2 1 800 mark troops went out, only 3,000 people were tragic, stretching for 2,000 miles.

Xining 1937. After being locked up for several months, one night, Li Guizhen was knocked down with a shovel in a deep pit three or four stories deep. Waiting for her will be buried alive. Born in 1908, Li Guizhen, a native of Bazhou, Sichuan, survived. She is one of several survivors who were buried alive, as well as Yao Zhizhen and Ma, all from Sichuan, both of whom are only 20 years old. Three people have the same identity as those buried alive: marked army.

Dong Zhentang

The tragic history of the Red Army's West Route Army is staged here in the Hexi Corridor, which stretches for two thousand miles.

The history of the marked army is an inseparable part of the history of the Red Army's Long March, but because it was defeated, many historical facts are still little known. Dong Zhentang, commander of the Red Fifth Army, was beheaded and hung in the city for three days. The head nurse was nailed to the locust tree by seven inches, and thousands of Red Army were buried alive in Ma Bufang. Cruel killing in war is terrible.

Xining, the capital of Qinghai: Ma Jiajun's base camp, after the defeat of the marked army, Ma Jiajun came to Xining with thousands of Red Army soldiers. /kloc-Men over 0/8 years old were buried alive in the dug "mass graves", and only a few people escaped.

Gao Tai: 65438+65438 0937+110. In October, more than 3,000 people of the Red Fifth Army, led by the commander Dong Zhentang, continued to move westward and captured Gaotai County, and all the defenders 1400 people surrendered. /KOOC-0/2/KOOC-0/0/2, Ma Jiajun sent more than 20,000 soldiers to surround Gaotai. /kloc-on the morning of October 20th, the rebels appeared in the merged vigilante group and attacked the enemy in Kaesong. After their death, Dong Zhentang, commander of the army, and Yang Keming, director of the Political Department, were beheaded for three days and sent to Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing office for credit.

Linze: It marks the place where the troops have the longest fighting time, the largest fighting scale and the largest number of casualties. After the fall of Gao Tai, the remaining 65,438+300,000 marked troops were all assembled in the Nijiayingzi zone more than 70 miles southeast of Linze. Ma Jiajun mobilized 40,000 to 50,000 troops from Gansu and Qinghai provinces, and laid siege to Nijiayingzi in three ways. The two sides launched a bloody battle that lasted for more than 20 days. Although the marked army was killed 10000 people, it also suffered heavy casualties, and Chen Haisong, the military political commissar, died one after another.

After the Linze and Gao Tai wars, the marked army was basically defeated, retreated to Shiwo Mountain in Qilian Mountain, held an enlarged meeting, and decided to disperse guerrilla warfare on the spot. Only the left detachment finally crossed the Qilian Mountain and walked out of the Gobi Desert after a hard March day and night, and arrived at Xingxing Gorge one after another at the end of April, out of danger and rescued more than 420 backbone people.

When the Red Army went out, the total number was about 2 1800. More than 7000 people died in the war; About 5,600 people were brutally killed after being captured; About 4700 people were rescued and returned to Yan' an; About 4500 people were separated and stranded along the way.

Form a marked army and open up international routes.

According to Dong Hanhe, a historical expert of the marked army, 19361late October, the weather began to get cold. The Central Military Commission ordered more than 2 1800 soldiers to cross the Yellow River in Jingyuan, Gansu. At that time, more than 20,000 soldiers accounted for about two-fifths of the total number of the Red Army. They came from the Red Fourth Army Command and the 30th Army, the 9th Army, the 5th Army, the Cavalry Division, the Secret Service Corps, the Training Corps and the Women Corps. They crossed the Yellow River in order to implement the Ningxia campaign plan based on the strategy of opening up international routes.

With the change of the war situation,1at the beginning of October, under the command of the Central Military Commission, 1936 165438+ this unit was renamed as the marked army and left for Hexi. Xu is the vice chairman and commander-in-chief of the Military and Political Committee of the marked army, and Chen Changhao is a political commissar. Chiang Kai-shek ordered Ma Bufang, Ma and other departments to carry out "encirclement and suppression" of the marked army that went deep into the Hexi Corridor.

