Tropical detailed data collection

Tropical, located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, on both sides of the equator, between 23 26' south latitude, accounting for 39.8% of the global total area.

The English name of the Tropics is tropics. The sun is high in this area all year round. In the vast area between the Tropic of Cancer, there are direct sunlight twice a year. On the tropic of cancer, there is only direct sunlight once a year. Moreover, the height of the sun is very high at noon all the year round, with little change. Therefore, this area can get strong sunshine all year round, and the climate is hot, which is called the tropics. On the equator, the length of day and night is equal throughout the year. From the equator to the Tropic of Cancer, the length of day and night changes gradually. On the regression line, the difference between the longest day and the shortest day is 2 hours and 50 minutes. It can be seen that in tropical areas, the latitude difference of astronomical phenomena is very small. Tropical areas are characterized by high temperature all year round, with a small range, only relatively hot seasons and cool seasons or rainy and dry seasons. The annual temperature is greater than 16 degrees Celsius.

Chinese name: Tropical mbth: Tropical lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the South. Climatic characteristics: the annual temperature is relatively high, and the boundaries of four seasons are not obvious, including the climatic characteristics, climate distribution, regional plants, tropical crops, tropical rainforests, countries, cities, peaks, Asia, Africa, Oceania, North America and South America. Tropical Diet, Tropical Legends and Climatic Characteristics The most striking feature of tropical climate is that the annual temperature is relatively high, the annual average temperature is greater than 16 degrees Celsius, the boundaries of the four seasons are not obvious, and the daily variation is greater than the annual variation. Due to the difference between surface and precipitation, tropical climate shows different characteristics, including relatively hot season and cool season or rainy season and dry season. Broadly speaking, equatorial climate can also be classified as tropical climate. Equatorial climate refers to the climate within 5- 10 degrees on both sides of the equator. The annual average precipitation is 1000-3000 mm, and the precipitation distribution is relatively uniform. The annual average temperature is 25-28℃, the humidity is relatively high, and the meteorological elements change little every year. Near the equator, it is humid, hot and rainy all the year round. During the day, the weather changes are often monotonous and full of regularity. In the early morning, the weather is clear and cool. Near noon, the cumulus clouds in the sky develop strongly and become thicker. At one or two o'clock in the afternoon, the sky is overcast, thunder rumbles, and the rain pours down, and the rain can last until dusk. It was a little cold after the rain, but it became sultry again after sunrise the next day. Although it is very hot here, the average temperature in the hottest month is not too high. The absolute maximum temperature rarely exceeds 38℃, and the minimum temperature rarely falls below 18℃. The tropics are located between the Tropic of Cancer, the Congo River basin in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea, while the Amazon River basin in South America and the Indonesian archipelago belong to the equatorial climate. In tropical desert areas, the climate is completely different. In the Sahara desert in northern Africa, the Arabian desert in western Asia and the great desert in central Australia, there is drought and little rain all the year round, and the temperature changes sharply, with a daily range of more than 50℃. China's Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Yunnan Southern Lowland Taiwan Province Southern Lowland are all controlled by tropical climate. There is no frost and snow all year round, there are lush tropical jungles everywhere, and there is no cold winter all year round. The maritime climate is cool in summer, and the hot and rainy weather in tropical areas creates extremely favorable conditions for the growth and reproduction of animals and plants. Many precious animals and plants are produced in tropical climate. The vast tropical rain forest is a huge green factory for producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide, which plays a very important role in regulating the contents of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the global atmosphere. The climate distribution is 1. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, and it is hot and rainy all year round or even every month. 