the two is to look at the precipitation: generally, the annual precipitation in temperate monsoon climate is more than 400mm, and the annual temperature difference is small, otherwise it is temperate continental climate. In addition, the monthly precipitation is very uniform, and the summer temperature is between 10℃ and 20℃, which is a temperate maritime climate. The coniferous forest climate, which is cool and short in summer, cold and long in winter, and has little annual precipitation, is a climate type of transition from temperate climate to cold climate.

Cold zone climate and alpine plateau climate: the climate with monthly average temperature below 0℃ is ice sheet climate, and the climate with hottest monthly average temperature between 0℃ and 10℃ is tundra climate; The natural landscape of the plateau and mountainous areas in the middle and low latitudes changes obviously vertically, and the climate with extremely low summer temperature (generally lower than 10℃) is extremely cold plateau climate. In this way, the climate of ice sheet, tundra and alpine plateau is distinguished.

In a word, looking at the temperature, the precipitation and the climate characteristics formed by the combination of temperature and precipitation are the three keys to distinguish climate types. As long as students analyze the climate types from these three aspects, the problems they encounter will be solved.

Third, the problems that should be paid attention to when judging the climate type

The hottest month in the northern hemisphere is July (summer), the hottest month in Leng Yue is 65438+ 10 (winter), and the hottest month in the ocean and the hottest month in Leng Yue are delayed by one month each. Because the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres are opposite, the hottest months in the southern hemisphere and Leng Yue are just opposite to the northern hemisphere.

Fourth, remember the confusing climate types.

1. savanna climate and tropical monsoon climate.

The difference between them lies in the difference of annual precipitation: the annual precipitation in tropical monsoon climate is more than 1500mm, which is divided into two seasons: drought and rain; The annual precipitation in tropical grassland climate is less, generally between 750mm- 1000mm, which is divided into dry season and rainy season.

2. Tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate.

The differences are as follows: ① The monthly average minimum temperature is different: the monthly average minimum temperature in tropical monsoon climate is higher than 20℃, the monthly average minimum temperature in subtropical monsoon climate is higher than 0℃, and the monthly average minimum temperature in temperate monsoon climate is lower than 0℃. ② Precipitation decreases in turn: the annual precipitation in tropical monsoon climate is the most, the annual precipitation in subtropical monsoon climate is the second, and the annual precipitation in temperate monsoon climate is the least.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) summarizes the distribution area of climate types.

1. There are four climate types that are only distributed in the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere: tropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate, sub-frigid coniferous forest climate and tundra climate.

2. There are only three monsoon climates distributed on the east coast of the mainland: tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate.

3. There are only three climates distributed on the west coast of the mainland: tropical desert climate, Mediterranean climate and temperate maritime climate.

4. The continent with the most complicated climate type is North America, with 1 1 species. Followed by Asia, with 10 species.

5. The climate of six continents (except Antarctica) is Mediterranean climate and alpine plateau climate.