Several breakthroughs in the history of science

Several Breakthroughs in the History of Science 65438+Three Breakthroughs in the Field of Science in the 9th Century

1, cell theory

2. Darwin's theory of evolution

3. Law of conservation and transformation of energy

A major theoretical breakthrough in the field of science in the 20th century.

1, quantum theory and quantum mechanics

2. Special relativity and general relativity

3.DNA double helix structure model and modern genetic theory.

4. Information theory, cybernetics and system theory.

5. Godel's Incomplete Theorem and other mathematical achievements.

6. Chaos theory and nonlinear science

7. Continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory.

8. Big Bang Theory and Modern Universe Evolution Theory

Three breakthroughs in scientific concepts in the history of human civilization: the law of universal gravitation and relativistic quantum theory.

Debate in the history of science. Who invented calculus first?

Second, the "complementary principle" or "causal determinism"

Third, is matter infinitely divisible?

4. Are the organic and inorganic structural components the same?

Is the earth like an orange or a watermelon?

How are the rocks on the earth's surface formed?

7. Is there a Quaternary glacier in Lushan Mountain?

Eight, is it "a hundred schools of thought contend" or "unique"

9. Where did creatures originally come from?

10. Where did humans first come from?

This is from the book ~ I don't know if you have found it ~

The topic is ten scientific debates.

Today in the history of science is 165438+ 10/3.

1907165438+1October 13, French engineer Kearney successfully tested the first aircraft using rotors.

During the periods of 1954,165438+13,13, the workers in the refinery of Shuikoushan Mining Bureau in China set a world record for the quality of pyrometallurgical zinc, and the zinc content was over 99.9%.

1984, 165438+ 13 10, Japan transmitted newspaper pages by satellite for the first time, which is also the first time in the world, and ushered in the cosmic era of news release.

1985+065438+1October 13, Haimen bridge, the largest open highway bridge in China, was completed and opened to traffic in Tianjin. The completion of Haimen Bridge has fundamentally solved the traffic difficulties on both sides of Haihe River in Tanggu area, which is beneficial to the development and construction of this area.

On June 65438+June 65438+1October 65438+March 3, the transit of mercury occurred. The last transit day is1973165438+10/0. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, with the largest mass and radius.

1989165438+1October 13 The European Lepo electron-positron collider, the largest particle accelerator in the world, was built. The Lepo Electron-Positron Collider is located in an underground tunnel under Jura Mountain on the border between France and Switzerland. The tunnel is 50 to150m deep, 3.8m in diameter and 27,000m in circumference.

Today is 165438+ 10/0/4.

Today is World Diabetes Day.

1765438+65438 In 2006+14 10, Leibniz, a famous German natural scientist and mathematician, died. Together with Newton, he was called the creator of calculus and the pioneer of mathematical logic.

65438+165438 in0854+14 In October, a storm overthrew the flagship of the British-French joint fleet. Therefore, French King Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte ordered Le Verrier, director of the Paris Observatory, to find out the movement law of the storm. Le Verrier drew the weather conditions from June 165438+ 10/2 to June 16 on a piece of paper, and analyzed the movement law of the storm. This picture is the first weather map in the world. With the weather map, you can make a weather forecast.

June165438+1October14,65438, 33 kilometers south of Ireland, suddenly exploded, and the smoke column was as high as 1000 meters. Two days later, a new island was formed, with a width of 500m and a height of150m.

165438+ 10/4 is the birthday of Fulton, an American inventor and the world's first steam-powered ship maker. Fulton worked hard to develop the steamboat, and finally made the first steamboat "clermont" successfully put into trial in 1807. Fulton also invented the canal gate and the hemp spinning machine.

65438+February 28th1882 65438+February 28th British astrophysicist in the history of science.

Feng is dead.

1923 65438+On February 28th, the builder of the Eiffel Tower passed away.

1929 65438+On February 28th, the Red Army held Gutian Conference.

1944 65438+Hungary declared war on Germany temporarily on February 28th.

1945 65438+On February 28th, American novelist Dreiser died.

1957 65438+On February 28th, the first tricycle in China was born.

On February 28th, scientist Qian passed away.