2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season (precipitation is divided into dry season and wet season). Sanya-Forever tropical heaven 3 and tropical monsoon climate are most obvious in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in the south and southeast of Asia. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry season and rainy season, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In dry season, the wind blows from land to sea, and there is little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated. 4. The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland areas of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. This climate is characterized by scarce precipitation, hot and dry all year round, and a large desert on the ground. Tropical crops Tropical crops refer to plants planted in tropical areas. In China, it usually refers to the special cash crops planted in tropical areas, mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan Province and other places, with Hainan Island and Xishuangbanna being the most suitable. According to their uses and economic characters, they can be roughly divided into 12 categories. Some of them occupy an important position in the national economy. For example, the rubber produced by rubber trees ranks alongside steel, oil and coal as the four major industrial raw materials; Coffee, cocoa and tea are the three major drinks in the world; Cassava is the main food and energy crop in many developing countries. Provide all kinds of spices, fruits and special medicinal materials. Because many tropical grasslands originated from or planted in tropical areas for a long time, tropical crops generally need higher heat conditions. For example, pure tropical crops such as cocoa, bread rice and durian can only be planted in the south of Hainan Province. Some requirements for heat have certain plasticity, and can also adapt to the climatic conditions at higher latitudes. Rubber trees, for example, have been cultivated artificially in China and planted in suitable areas at 24 north latitude. However, the possibility of expanding seeds is limited. Variety improvement is a necessary step to expand to higher latitude. Tropical crops are generally perennial, generally produced in plantations, planted once and harvested for many years. It is not appropriate to switch to other crops easily after planting. Tropical Rainforests Most tropical rainforests are located between 23.5 degrees north latitude and 23.5 degrees south latitude. In tropical rain forests, there are usually three to five layers of vegetation, and trees as high as 45.7 meters to 54.9 meters are covered like tents. The density of lower vegetation depends on the degree to which sunlight penetrates the upper trees. The more sunlight, the greater the density. Tropical rainforests are mainly distributed in the jungle areas of South America, Asia and Africa, such as the Amazon Plain and Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. The monthly average temperature is above 64.5 degrees Fahrenheit (about 18 degrees Celsius), and the annual average precipitation is above 2030mm, which exceeds the annual evaporation. Singapore countries Asia: China (Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula, Yunnan and southern Taiwan Province Province), Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Khmer, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, India (part), Bangladesh (part), Sri Lanka, Maldives Oceania: Oceania belongs to tropical Africa: Africa except south-central Australia and New Zealand. Most of them belong to tropical Latin America: except Argentina, most of Chile and northern Mexico, they belong to tropical cities China-Kaohsiung, Jinghong, Zhanjiang (Leizhou Peninsula), Haikou, Sanya, Sansha Singapore-Singapore Tropical Fruit Thailand-Bangkok Philippines-Manila Malaysia-Kuala Lumpur Indonesia-Jakarta Liberia-Monrovia Central Africa-Bangui Ecuador-Quito (the above are the main representative cities) Peak Asia/KL. Puncak jaya, Indonesian Puncak Jaya, formerly known as Puntjak Su Jianuo and Gunung Carstensz or Mount Carstensz, also known as Mount Cuddesdon. Puncak jaya is the highest mountain in new guinea, with an altitude of 4,884 meters (the previous data was 5,030 meters), and the peak is covered with snow all year round. It belongs to the Sudirman Mountains, in the west of the central plateau of the island, in which Ngga Palu is the highest point in the southwest Pacific Ocean and the highest point among the islands in the world. Puncak jaya overlooking 2. Wuzhishan is located in the middle of Hainan Island in China. It is named after the peak is undulating like five fingers, and its highest peak is two fingers, with an altitude of 1867 meters. Wuzhishan area is covered with tropical virgin forests, which are layered and endless. The main rivers in Hainan originate from here, and the mountains and rivers complement each other, forming a strange and magnificent scenery. Wuzhishan forest area is a green treasure house with countless trees that have been immortal