Summarize the important battles in the Three Kingdoms and their characteristics.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords scuffled. Cao Cao occupied the area south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, controlled Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, and "held the emperor to make the princes", which gained political advantages and developed rapidly. In A.D. 199, Yuan Shao, the largest warlord in the north, led 10000 soldiers to attack Xu (now Henan) in an attempt to destroy Cao Cao at one fell swoop. At that time, several generals of Cao Caobing led 20,000 troops to the north to meet the enemy. In the second year, Yuan and Cao armies fought a decisive battle in Guandu (now northeast of zhongmou county). At that time, Yuan Shao's army had obvious advantages. Cao Cao used the tactics of diversion and divide-and-conquer, unexpectedly attacked Yuan Jun in Baima (now southeast of hua county, Henan Province) and beheaded Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang. Then, Cao Cao further lured the enemy and beheaded Yuan Shao's general Wen Chou. Both wars were defeated and two generals were lost. Yuan Jun's morale is low, but Yuan Shao is determined to fight to the death with Cao Cao because he needs more soldiers and food. Ju Shou, the supervisor of the army, advised Yuan Shao, Cao Cao and Serenade to be short of food, only seeking a quick decision, which was difficult to last. It is better to have a stalemate with Jun for a long time, and then attack after Jun's soldiers run out of food. Yuan Shao didn't listen and decided to break fast. The counselor Xu You made a plan: Cao Bing firmly defended Guandu, and the rear was empty. We can divide our forces and attack Xu, and we will succeed. Yuan Shao didn't listen, and missed the opportunity. Xu You's suggestion was not adopted and was rejected by Yuan Shao, so he went to Cao Cao and offered his own suggestion to Cao Cao, and attacked Yuan Shaotun's lair (now southeast of Yanjin County, Henan Province) in a simple way, saying that if this move was successful, Yuan Shao would be defeated within three days. In the same year 10, Cao Cao led 5000 soldiers, disguised as Yuan Jun, attacked the Wu Dynasty and burned all the stores of Yuan Shao. When Yuan Jun heard that the canteen had been burned down, it was a mess at once. Cao Jun took advantage of the situation to defeat Yuan Jun, annihilated more than 70,000 Yuan Jun, and Yuan Shao escaped with only 800 people.

Cao Cao wiped out the main force of Yuan Jun in the battle of Guandu, which laid the foundation for the unification of the North.

