Knowledge of poetic language

China is a country of poetry, which has accompanied the history of China people for 5, years. In the course of the development of poetry culture, many terms that are unique to poetry have been derived. These terms make poetry perfect, so that we can find the poems we want to read more accurately. For every poetry lover, knowing these "poetic words" can improve their ability to appreciate and distinguish poetry, by going up one flight of stairs!

ancient style

poetic style name. That is, "ancient poetry" and "ancient poetry". Li Bai has fifty-nine ancient poems, and Hu Zhenheng in Ming Dynasty said that its content "does not refer to current events, that is, it is sentimental", among which there are many famous works.

classical poetry

is also called "ancient poetry" and "ancient style". Poetic style name, as opposed to modern poetry. Produced earlier. There are no restrictions on the number of sentences. There are four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous words. Later generations used five or seven words more. Don't ask for antithesis, even words and rhymes are also free.

four-character poem

poetic style name. Each sentence of the whole article is four words or mainly four sentences. It is the earliest poetic style in ancient Chinese poetry. Poems before the Spring and Autumn Period, such as The Book of Songs, are mostly in four words. After the Han Dynasty, the style changed slightly. Since the Southern Dynasties, Song and Qi Dynasties, there have been fewer and fewer authors.

five-character poem

poetic style name. A poem composed of five words. From the Han Dynasty. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed greatly in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and became one of the main forms of classical poetry, including five-character ancient poems, five-character regular poems and five-character quatrains.

six-character poem

poetic style name. The whole article has six words in each sentence. Legend has it that it began in Guyong, the Western Han Dynasty. It is said that Dong Fangshuo had "six-character poems", but none of his poems have been passed down to this day. Kong Rong's six-character poems at the end of the Han Dynasty were the earliest. There are ancient and close-knit points. But they are not very popular.

seven-character poem

poetic style name. Each sentence of the whole article is seven characters or mainly seven characters, which originated from folk songs in Han Dynasty. The old theory is that it began with "Bai Liang Tai Shi", which may not be credible. Yan Ge Xing written by Wei Caopi is an earlier pure seven-character poem. In the Tang Dynasty, it developed greatly. There are seven-character ancient poems, seven-character regular poems and seven-character quatrains. It is the main form of classical poetry together with five-character poetry.

miscellaneous poems

poetic style name. A kind of ancient poetry, originally from Yuefu. There is no certain standard for the length of sentences in poems. The shortest sentence is only one word, and the long sentences are more than nine or crosses, with three, four, five and seven words alternating.

Yuefu

originally refers to the ancient music official department. The name of "Yuefu" began in the Western Han Dynasty, and there was already a "Yuefu Order" when Huidi. It was not until Emperor Wudi that Yuefu was established, which was in charge of the music used in banquets and road parades at the Chaohui, and also adopted folk poems and music. Yuefu, as a kind of poetic style, initially refers to the music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials, and later refers to the poems that can be enjoyed in Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties and the works that later generations imitate the ancient poems of Yuefu. Ci, Sanqu and Drama after Song and Yuan Dynasties are sometimes called Yuefu because of their coordination with music.

Gexing

The integration of ancient poetry. There are quite a few Yuefu poems entitled "Song" and "Xing" after the Han and Wei Dynasties. Although they have different names, there is no strict difference between them. After that, there was a "singing line". Its syllables and rhythms are generally free, and its form adopts the ancient style of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. "Line" is the meaning of music. See Biography of Historical Records and Sima Xiangru, Sima Zhen and Suoyin.

Fu De

The words "Fu De" are often used at the beginning of poems with the title of sentences written by the ancients. In the Southern Dynasties, Emperor Liang Yuan had a poem "Giving Lanzeduo Fangcao". In the imperial examination era, most of the poems were written in sentences, so they were all preceded by the word "Fu De". It is also applied to the works that should be made and the sub-topics of poets' meetings. Later, "Fu De" was put into practice as a kind of poetic style, and the theme of "Fu De" was often used by those who wrote poems on the scene.

conjunctions

One of the old ways of writing poems. Two or more people * * * write a poem, which is connected into an article. It began with the poem of Bailiangtai when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (suspected to be a fake by later generations). At the beginning, there is no definite formula, and those who have one sentence and one rhyme, two sentences and one rhyme or even more, go down in turn. Later, it was customary to use one person to make the last sentence, and the successors must be paired together, and then the last sentence is made, taking turns. In the old days, it was mostly used for upper-class banquets and rewards among friends, and there were few excellent works.