for hundreds of years. Africa 1. Rwenzori mountains 2. Kilimanjaro 3. Xian Mountain and Maoke Mountain in Oceania. Mount Erasmus in North America is located about 60 kilometers east of San Jose, the capital of Costa Rica, with an altitude of 3432 meters. Its crater has a diameter of1050m and a depth of 300m. There is a pool of green water at the bottom, and the top is smoky and full of weather. It is a famous tourist attraction in Costa Rica. Erasmus volcano is an intermittent volcano. Erasmus Volcano Erasmus Volcano is an intermittent volcano, mainly composed of basalt and andesite. There are three craters in 184 1 year, 1920, 1963 and 1978. Erasmus volcano is not a barren land. With beautiful scenery, dense forests and lush flowers, it is a rare tourist attraction. The white winding mountain road is like a beautiful belt wrapped around the green hills, and the fertile volcanic ash provides favorable conditions for agricultural planting. The valley is full of lush crops, and the clear streams pass through the mountains, making a pleasant sound. Tall and straight pine trees grow on steep rocks, which is a special scenery. Costa Rica is known as the "Garden of Central America", and Erasmus volcano is the garden in this garden, which attracts tourists from all over the world with its unique natural scenery and volcanic wonders. Ota Snow Mountain in South America, in the Amazon region of western Venezuela, stands proudly and quietly in the clouds, and the local Indians regard it as a sacred mountain. It is a magnificent plateau mountain range dominated by quartzite sandstone. In the eyes of local Indians, it is the root of life, from which everything derives. Tropical Diet Due to favorable conditions such as temperature and precipitation, many areas in the tropics are rich in fruits, vegetables and various foods, such as Thai fruits. Thailand has fertile land, which not only grows rich rice and vegetables, but also breeds a wide variety of fruits. Delicious fruit becomes the ingredient of every meal, or often becomes the cooking material. The most unforgettable thing is the dazzling sight of fragrant and delicate fruits in the mature season. Mango in Thailand is sweet in taste, and it is listed in large quantities from March to June, which is different from mango varieties in Central America and the West Indies. Some kinds should be eaten while the skin is still green, and some should be accompanied by glutinous rice seasoned with coconut milk, which tastes different. Longan is a specialty in northern Thailand. The production season is from June to August, and gourmets can have a big meal at this time. Litchi is produced in Chiang Rai and is abundant from April to June. Plush rambutan, juicy and sweet, white, the production season is from May to September, and the weight of 1 kg is about 30~40 baht. The largest fruit variety in Thailand is jackfruit, and the production season is 65438+ 10 to May. Pomelo, which looks like grapefruit, is abundant in the market from August to165438+1October and is very popular among fans. Thai food: The popularity of Thai food can be seen from a large number of Thai restaurants in major cities around the world. Most Thai people take a big bowl of rice as the staple food, accompanied by one or two curry dishes, a fish, a soup and a salad (lettuce), which can be eaten in any order according to their preferences. Tableware are forks and spoons. Snacks after meals are usually seasonal fruits or various desserts made of flour, eggs, coconut milk and palm sugar. Vegetables are fresh, and the cooking method is mostly China wok. Coconut milk is used as the basic seasoning of curry sauce in many places in China, and there are many seasonings, such as lemongrass, shrimp sauce, fish sauce and more than a dozen local special seasonings. The spicy degree of pepper varies from mild to extremely spicy, so you can choose. Different places in Thailand have different dishes. Northeast people like to eat glutinous rice with roast chicken and a spicy papaya salad called "SomTam", which is a mixture of shredded papaya, shrimp, lemon juice, fish sauce, garlic and randomly mixed chopped pepper. Northerners prefer a kind of local sour meat called "Naeem", which varies from person to person. The food in the south is deeply influenced by the Muslim flavor in Malaysia, and there are all kinds of raw seafood to match. Popular in China are: lemon shrimp soup or Dongyingong, shrimp crispy rice noodles, pork, eggs, Thai curry chicken, chicken coconut and spicy beef salad. Summary of Tropical Legends: Why did European colonists conquer America thousands of miles away instead of Africa? Why is modern Africa still mired in poverty? Why does India seem rich but poor, and the caste system lasts for thousands of years? A world filled with elephants 1500 years, under the rule of "lucky" king Manuel I, the Portuguese empire was in full swing. Since 1434 crossed Cape Bohado, the Portuguese have been advancing steadily along the west coast of Africa. 