2 Battle of Red Cliffs

In the 13th year of Jian 'an (AD 208), Liu Biao was seriously ill, and Sun Quan stepped up the opportunity to attack Jingzhou. Liu Bei, who took refuge in Liu Biao and was stationed in Xinye, also expanded his army to tens of thousands on the pretext of resisting Cao Cao and Sun Quan, and ordered Guan Yu to vigorously train the water army in Fankou, ready to rob Jingzhou; Liu Yi, the eldest son of Liu Biao, was forced by his stepmother, the Chua family, and moved to Xiakou. In August, Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son, Liu Zong, was appointed as Jingzhou Pastoral with the support of his uncles Cai Mao, Zhang Yun and Kuai Yue. Cao Cao then led a great army from the only way of Ye and Wan to the south quickly, defeated Liu Bei's defenders and occupied Xinye. Liu Zong surrendered to Cao Cao at the suggestion of RoyceWong, Kuai Yue and Cai Mao. Liu Bei tried to occupy Nanjun (Jiangling) and relied on a lot of materials there to resist Cao Cao; When Cao Cao learned of Liu Bei's intentions, he personally led 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue Liu Bei in the starry night. Because a large number of troops followed Liu Bei south, Cao Jun tried to catch up with Liu Jun in Changban, Dangyang, while Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang had retreated to Xiakou ahead of schedule, Liu Jun was defeated, and Liu Bei and Zhao Yun were "immune"; Liu Bei had no choice but to change his mind and return to Xiakou. After Cao Cao captured Jiangling, he captured and surrendered 8 counties in Jingzhou, and Liu Zongshui and his army surrendered 65,438+10,000 people. Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to form an alliance with Sun Quan. After listening to the analysis of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Zhuge Liang, Sun Quan decided to resist Cao and ordered Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Cheng Pu to take more than 30,000 water troops to fight Liu Bei. 165438+ In October, Cao Cao led more than 65438+ 10,000 troops to attack Liu Bei; Cao Cao's water army met Sun Liu's allied army at Chibi. After Cao Cao led the main force to arrive, the army was stationed in Wulin. Due to acclimatization, Cao Jun was seriously infected with schistosomiasis. In order to overcome the shortcomings of Cao Jun's inadaptability to water combat, Cao Cao ordered that most ships be connected with iron cables to form a disastrous "serial ship" in the future. Zhou Yu, Huang Gai and others found that the serial ship had a fatal weakness that it was not easy to avoid fire, and decided to attack with fire; Usually the north wind blows in winter, but due to the climate problem in the south of the Yangtze River, the southeast wind blows abnormally for several days every June+February in 5438. Zhou Yu and Huang Gai used a "dangerous trick" to facilitate arson, and Cao Cao was deceived. On a night when the north wind turned to the southeast wind, Huang Gai faked his surrender and successfully set fire to it. Cao Jun was in chaos and the Coalition forces took the opportunity to attack. Cao Jun was burned to death, drowned and surrendered. Under the protection of Sineitai, Cao Cao fled back to Jiangling from Huarong Road. In order to prevent warships from falling into allied hands, Cao Cao ordered all warships of other camps to be set on fire. At the same time, Sun Quan went south to attack Hefei, but Cao Cao had no choice but to order Zhang Liao, Le Jin and Li Dian to attack Hefei at night. Only Coss and Huang Xushou stayed in Jiangling and went back to Xuchang. A year later, Cao Cao ordered Coss and Huang Xu to leave Jiangling to defend Xiangyang and Fancheng, and most of Jingzhou fell into the hands of Liu Bei and Sun Quan. In 2009, Sun Quan attacked Hefei from the eastern front, but was blocked by Liu Fu. Cao Cao's army of 65,438+/kloc-0,000 was defeated by Sun Liulian's army of only 50,000-60,000. The main reason is that the epidemic of schistosomiasis and acclimatization make the northern army lose its fighting capacity, and Cao Cao's arrogance and underestimation of the enemy are the main subjective reasons. The allies made full use of all the advantages, so victory was a matter of course. Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Cao's water army lost, and after Battle of Red Cliffs, the strength of Liu Bei and Sun Quan increased greatly. Cao Cao lost the opportunity to unify China in a short time, which had a considerable impact on later generations.

3 Yiling Xiaoting Battle (Fire Camp)

During the Three Kingdoms period, the battle of Yiling, which decided the fate of Shu, burned 700 Li, and Liu Bei defeated Xiao Ting. This battle is one of the famous battles in which fewer wins more.

At the end of the post-Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms stood firm. Wu and Luo are equal in strength, and Wei is the strongest. In order to avenge Soochow's attack on Jingzhou and the killing of Guan Yu, Liu Bei ignored Zhuge Liang and Zhao Yun's advice and gathered more than 700,000 troops to personally levy Soochow.

Sun Quan first sent young Sun Huan, and later sent old generals such as Gan Ning to stop Liu Bei, all of whom were defeated by Liu Bei. Sun Quan was anxious to hand over the killers of Zhang Fei, Fan Jiang and Zhang Da, to Liu Bei, and he was willing to give up Jingzhou for peace. If Liu Bei refuses, he will destroy Wu Dong.

Later, Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun as viceroy.

Liu Bei's army marched from spring to summer, but they didn't defeat Wu Dong's main force. It's midsummer and the weather is very hot. The soldiers of the Shu army can't stand the steaming heat and complain bitterly. Liu Bei had to let the water army get on and off the ship, and together with the army, he built more than 40 barracks connected by ravines and wooded places, so as to avoid the heat and rest the army, and then attack Wu Jun on a large scale after the autumn was cool. Ma Liang felt uncomfortable and advised Liu Bei to say, "Do you want to ask the Prime Minister for advice when camping like this?" Liu Bei said, "I know the art of war very well, so why ask Kong Ming?"