set sentences

one of the old ways of writing poems. Intercept the poems of one generation, one family or several families of predecessors and assemble them into a poem. The earliest existing sentence set is Fu Xian's Seven Classics Poetry in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Old-style poems, modern-style poems and modern-style poems

all refer to "metrical poems", which are mainly divided into five verses, seven verses, five rhythms, seven rhythms and arranged rhythms. Never confuse "modern poetry" with "new poetry" now.

exclusion

poetic style name. A kind of metrical poem. It is named after the arrangement and extension of the regular poem. Each song has at least ten sentences and as many as a hundred rhymes. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need to be antithetical. There are also opposite sentences, which are called "fan pairs".

quatrains

are "quatrains". Also known as "sentence-cutting" and "sentence-breaking". Poetic style name. Cut, break, and absolutely all have short cut meanings, so it is named because it is only four sentences. It is mainly composed of five words and seven words, referred to as five absolutely and seven absolutely. There are also six quatrains. In the Tang Dynasty, the passers-by were close to the body, and there were certain requirements for leveling and rhyming. Some people say that the poem is made by intercepting half of the metrical poem. However, before the formation of the regular poems in the Tang Dynasty, there were quatrains, which rhymed and were even more free. For example, there was an ancient quatrain in the New Ode to Yutai, which was used by later generations to distinguish it from the modern quatrains.

regular poem

poetic style name. A kind of modern poetry. Strict rules, hence the name. Originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Eight sentences, four rhymes or five rhymes. The middle two leagues must fight each other. The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be put or not, usually with a flat voice. It is divided into five words and seven words, referred to as five laws and seven laws for short. Occasionally there are six laws. If there are more than ten sentences in each song, it is an exclusive law. In a metrical poem, every two sentences match is called a "couplet". The first couplet (one or two sentences) of the Five Laws and Seven Laws is called the first couplet, the second couplet (three or four sentences) is called the parallel couplet, the third couplet (five or six sentences) is called the neck couplet, and the fourth couplet (seven or eight sentences) is called the tail couplet. The upper sentence of each couplet is called "sentence" and the lower sentence is called "antithesis".

Poems should be made

Poems written and reconciled by officials in feudal times. After the Tang dynasty, most of them were arranged in five words, six rhymes or eight rhymes. Most of the contents are eulogies, and a few also state some expectations of the emperor.

try to post a poem

poem style name. Also known as "properly endowed". Originated in the Tang Dynasty, it was influenced by "Tie Jing" and "Trial Tie" and was adopted by the imperial examination. Most of them are five-character, six-rhyme or eight-rhyme lines, with ancient poems or idioms as the topic, titled with the word "Fu De" and limited in rhyme, and the content must be relevant. The restrictions in Qing dynasty were particularly strict.

ancient quatrains

compared with the quatrains of today's style, the generic term for the quatrains of ancient style that don't talk about flat and even words. In ancient times, there are many awkward sentences, which can be used to rhyme or rhyme. Some quatrains use rhyme, but the whole poem uses metrical sentences, or uses the deviation and difficulty allowed by metrical poems.

legalistic archaism

a general term for classical poetry that uses the level-tone format of modern poetry.

The characteristics are:

1. Use all the regular sentences or basically use them;

2. Change rhymes, and most of them are flat and even rhymes;

3. Usually, there are seven words, four sentences with a rhyme change, and after the rhyme change, the first sentence enters the rhyme, and the whole poem is like a combination of many "seven verses".

Yu Shi

As far as "Ci" is concerned, there are different formats such as long tune, short poem, slow poem and quotation, and "Ci" is used as the symbol of the format.

sentence pattern

sentence pattern refers to the rhythm of a poem. Referring to the rhythm

writing

writing refers to the structure and composition of poetry. For poetry, predecessors have summed up a lot of experience, but in general, there are no four words: qi, cheng, zhuan and he.