1498, Degama crossed the Cape of Good Hope and arrived in India; 1500, Pedro lvares Cabral arrived in Brazil. It was in this year that the king sent an expedition back to gambia river in West Africa to explore the "dark center". However, only one member of the expedition finally returned safely, and the others were left in Africa by the epidemic. John de Barros, a later historian, wrote: "God sent an angel, waving a deadly and fanatical sword of fire, to prevent us from entering the clear spring in this garden, from which the golden river flowed into the ocean we conquered many times." Hundreds of years later, this deadly fever, malaria, still made European adventurers afraid to go deep into the interior of the "dark continent" until Europeans extracted quinine, a specific drug for treating malaria from the American Cincinnata tree. Even in the19th century, David Livingston, the greatest African explorer, and his wife died of malaria. Even in 1900, a quarter of the inland areas of Africa were still unexplored. Dean Swift once described the dilemma when people drew this dark continent: "On the map of Africa, geographers fill in the blanks with wild animals. Therefore, for hilly areas that are not suitable for living, fill elephants to replace the lack of towns. " During this period, deadly infectious diseases brought by Europeans, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza and diphtheria, swept across the American continent, wiped out most native American Indians and helped Europeans conquer America completely. Guns, Bacteria and Steel, jared diamond's masterpiece, provides a convincing explanation for why American Indians can't escape the fate of being conquered by infectious diseases. The fate of Africa and other tropical countries is linked to malaria, the most terrible infectious disease in human history. Why did European colonists conquer America thousands of miles away instead of Africa at hand? Why are they all aborigines? Today, India's total population is only 48 million, while Africa has a population of 10 billion. Why does modern Africa still fall into the trap of poverty? Why does India seem rich but poor, and the caste system has lasted for thousands of years? The answers to these questions may go back to ancient times, with malaria as the protagonist. Most people know that malaria is a parasitic infectious disease caused by plasmodium, a single-celled organism, which is spread by Anopheles mosquitoes. But what few people know is that the four kinds of plasmodium that can infect people, namely Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, have completely different characteristics, evolutionary history and geographical distribution. On the scale of thousands of years, these protozoa have launched fierce competition with human beings in the evolutionary mechanism. Plasmodium vivax malaria accounts for more than 80% in India, the Middle East, Central and South America and the Caribbean, and does not exceed 10% in Africa. Plasmodium originated in Africa. Why was vivax malaria driven out of his hometown? We know that Plasmodium vivax has been raging in Africa for at least100000 years. In this long process, Africans have evolved a weapon against Plasmodium vivax-Tamiflu antigen is negative: more than 90% areas in West and Central Africa lack Tamiflu antigen, which is a protein on the surface of red blood cells, blocking the path of Plasmodium vivax entering red blood cells. Thanks to this powerful weapon, most Africans are basically immune to vivax malaria. Unfortunately, Tamiflu negative antigen may have solidified for less than 70,000 years through evolutionary mechanism, so Homo sapiens who walked out of Africa 70,000 years ago did not carry this gene, and modern Indians and Americans could not resist the invasion of Plasmodium vivax. Plasmodium falciparum is the most terrible of the four kinds of malaria, which is famous for its acute onset and high mortality. More than 80% of malaria in Africa is falciparum malaria. The appearance of falciparum malaria may be only a few thousand years. Humans around the world have evolved a variety of weapons to fight falciparum malaria: thalassemia in the Mediterranean, sickle cell anemia and G6PD deficiency in Africa, and polycythemia in Melanesia. Although these weapons are powerful in the fight against falciparum malaria, they often kill 1,000 enemies and damage 800. For example, if a person inherits two sickle cell genes from his parents, he often cannot live to adulthood; People who inherit only one gene on one side have no abnormal symptoms, but the mortality rate drops by 90% after being infected with falciparum malaria. However, the other side of the battle-plasmodium evolved faster. In the last few decades of the 20th century, plasmodium became resistant to chloroquine, artemisinin and other specific drugs. The competition between human beings