197865438+On February 28th, the regulations of the State Council Invention Award were issued.

197965438+On February 28th, the selection of the top ten athletes in China was announced.

1984 65438+On February 28th, Shanghai Port became one of the top ten ports in the world.

1984 65438+On February 28th, Tianjin Metro, the second subway in China, was completed and opened to traffic.

1985 65438+On February 28th, the first batch of patent certificates issued by China was held in Beijing.

On February 28th, Gao Min's Xu Yanmei was named the best diver in the world.

1988 65438+On February 28th, hundreds of millions of new oilfields were discovered in Shengli Oilfield.

199065438+On February 28th, the first female film director in New China passed away.

199065438+On February 28th, British writer Rushdie made a confession statement.

199265438+On February 28th, the painter Li Luogong passed away.

199265438+On February 28th, the viaduct of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge was completed.

1995 65438+Guangmeishan Railway and Bay Bridge were opened to traffic on February 28th.

Examples in the history of science: rwxy.tsinghua.edu./rwfg/yd * * * 2/* * jj/0050.htm.

Accidental Meeting in the History of Science When Watt saw the water boiling in the kettle, he opened the lid of the kettle and suddenly thought of the steam engine. Oster told the students an experiment in class. Suddenly, he saw that the electrified wire deflected the small magnetic needle beside him and found that there was a magnetic field around the current. Chemist Kekule dreamed that a snake bit his tail and woke up to find a benzene ring structure.

More famous is Newton's discovery of the law of gravity, which suddenly occurred to him when he was thinking under a tree and was hit by a falling apple (it is said that there may be no such thing at all); Watt opened the lid of the kettle when the water in the kettle was boiling, and suddenly thought of the steam engine; Oster told the students an experiment in class. Suddenly, he saw that the electrified wire deflected the small magnetic needle beside him and found that there was a magnetic field around the current. Chemist Kekule dreamed that a snake bit his tail and woke up to find a benzene ring structure.

What are the three major breakthroughs in the history of mathematics development? 1. Pythagoras was a famous mathematician and philosopher in ancient Greece in the fifth century BC. He once founded a school of mysticism: Pythagoras School, which integrates politics, scholarship and religion. Pythagoras' famous proposition "Everything is a number" is the philosophical cornerstone of this school. "All numbers can be expressed as integers or the ratio of integers" is the mathematical belief of this school. After the Pythagorean theorem was put forward, hippasus, a member of his school, considered a question: What is the diagonal length of a square with a side length of 1? He found that this length can not be expressed by integer or fraction, but only by a new number. Hippasus's discovery led to the birth of the first irrational number √2 in the history of mathematics. The paradox of this conclusion lies in its conflict with common sense: any quantity can be expressed as a rational number within any precision range. However, the conclusion that is convinced by our experience and completely in line with common sense is overturned by the existence of a small √2! This directly led to the crisis of people's understanding at that time, which led to a big storm in the history of western mathematics, known as the "first mathematical crisis." More than two thousand years later, the real number theory established by mathematicians destroyed it. 2. The second mathematical crisis stems from the use of calculus tools. Becker hit the nail on the head and pointed out that Newton took △x as 0 and △x as 0 when he took the derivative of x n (n is a positive integer), which was a serious contradiction and almost made calculus stagnate. Later, Cauchy and Wilstrass put forward that infinitesimal is a variable that is infinitely close to 0, but it will never be equal to 0, and firmly established calculus on the basis of strict limit theory, thus eliminating this mathematical crisis! 3./kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, Cantor founded the famous theory of * * *. 1900, at the international congress of mathematicians, poincare, a famous French mathematician, declared cheerfully: "... with the concept of * * *, we can build the whole mathematical building ... today, we can say that we have reached absolute strictness ..." However, the good times did not last long. 1903, a news that shocked the mathematical community came out: * * * * theory is flawed! This is the famous Russell paradox put forward by British mathematician Russell. Russell constructed a * * * S: S is composed of all * * * that are not its own elements. Then Russell asked: Does S belong to S? According to law of excluded middle, an element belongs to either * * * or not * * *. So for a given * * *, it is meaningful to ask whether it belongs to you. But this seemingly reasonable question, the answer will be in a dilemma. If s belongs to s, according to the definition of s, s does not belong to s; On the other hand, if S does not belong to S, then S also belongs to S by definition. It is contradictory in any case. It can be said that this paradox is like throwing a boulder on the calm water of mathematics, which caused great repercussions and led to the third mathematical crisis. After the crisis, mathematicians put forward their own solutions. For example, the ZF axiomatic system. The solution to this problem is only now in progress. The root of Russell's paradox is that there is no restriction on * * * in the theory of * * *, so that Russell can construct all "too big" theories of * * *. The restriction on the structure of * * * is still a huge mathematical problem!