In the following days and nights, the marked army fought bloody battles with hundreds of sworn enemies such as Ma Bufang and Ma, the reactionary warlords in the northwest, for half a year. In the meantime, Qilian Mountain was defeated in March of 1937 due to factors such as going deep alone, lack of food and ammunition, and being outnumbered, despite the record of tackling key problems and establishing political power and successively annihilating more than 25,000 enemies.

Killed by Ma Jiajun.

In Marshal Xu's Historical Review (first edition * * * Press 1988), the fourteenth chapter is "Hexi Corridor in a bloody battle". He used 5 1 page to introduce in detail the whole process of "the failure of the marked army in the west of the Yellow River".

The book Historical Review says that the failure of the marked army is one of the few major failures in the history of the * * * army. According to relevant statistics, the total number of the Red Army's West Route Army is about 2 1800. About 7000 people died in the battle, including 43 cadres at or above the regimental level/kloc-0, and more than 20 cadres at or above the division level. About 5,600 people were brutally killed after being captured; About 4700 people were rescued and returned to Yan' an; About 4500 people were separated and stranded along the way.

According to Dong Hanhe's "Documentary of Prisoners of War", Ma Bufang's cruelty is simply outrageous. A staff member of the Memorial Hall of the Eighth Route Army Lanzhou Office said that Ma Bufang killed more than 3,200 people in Zhangye alone, and there were various ways to kill people, such as burying them alive, shooting them, burning them to death, gouging out their hearts, taking courage and cutting their tongues.

"Killing for about two hours. The red army has not eaten for several days and is unable to resist. When you take it to the pit, it is usually not tied. The red army stood by the pit, one knife at a time. The man who can kill is dead, but the head of the man who can't kill is not down, or there is no harm. As a result, people are still alive in the pit. They asked to try again. I shot and killed seven or eight people. " In Ma Ying Archives,1August 4, 978, Ma Bufang's cousin Ma Ying recalled, "Dong Zhentang's head was sent by Liu Chengde and soaked in alcohol. I saw with my own eyes. "

Many of them were only in their twenties. In addition to the battlefield victims, many of them were captured and became "captive women". Because the age is not very big, except some of them were buried alive by Ma Bufang, some of them were * * *, or they were wives and maids for subordinates, and even resold in many places.

The female Red Army is worse than the male Red Army.

"At that time, in Qilian Mountain, we fell in rows, even if we didn't die, it was too bad." Wu, who was not killed because she was young, recalled that although they were female soldiers, they had to fight like male soldiers in addition to chopping wood and cooking, and many lesbians died in the battle. Like Wu, Yao Zhizhen and Ma, they were all members of the women's anti-Japanese vanguard in the West Route Army at that time.

According to Wu, many female soldiers have passed away now, and only Wu et al. 17 people are still alive. Dong Hanhe, an old man from Gansu Academy of Social Sciences who had direct face-to-face contact with these female soldiers, said that if the marked army is a tragedy, the fate of these female Red Army looks even more tragic than that of the male Red Army. They are the most respectable and admirable group.

Dong Hanhe said that at that time, many people were only in their twenties. Except for the battlefield victims, many of them were captured and became "captive women". Because they are not very old, Ma Bufang was buried alive, and some of them were * * *, or used as wives and maids for his men, and even resold in many places. The 84-year-old Wu recalled that she was "rewarded" to a janitor named Ma of Han Qigong's family.