Lu Xun saw that the Shu army's front was stretched too long, its troops were scattered and its foot soldiers were tired and rustic, and he thought that the conditions were ripe for counterattack.

In order to win the counterattack, Lu Xun first sent a small number of troops to conduct a tentative attack on a camp of the Shu army. As a result, Wu Jun suffered, but Lu Xun has found a way to break the Shu army, that is, to attack it with fire. Lu Xun ordered the waterway soldiers to load thatch with ships and quickly transport it to the designated place; Each soldier holds a thatch in his hand and hides sulfur, saltpeter and other kindling in the thatch: when he arrives at Shuying, he will set fire to the wind.

Wu Jun was attacked by artillery fire. The Shu army was unprepared and immediately became a mess. Wu Jun from all walks of life rose by fire and launched a counterattack at the same time, successively breaking more than 40 camps of the Shu army. Shu Jiang and Feng couldn't resist and were killed. In a panic, Liu Bei moved his horse and fled to Maanshan in Yiling. Liu Bei fled to Maanshan. Lu Xun's army surrounded Ma 'anshan and put Yamakaji in all directions. Liu Bei had to fight his way out with the beaten army and flee to the west. Wu Jun gave chase, and Liu Bei quickly ordered the personnel of the post station along the way to collect the munitions and armor discarded by the soldiers, pile them on the main roads, set them on fire, block the mountain roads and stop the pursuers. Fu Zhou, the Shu general in charge of patrol, insisted on fighting and led his men to kill each other. Seriously wounded, he fought to the death, and Liu Bei got rid of the pursuers and fled to Baidicheng (now fengjie county, Sichuan). Not long after, Liu Bei also died in Baidicheng.

4. Battle of Hamba

5 Battle of Hefei

Cao Weifang (Defender):

The main commander: Zhang Liao, the deputy commander: Le Jin, and Li Dian's troops: 7,000.

Sun (attacker):

Commanders: Captain Sun Quan: Ling Tong, Gan Ning confirmed, others unknown. Troops:100000.

Pre-war situation:

Sun Quanju's efforts to pour out the country are bound to win Hefei. The strength contrast between the two sides is 14: 1, while Cao Cao is far away in Hanzhong, and the distant water can't put out the near fire.

Battle progress:

One: outpost:

Originally, outpost war generally refers to the tentative mutual attack between the two sides, but because of the particularity of this war, outpost war has become the key to the whole Hefei campaign.

After receiving instructions from Cao Cao, Zhang Liao analyzed the current situation and made a bold decision: take the initiative to attack. He raised 800 warriors and launched a surprise attack on Wu Jun the next day, leaving Wu Jun in a state of chaos and unable to fight. Later, although Zhang Liao was surrounded, the other side was brave and broke through the encirclement several times. After a long battle, I lost my spirit. On the other hand, Cao Jun stabilized morale and improved it.

Analysis:

For Jun, this battle has the following characteristics:

1: Necessity: This battle must be fought, because the strength gap between the two sides is too great, our reinforcements are far away and our morale is shaken. If we can't effectively hit the morale of the other side to stabilize our morale, then even if we hold the city, we will certainly not be able to hold it. So Zhang Liao said, "The chances of success or failure are at stake."

2. Danger: This battle can be said to be a narrow escape for Zhang Liao and the 800 warriors. Because this battle is a frontal assault, not a sneak attack, the other side is, after all, a hundred thousand troops, and its own commando team is less than one percent of the other side's strength. If something goes wrong, it will be wiped out. Moreover, this battle can only be won, not lost. Once it fails, it means the failure of the whole campaign.

3. Feasibility: It is not impossible for Zhang Liao to win this battle. One: "Take the enemy by surprise", the strength of the other side far exceeds ours, which will inevitably lead to the idea of underestimating the enemy, and the prevention will definitely be loosened. I'm afraid no one from the commander to the soldiers would have thought that an enemy with only a dozen troops would dare to take the initiative. The siege failed and was unstable, which gave Zhang Liao an opportunity. Second: Wu Jun, a superior force, will definitely think that his side will win. Under this idea, generals and soldiers lack the determination to fight or even die, and their combat effectiveness is greatly reduced. On the other hand, since Zhang Liao, the commandos have been holding the consciousness of dying and the determination to win (both are indispensable), with high morale and strong fighting capacity.