Pingyi

"Pingyi" is the ancient people's distinction between tones. In today's Mandarin, "Pingyi" means the first tone (Yin Ping) and the second tone (Yang Ping), and "Pingyi" means the third tone (Shang Sheng) and the fourth tone (De Sheng). (Originally, ping means flat voice, and Xu means going up and entering three tones, but in Mandarin, the entering tone has disappeared. )

Four tones

that is, the tone goes up and down, which are collectively called four tones.

ping qi and Xu qi

ping qi means that the first and second words of the first sentence are all flat, and Xu qi means that the first and second words of the first sentence are all silent. This is one of the components of the flat and flat sentence pattern in modern poetry. For details, please refer to the flat and parallel table

The basic sentence patterns of modern poetry, namely, the flat and parallel at the beginning and the end are the same, such as flat and parallel or flat and parallel. For details, please refer to the

Ping Ping Summary Form. This is the basic rhyme rule of modern poetry, that is, the upper sentence does not rhyme, the sound is flat, and the next sentence is flat.

antithetical sentences and adjacent sentences

Every rhyme is linked into two sentences, the upper sentence and the lower sentence of the same link are called antithetical sentences, and the lower sentence of the previous link and the upper sentence of the next link are called adjacent sentences.

the first two sentences of the couplet

are "the first couplet", three or four sentences are "the jaw couplet", five or six sentences are "the neck couplet" and seven or eight sentences are "the tail couplet".

Sticking pair

means that on a flat horizontal plane, the opposite sentences are opposite and the adjacent sentences stick together. Basically, it also follows the formula of "135 regardless, 246 distinct". For details, please refer to the opposite sentence, the adjacent sentences are glued together, and the beginning and end are corresponding.

antithetical sentences are opposite, and adjacent sentences stick together, and the beginning and end are corresponding.

Every rhyme is linked into two sentences, the upper sentence and the lower sentence of the same link are called antithetical sentences, and the lower sentence of the previous link and the upper sentence of the next link are called adjacent sentences.

antithesis:

refers to the fact that the upper and lower sentences in the same couplet are flat and even, and the upper sentence is flat and even, and the lower sentence is flat and even.

adjacent sentences are stuck together:

refers to the beginning of the next sentence of the previous couplet, which is the same as the beginning of the next couplet. For example, the next sentence of an autumn evening in the mountains's second couplet, stands autumnal in the evening, is flat and flat, and the last sentence of the third couplet, moonlight in its groves of pine, should also be flat, so it is flat and flat, but because the foot of the sentence must be closed with a flat voice, it becomes sticky.

correspondence between the first sentence and the last sentence:

the first sentence is the same as the last sentence. For example, an autumn evening in the mountains's first sentence is after rain the empty mountain, flat and even, and the last sentence is while you are here, O Prince of Friends?, flat and even.

Misalignment and Stickiness

To check whether a modern poem follows the stickup, generally look at its even number and the last word. If the sentence is wrong, it is called wrong; If the adjacent sentence is not sticky, it is called sticky. Misalignment and stickiness are both taboos of modern poetry.

Gu Ping

Apart from rhyme, the whole sentence has only one flat sound, which is called "Gu Ping", which is the taboo of modern poetry. However, this refers to flat sentences (that is, rhyming sentences). If it is a flat sentence, even if there is only one flat word in the whole sentence, it is not an isolated sentence, but at most it is an awkward sentence.

an awkward sentence

a sentence that saves the loneliness is called an awkward sentence.

it is difficult to save

First, it is illegal, and then it is saved. Together, it is called difficult to save. If we should use the flat-voiced word instead of the flat-voiced word in the flexible places of "135", then it is often necessary to change the flat-voiced word into the flat-voiced word (or change the flat-voiced word into the flat-voiced word) in this sentence or antithesis where appropriate, so as to keep the couplet neutral and flat.

Sanpingdiao

There are three tones in succession at the end of the sentence, which is called "Sanpingdiao". This is a special form of classical poetry, and it must be avoided as far as possible when writing modern poetry, and it cannot be remedied.

There are two kinds of three-level tones:

1. The five-character sentence is flat and flat. If the third word is flat and flat, it becomes: if it is flat and flat, it will be a three-level tone.

2. The first and third words of the sentence "flat and flat" can be flat and flat, but the fifth word can't be flat, otherwise it will become a three-level tone.

the two parts of speech of the antithesis between workers and workers

should be relative. A antithesis like this is called the antithesis between workers and workers.

borrowing pairs

There are some antitheses, which are borrowed homophones to form work pairs, which are called borrowing pairs.