and the evolution mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum tell us the fact that human evolution has never stopped. The late paleontologist stephen gould once thought: "In the past 40,000 to 50,000 years, human beings have not changed their biological characteristics. We have created all cultures and civilizations with the same body and brain. " We know Gould was wrong: the evolutionary history of thalassemia, G6PD deficiency and sickle cell anemia is only a few thousand to ten thousand years. Africans, Europeans and Americans have different bodies, and it is this difference that makes the United States and Africa have completely different histories. Melancholy tropical malaria is mainly a tropical disease. Without the tropics, the life cycle of plasmodium becomes longer or even stops breeding, and the activity ability of Anopheles mosquitoes also drops sharply. However, in tropical areas such as Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, malaria not only affects the living conditions and ecological environment of human beings, but also completely changes the socio-economic operation of tropical countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only "stable transmission area" of malaria. As a result of repeated infections, a large number of children died before the age of 4-5 (at the beginning of the 20th century, half of East African children died before the age of 4, most of which were due to malaria), and the survivors could get some protective immunity, so the risk of death when they were infected with malaria again was greatly reduced. Malaria is also easy to infect pregnant women, leading to birth defects such as high abortion rate and low birth weight. What is particularly frightening is that malaria and AIDS are deadly combinations. People infected with HIV are more susceptible to malaria, and women infected with malaria are at higher risk of transmitting HIV to their newborns. In addition, in many African countries, more than 30% people carry sickle cell gene, and at least one of their offspring will die of disease. The seeds of bad luck in Africa have been planted. Due to the lack of domesticated mammals, Africans did not raise all kinds of livestock like people in Eurasia when they began to enter the settled agricultural society from hunting and gathering society four or five thousand years ago. Africans cut down trees to build villages, and the population and density began to expand. At the same time, a large number of ponds and stagnant water have been created in the tropical rain forest, turning the settlement into a paradise for Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles mosquitoes that adapt to this living environment only feed on human blood because there are no other animals to choose from. Under the action of natural selection, an Anopheles gambiae with a strong preference for human blood was produced. Anopheles gambiae consumes human blood 80- 100% of the time, while the consumption of Anopheles gambiae in other continents is often less than 20%. This is the most important reason why the malaria infection rate in Africa far exceeds that in other regions. The biggest challenge faced by Africans living in areas with stable malaria transmission is the extremely high child mortality rate, which has lasted for thousands of years and may have an impact on both physiological and cultural systems. For example, sub-Saharan Africans have a higher probability of fraternal twins than other ethnic groups: the probability of having twins in Yoruba, West Africa is 4.5%, which is four times the world average; Under the same conditions, African women's pregnancy time is one week shorter than that of European women, premature babies have a greater chance of survival and menarche is earlier. Indian patient India is a different story. Plasmodium vivax malaria, which is rampant in India, exists in an unstable way and is more deadly to adults. Because there are not enough frequent infections to maintain protective immunity, people are threatened by malaria for life. At the same time, Indians lack the protection of Tamiflu antigen negative gene, which makes vivax malaria and falciparum malaria become dangerous killers together. 