Set up women's anti-Japanese vanguard

According to Dong Han and the book Women Soldiers of the Red Army in the Western Expedition, while the Western Expedition Army was advancing, more than 300 women soldiers of the Red Fourth Front Army/KLOC-0 were also ordered to form a women's anti-Japanese vanguard group, all of which were equipped according to the regular armed forces and governed three battalions, directly under the Western Expedition Army Command, headed by Wang Quanyuan. On March 1937 and 14, only 3,000 marked troops were evacuated from Shiwoshan, Sunan County. That night, the Military and Political Committee of the marked army held an emergency meeting in Shiwoshantou, which was also the last meeting of the Military and Political Committee of the marked army. In order to preserve this effective force, the meeting decided to organize the remaining troops into three teams and disperse their actions. The headquarters gathered more than 300 remaining female fighters and reorganized the women's group, headed by Tao Wanrong. "Because the female warrior is more powerful, Ma Fei will not kill her when she sees it, so our task is to cover the task of retreating the main force into the mountains, causing many prisoners and casualties." Wu's memory is still amazing, said.

The book "Women Soldiers of the Red Army in the Western Expedition" says that the glorious history of women's groups that are unique in the history of the Red Army and their names have been forgotten by people as time goes by. After liberation, some of them were simply described as "deserters" and "traitors" because they were captured and wandering, and almost all of them were brutally persecuted and criticized during the Cultural Revolution.

1on March 27th, 937, Zhang Wentian, * * *, Zhu De and Zhang jointly called Peng and Ren, instructing them to make peace with Ma Bufang in order to save the crisis of the marked army.

He was rescued by the central government when he was fighting alone.

Just as the marked army was fighting alone, the central government was also carrying out rescue work.

We looked up a lot of information. In the book * * * Comment on * * * Star (published by Ma Xianglin Democracy and Construction Publishing House), there is an article "The Pain of the Red Army marked", in which it is mentioned that in the face of urgent telegrams from Xu and Chen Changhao to the Central Committee, * * * and the CPC Central Committee, in addition to emergency instructions for negotiations in Angola, Chiang Kai-shek was asked to stop the military attack, and Liu Bocheng was appointed on February 27, and political commissar Zhang Hao led the original Gongsi.

After the failure of the marked army, in order to preserve the remnants of the marked army,1on March 27th, 937, Zhang Wentian, * * *, Zhu De and Zhang jointly called Peng and Ren, instructing them to make peace with Ma Bufang, so as to save the marked army from crisis. 1April, 937, the remaining 700 marked troops led by * * * retreated to Xinjiang from Xingxingxia, Anxi.

* * * cheat the marching mark.

Dong Hanhe's book "The Rise and Fall of the marked army" also mentioned that at the end of 1937, Lin Dao 'an rescued more than 1500 Red Army casualties shortly after he became a party representative in Shaanxi. Originally, Ma Bufang wanted to make a new corps composed of captive marked troops into the Wei Department of Henan Province. Xie Juezai, the representative of * * * in Lanzhou, sent people to negotiate with the * * * army to release people, and sent the staff of the Eighth Route Army's Lanzhou office to talk with them at the headquarters of the new corps, asking them to strengthen their confidence and be ready to return to the revolutionary ranks at any time.

Unexpectedly, the * * * Military Region pretended to ask the military department for approval, but secretly ordered the regiment to March in advance. Xie Juezai immediately telegraphed the matter to Lin. Lin immediately made representations to the relevant parties. As soon as the new regiment arrived in Xi 'an, it went to work, and these separated Red Army personnel demanded to come back. Later, these prisoners of war of the West Route Army drove to Anwubao in Sanyuan County and were incorporated into the Eighth Route Army units.

"The Eighth Route Army's Gansu office was set up to rescue these troops that have lost their marks." Xiao Chen, a lecturer at the memorial hall of the Eighth Route Army's Lanzhou office, said that in addition to rescuing and contacting the lost personnel of the West Route Army, another task was to open up international routes and keep in touch with the Soviet Union. 1937, a hookah merchant surnamed Wang gave his private house to the Eighth Route Army Office of the Red Army in Gansu until 1943.

Failure dramatically changed the fate of these people, even those who survived. In the West Route Army, there is also a special team, which is a women's anti-Japanese vanguard group composed of more than 1300 female soldiers. Some of them were buried alive, some were forced to be little wives or rewarded as doormen in private houses, and they were accused of "desertion" during the Cultural Revolution. Now about 90 years old, life is still plain, no complaints, no exaggeration. If you don't listen to their legendary experience with your own eyes, you really can't get the shock and respect of these shivering old people.