The antithetical upper and lower sentences in the couplet of Liushui Dui

are generally different or opposite in content. But sometimes the upper and lower sentences are related to each other, and they talk about the same thing. The lower sentence is derived from the previous sentence, and the two sentences are actually one sentence. This is called "running water pair".

crossing your hands

The antithetical upper and lower sentences in a couplet are generally different or opposite in content. If two sentences are completely synonymous or basically synonymous, it is called "crossing your hands", which is a big taboo in poetry.

poetic rhyme

refers to the rhyme or rhyme book on which a poem is based. Lu Fayan wrote "Qieyun" in Sui Dynasty, which was divided into 26 rhymes, and the division was too thin to rhyme. In the early Tang Dynasty, it was stipulated that similar rhymes could be used together. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a Pingshui person, compiled The Rhyme of the New Publication of Renzi, which merged the rhymes used together into 17 rhymes, and later generations reduced them to 16 rhymes, which is also called Pingshui Rhyme. This is the poetic rhyme that is still in use today. The rhymes actually used in the Tang Dynasty are roughly the same as those compiled by Heping Shui Yun.

Ye Yun

wrote "Harmonious Rhyme" and "Xieyun". Poetic terminology. It is said that some rhymes, such as reading sounds, are not in harmony with other rhymes of the same poem, so it is called that a certain sound must be changed to coordinate the rhyme. Some scholars in the Northern and Southern Dynasties read the Book of Songs according to the pronunciation at that time, and felt that many poems were not harmonious in rhyme, so they temporarily changed some words in their works to a certain pronunciation. In the Ming Dynasty, chandy began to use the principle of phonetic evolution, and thought that the so-called Ye Yun's pronunciation was an ancient local sound, and it could be rhymed by reading the ancient sound, so it should not be changed at will.

Rhyme

The so-called rhyme (also called rhyme, Ye Yun) is to put the words with the same rhyme in the specified position.

rhyme

words with the same vowel are grouped into one category, which is called rhyme. All the words in the same rhyme department are homonyms.

singing and

doing "singing reward" and "singing reward". It is said that poetry is rewarded with others.

Generally, there are the following ways:

1. Harmony poetry, which is only paid for by poetry, does not need to be rhymed with the original poem;

2. Rhyme, also known as homophony, belongs to the same rhyme as the poem with quilt, but it is not necessary to use its original word;

3. Use rhyme, that is, use the words with the original rhyme without having to follow the order;

4. The order, also known as prosody, means to use the original words in their original rhymes, and the order must be the same.

according to rhyme

that is, words with the same rhyme as the original poem are used, but it is not necessary to use their original words.

rhyme

Use the rhymes in the original poem, but not necessarily in their order.

Secondary rhyme

is also called step rhyme, that is, it uses the same rhyme words in the original poem, and the order before and after must be the same, which is the most common way.

rhyme

The ancients wrote poems mostly according to the official rhyme, and many words that we thought were homophony were included in different rhymes in the official rhyme, such as "winter" and "east". If they are juxtaposed in the same poem, it is rhyme.

double rhyme

that is, the same rhyme word appears repeatedly in the rhyme foot of a poem, which is a big taboo.

rhyme

the rhyme of classical poetry can be called rhyme by mixing the rhymes of adjacent rhymes, such as Yi Dong and Er Dong, Si Zhi and Wu Wei.

rhyme change

is also called "rhyme change". Poetic terminology. Except for metrical poems and quatrains, ancient poems, especially long ancient poems, are free to change rhyme, which is not limited to flat rhyme, oblique rhyme or adjacent rhyme. When turning rhyme, the sentence of the rhyme-changing couplet is often turned first, and then the rhyme foot at the end of the couplet is followed.

narrow rhyme

a rhyme has few words, which is called narrow rhyme and dangerous rhyme.

rhyming

one of the old ways of writing poetry. It means that when writing a poem, a number of words are defined as rhymes, and each person chooses rhymes to write a poem according to rhymes, which is called "dividing rhymes" and "rhyming". Ancient poets often used it in conjunction, but later it was not limited to conjunction. Bai Juyi's poem "Flowers Building Looking at the Snow Banquet": "Plain walls are linked with rhyming sentences, and red stoves patrol to drink warm and cold cups."

sub-topic

one of the old ways of writing poetry. A number of people get together and find a topic to compose poems, which is called sub-topic, also called exploration. big