Breakthroughs in the history of chemistry: The background, process, theoretical struggle and great theoretical significance of two major breakthroughs in the history of stereochemistry, namely 1874 Van Hoff's carbon tetrahedron theory and 1950 Barton's conformation analysis, are used to explore the regularity of the development of stereochemistry.

The carbon tetrahedron theory put forward by Van Hof in 1874 marks the establishment of stereochemistry. For more than 100 years, the basic idea of this theory has been a part of the core theory of organic chemistry, which not only laid the foundation for the future development of stereochemistry, but also has far-reaching significance for the whole organic chemistry.

Russian chemist lomonosov once said: "Chemistry and physics are interrelated. Without this, it would be imperfect. " Engels also attached great importance to the boundary between chemistry and physics. He said, "It is here that we can expect the greatest results." Since the 1920s, many important molecular quantitative features have been obtained by physical methods. The geometric shapes of atoms in organic molecules and crystals are studied by modern electrophotography, X-ray and spectral analysis.

Comparing the above two major breakthroughs in stereochemistry, we can see some similarities. First of all, these two breakthroughs were achieved by adopting new research methods. For the first time, they violated the idea of empirical methodology and adopted theoretical speculation. For the second time, it broke through the pure chemical method and adopted the physical measurement method. Secondly, the formation of these two breakthroughs has a strong theoretical demand, which is the result of the accumulation of chemical facts. The first time was in the second half of19th century. A large number of chemists studied isomers, which led to the development of structural theory. The second time was the study of natural compounds, which attracted a large number of chemists who needed tools to explain. These conditions are very important for the formation of the two breakthroughs, which constitute the direct driving factor for the development of the theory and also prepare the soil for the acceptance of the theory.

What are the major breakthroughs in the history of navigation? According to legend, more than 4,000 years ago, in the Central Plains of northern China, the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought several large-scale wars in Zhuolu. The battle lasted for half a year, and it is still inconclusive. It stands to reason that the Yellow Emperor should be able to win this battle, because his tribe is stronger and represents justice. But whenever the battle is about to win, there will always be a sudden fog, which makes Shan Ye dizzy and makes people confused, so it is wasted every time. The Yellow Emperor thought that the fog had fallen strangely, so he sent people up the mountain to investigate the movement of the Chiyou tribe and found that all these fogs were caused by Chiyou's witchcraft. After the Yellow Emperor returned to the camp, with the help of the fairy, he made a guide car. With the help of the guided car, the Yellow Emperor led the army out of the fog and finally defeated Chiyou and won the war.

A compass has the same function as a compass. The compass is a simple tool to tell the direction. Its predecessor was Sina, one of the four great inventions in ancient China. The main component of the compass is a magnetic needle that can rotate freely on the shaft, and the magnetic needle can be kept in the tangential direction of magnetic meridian under the action of geomagnetic field. The north pole of the magnetic needle points to the geographical north pole, which can be used to identify the direction.

Once the compass was invented, it was quickly applied to military affairs, production, daily life, topographic survey and other aspects, especially navigation. "Zhou Ping Ketan" records: "A sailor knows geography, but he watches the stars at night, the sun by day and the compass in the dark." This is the earliest record of using a compass in the history of world navigation. /kloc-After 0/2 century, the compass spread to all countries and Europe, which greatly promoted the development of world navigation and cultural exchanges between China and the West. The invention of the compass is a great contribution of the Chinese nation to world civilization. Marx once called the invention of compass, printing and gunpowder "a necessary prerequisite for bourgeois development".