1947, 75 million of the 330 million Indians were infected with malaria; In India in the first half of the 20th century, more people died from malaria than from other causes combined. In order to avoid malaria, one of the favorite drinks of British colonists in India was gin and tonic water, which later became the darling of bars. It may not be accidental that Buddhism appeared in India, thinking about life and death and paying attention to the afterlife. Volume 5 of the first Shurangama Sutra: "From the beginning, we were born with all kinds of ignorance. Although we know more about Shangen, we still have malaria every other day. " The Japanese abuse of cold and heat is uncertain, and Buddhist scriptures use this as a metaphor for the birth and death of ignorance. With the prevalence of malaria and other tropical diseases, a lot of energy is consumed by these microorganisms, and it is difficult for rulers to recruit enough soldiers and laborers engaged in public projects to maintain a unified empire. The political and military fragility of the Indian empire may be related to this. Critics often compare tropical India and temperate China on the same level, which is far from the truth. In addition, India's caste system may be related to tropical diseases such as malaria. The study of Indian genome shows that the caste system of intermarriage within caste has been strictly implemented for thousands of years. A reasonable guess is that foreign invaders (such as Aryans who invaded India about 3000 years ago) were attacked by tropical infectious diseases such as malaria when they entered tropical India. The caste system and the taboo of cross-caste contact have become firewalls, reflecting the invaders' fear of keeping a safe distance from infectious diseases. Today, the flow of people and trade between stable malaria transmission areas and other areas are still very difficult, and foreign investors are afraid of epidemic areas. 198, mining giant BHP Billiton invested 65,438.04 billion US dollars to build an electrolytic aluminum plant in Mozambique. In two years, there were 7,000 malaria cases, and 13 foreign employees died. Malaria inhibits trade and foreign investment in epidemic areas, and economic development naturally becomes a luxury. The map of malaria epidemic areas in the world is actually a map of poor countries in the world. The average income of two northern temperate countries and three southern temperate countries in America is five times that of tropical countries 17 sandwiched between them; The five richest countries in Africa are also located in the north and south temperate regions of Africa. There are almost no developed countries in the tropics, and malaria is hard to escape. Malaria not only inhibits the communication between epidemic areas and the outside world, but also inhibits the vitality of local people. Because there is a great chance that children born in Africa will not live to adulthood, African children tend to pay more attention to quantity than quality. However, in a society with a high fertility rate, women have to spend almost all their time on having children and lose their job opportunities. Today, malaria is still an important factor affecting the fertility rate. As can be seen from the figure below, the area with fertility rate over 4 almost coincides with the stable malaria transmission area. For the survivors, repeated malaria infection in childhood has damaged the development of brain and body organs, and the learning time of school-age children has also been affected, making it difficult to effectively form the human capital of the whole society. People suffering from malaria are generally depressed, lack initiative and focus on short-term interests. In the past 200 years, the progress of epidemiology has eliminated most deadly infectious diseases and pushed the remaining few to the brink. But malaria, the oldest infectious disease, is still the last fortress standing in front of mankind. In 20 12, there were still 200 million cases of malaria infection, and 600,000 people died of malaria. Although the infection rate and mortality rate in most countries have been controlled, the stable malaria transmission area in sub-Saharan Africa has not been broken and the situation has not been greatly improved. In fact, with the help of DDT and chloroquine, a specific drug for malaria treatment, by the 1960s, more than a dozen countries had eliminated malaria, and the number of cases in India, a major malaria country, had dropped to 654.38 million+people. It seems that victory is just around the corner. 1962, rachel carson published the best-selling book Silent Spring, which pointed out the toxicity of DDT and predicted the drug resistance of Anopheles. Since then, DDT has been banned in the United States, and drug-resistant Anopheles and Plasmodium have appeared separately, and have been reintroduced to Africa from Southeast Asia. At present, a completely effective malaria vaccine has not yet appeared, and it is also a difficult problem to completely control Anopheles in tropical areas. This infectious disease since ancient times is destined to accompany its host for a long time. We should also see that human beings will eventually overcome diseases. For example, artemisinin and its derivatives discovered by China scientist Tu Youyou (winner of the 20 15 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) in 197 1 are the fastest-acting antimalarial drugs among all drugs today, and are known as the discovery of "saving 200 million people". Through the long-term efforts of various countries, more and more effective antimalarial drugs will surely appear.