In the end, Zhang Liao won the tough battle with 800 warriors. The result is: the enemy "Wu people seize the gas", but his own side is "no distractions, the generals are salty."

Second, the stalemate stage:

This stage is relatively simple. Sun Quan besieged Hefei for more than ten days and could not break the city, so he had to retreat.

Because Zhang Liao won the outpost, the two sides changed in momentum. Sun has an army of 100,000, but he can't break through the Hefei city with only 7,000 defenders. This shows the important role of morale fighting.

Three: conclusion:

When Sun Quan retired, all teams followed suit, except Sun Quan, Ling Tong and Gan Ning. At this time, Zhang Liao suddenly led the army in pursuit, scattered Wu Jun's rear team and almost caught three people. Sun Quan leapt to xiaoyaojin, but Ling Tong's troops were wiped out, and he was able to escape after a desperate battle.

Zhang Liao is good at catching soldiers. On the other hand, Sun Quan almost made another fatal mistake here. If it's because we underestimated the enemy, it's a complete command error here. Our side can be said to be defeated, but there is no pursuer at all.

Post-war assessment:

Cao Cao: Mao followed the Liao War and sighed for a long time.

Cao pi: since ancient times, soldiers have been used, but not used, so that thieves have seized the air so far.

Soochow: Hearing Zhang Liao's name, the child was afraid to cry at night.

Overall analysis:

This war can be said to be a classic example in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Under the extremely unfavorable situation, Zhang Liao calmly analyzed the situation, made correct decisions, took the lead and fought bravely, so that his own team finally defeated the strong enemy and won, which truly reflected the style of "being both wise and brave". Sun Quan, however, had the idea of underestimating the enemy when his own strength was dominant. He lacked a correct response to the sudden attack of the other side and made serious command mistakes. It can be concluded that Sun Quan is not good at military affairs.

6. Battle of Yanzhou

In the third year of Xianping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (192), Cao Cao, the satrap of the Eastern County, defeated the Yellow Scarf Army in Shouzhang (now southwest of Dongping, Shandong) in the war to unify the north.

Qingzhou yellow turban insurrectionary army entered the Dongping and Rencheng areas of Yanzhou, and its momentum was huge and unstoppable. Liu Dai, the secretariat of Yanzhou, underestimates his enemy. He doesn't listen to Bao Xin, the minister of Jibei, and rushes into battle. He was killed by the Yellow Scarf Army. Cao Cao suggested to Chen Gong that Liu Dai was killed and Yanzhou was ownerless, which could be used as a basis for thinking about the world, and he recommended himself to persuade Liu Dai to invite Cao Cao to preside over the state affairs. Bao Xinyuan befriended Cao Cao, and his position of helping the North was recommended by Cao Cao, so he went to Dong Jun (governing Puyang, now southwest of Puyang, Henan) to welcome Cao Cao as the secretariat of Yanzhou (governing Changyi, now southwest of Jinxiang, Shandong). Cao Cao attacked the Shouzhang Yellow Scarf Army and lost. So Cao Cao clearly punished and encouraged soldiers. In view of the weakness of the yellow turban insurrectionary army that it had no logistics and only relied on copying and plundering, he took surprise attack tactics and attacked day and night, making it have nothing to copy and plunder, and finally turned defeat into victory and won every battle. The yellow turban insurrectionary army was forced to withdraw from the north, followed by Cao Cao, and was defeated by Jibei (Zhilu County, now Changqing South of Shandong Province). The yellow turban insurrectionary army is poor and willing to surrender. That winter, Cao Cao withdrew more than 300,000 troops and had hundreds of thousands of family members. So he organized his powerful elite into an army, named Qingzhou soldiers, and placed the old, weak, women and children on the wasteland.

Comments: Cao Cao not only won the Yanzhou base area, but also collected tens of thousands of elite soldiers, which became the backbone of Cao Cao and laid the foundation for his later development.