"When failure becomes a fate, failure is also great." British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said this sentence during World War II. Aside from discussing the reasons for the failure of the marked army, the touching stories of these soldiers are enough to give your mind a bath. Suddenly, your numb heart has been touched for a long time, and the "real person" in Zhuangzi is sincere. Not refined and sincere, not moving. "This sentence has been ringing in my heart.

Marked military memorabilia

1936101On October 9th, the Red First Army, the Red Second Army and the Red Fourth Army joined forces in Huining.

On June 65438+1October 1 1 day, the Central Committee issued the October Operational Program. An army of the Red Fourth Front Army was ordered to build a ship in Jingyuan section of the Yellow River, and completed the preparation for crossing the river before 1 10.

10 10 16, Chiang Kai-shek issued a "general order of suppression" to attack the Red Army preparing to cross the river.

10 year1From October 25th to 29th, the 30th, 5th and 9th armies of the Red Fourth Front Army crossed the river.

10 year1October 29th, the central government ordered 3 1 troops to cross the river, and the decision was changed the next day, leaving 3 1 troops.

10 year 10 on October 30th, Chiang Kai-shek's Guan Shi arrived in Jingyuan. The 5th, 9th and 30th armies of Hexi Red Army were isolated from Hedong Red Army.

10 year 10 on October 30th, the central government ordered the suspension of the Ningxia campaign plan.

165438+1October 3, the Central Committee ordered the Red Army in Hexi to March westward. The Red Army and Ma Bufang fought fiercely on all fronts.

165438+1October 6th, Chen Changhao, Xu et al. Formulated the Battle Plan of Pingda Gu Liang (Pingfan, Dajing, Gulang and Liangzhou), and decided to move westward, so that Yuping Gu Liang occupied a foothold and coordinated the Red Army to cross the river in Hedong.

165438+1October 8, the central government decided to give up the Ningxia campaign plan. Put forward a "new operational plan". On the one hand, the South Army composed of the two armies left southern Shaanxi, and on the other hand, the North Army composed of Hedong was waiting to enter Shanxi. The Red Army in Hexi established the marked army, established the base area in Hexi, and opened up the route to the Soviet Union. It marks the formal establishment of the army. Commander-in-chief Xu, political commissar Chen Changhao.

165438+1October 9, marked army assembled, ready to implement "Pindar Gu Liang Campaign Plan".

165438+1October 1 1 The Central Committee called to ask about the action opinions of the marked army. The leader of the marked army decided to go west.

165438+1October 16- 18, Gulang campaign lost, and the 9th Army lost one third.

165438+1October 2 1 day, the marked army attacked Shandan, and the marked army advanced to the Liangzhou-Yongchang line and stopped in this area.

1On October 22nd, Ma Jiajun began to attack the Red Army on a large scale.

165438+1October 22-65438+At the beginning of February, the marked army and Ma Jiajun fought fiercely, and the strength of the Red Army was reduced to 15000.

65438+At the end of February, the marked army marched westward again.

1At the beginning of October, marked troops entered Linze and Gao Tai areas.

65438+1October 12-20, Ma Jiajun stormed Gao Tai, Gao Tai fell, and five armies were wiped out. Dong Zhentang, commander of the army, Yang Keming, director of the Political Department, and more than 3,000 soldiers died.

On February 6th, marked and Ma Jiajun fought bloody battles in Nijiayingzi for 40 days. In order to preserve their effective strength, the Red Army retreated from Liyuan Pass to Qilian Mountain and ran to Kanglong Temple and Shiwo Mountain to escape the enemy's pursuit.

On March 14, only 3,000 marked troops withdrew to Shiwoshan, Sunan County, where the last meeting of the marked military and political committee was held, and it was decided to organize the remaining troops into three teams and disperse their actions.

On March 17, all the combat troops in Qilian Mountain were dispersed.