Key knowledge of geography in senior one.

Key knowledge of geography in senior one: 1, the composition of the atmosphere and the functions of main components such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and solid impurities.

The composition of the lower atmosphere: clean air with stable proportion (mainly oxygen and nitrogen), unstable water vapor and solid impurities.

Nitrogen-the basic component of organisms

Oxygen-a necessary substance for life activities

Carbon dioxide-the raw material of photosynthesis; Thermal insulation function

Ozone, the umbrella of life on earth, absorbs ultraviolet rays.

The formation of water vapor and solid impurities-clouds leads to rain; Impurities: condensed nuclei

2. The vertical stratification of the atmosphere and the influence of each layer on human activities.

Relationship between other characteristics of airflow and people.

The higher the troposphere, the lower it is. Convection accounts for 3/4 of the atmospheric mass. Water vapor and dust; Inconsistent weather phenomena at different latitudes

The higher the stratosphere, the higher the advection and high-altitude flight; The existence of ozone layer

There is ionosphere in the upper atmosphere (radio communication; Solar activity interferes with short-wave communication

3. Atmospheric heating process

(1) Basic energy source: solar radiation (wavelength range of various radiation and the essence of solar radiation-short wave radiation).

(2) the heating process of the atmosphere (thermal effect of the atmosphere)-the sun heats the earth and the earth heats the atmosphere.

Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: three forms and their respective phenomena (with examples)

The main reason affecting the weakening degree is the solar altitude angle (the weakening degree is different at different latitudes)

Thermal insulation of the ground atmosphere;

Understand ground radiation (infrared long-wave radiation); Atmospheric radiation (infrared long-wave radiation)

The process of heat preservation: the atmosphere strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground; Atmospheric inverse radiation returns heat to the ground (diagrams and examples-such as frost occurrence time; Comparison of daily temperature difference)

The significance of heat preservation: reducing the daily variation of temperature; Ensure the appropriate temperature of the earth; Maintain global heat balance

4. Causes of vertical and horizontal motion of the atmosphere.

(1) The fundamental cause of atmospheric motion: uneven cold and hot (between latitudes; Between land and sea)

(2) the form of atmospheric movement:

The simplest form: thermal cycle (diagram and explanation); Example: suburban wind; Sea-land wind; The main reason of monsoon

Decomposition of thermal cycle: vertical motion of atmosphere caused by uneven cooling and heating

Horizontal air pressure difference

Horizontal airflow flows from high pressure to low pressure.

Horizontal motion of the atmosphere (wind):

The root cause of wind: uneven heat and cold

The direct cause of wind formation: horizontal pressure difference (or horizontal pressure gradient force)

Three forces affecting wind: horizontal pressure gradient force; Geostrophic deflection; surface friction

Determination of wind direction: 1 force wind (theoretical wind)-perpendicular to isobar, with high pressure pointing to low pressure. Level 2 wind (high altitude wind)-parallel to the isobar, north to the right, south to the left. 3 force wind (actual ground wind)-oblique to the isobar, north to the right, south to the left.

Pay attention to the wind direction map of a certain point in the actual ground pressure field in the northern hemisphere.

5. Three-circle circulation and the formation of pressure zone and wind zone

(1) No rotation, uniform surface-single cycle (thermal cycle)

(2) Rotation, uniform surface-three-circle circulation

(3) Composition of three-circle circulation: 0-30 low latitude circulation; 30-60 mid-latitude circulation; 60-90 high latitude circulation

Formation of seven kinds of air pressures and six kinds of winds on the ground: an ideal model of zonal distribution

Wet and dry conditions in each pressure zone (low pressure and low humidity; High pressure drying)

Wind direction and dry and wet conditions in each wind area (trade winds are generally dry; The west wind is wet)

Polar front: close to 60 degrees, formed by the meeting of prevailing westerly winds and polar easterly winds.

The pressure zone and wind zone move with the seasonal north-south movement of the direct point of the sun.

(4) Influence of land and sea distribution on pressure area and wind area: actual surface conditions (blocky)

The most important influence: the temperature difference between land and sea.

Performance (Atmospheric Activity Center):

July (summer) in the northern hemisphere: Eurasian continent-Asian depression; Pacific upper high

Northern hemisphere 65438+ 10 month (winter): Eurasian continent-Asian high; Pacific high and low pressure

(5) Monsoon circulation (note the chart)

Conceptual understanding: it is an integral part of global atmospheric circulation; East Asian monsoon is the most typical.

The causes of monsoon:

The main reason-the thermal difference between land and sea (can explain the winter and summer monsoon in East Asia; Winter winds in South Asia)

The cause of the South Asian summer monsoon-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere moves northward across the equator and turns right to the southwest wind (or simply: the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and wind belt)

The influence of monsoon: the characteristics of monsoon: the same period of rain and heat; The precipitation season changes greatly, which is prone to drought and flood disasters.

Two monsoon climates in East Asia and their respective distribution areas (bounded by Qinhuai line); Their respective climatic characteristics

-temperate monsoon climate: the monsoon area north of Qinhuai; Winter is dry and cold; Summer hot and humid

-Subtropical monsoon climate: the monsoon region south of Qinhuai; Winter is mild with little rain; Summer hot and humid

-The two monsoon climates in East Asia have the same Xia Feng direction in winter and the same causes.

-Pay attention to the distribution of air pollution enterprises in the industrial layout of cities in the monsoon region. Tropical monsoon climate in South Asia;

-High temperature all the year round. The monsoon region with alternating dry season (controlled by northeast monsoon) and rainy season (controlled by southwest monsoon) is the main distribution region of rice cultivation in the world-the monsoon climate region of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia and the tropical rain forest climate region of Southeast Asia.

6. The relationship between atmospheric circulation and water and heat transport is a generalization of atmospheric circulation.

(1) global atmospheric circulation;

It promotes the exchange of heat and water vapor between high and low latitudes and between land and ocean;

Adjust the global distribution of water and heat;

It is an important factor in weather change and climate formation in various places.

(2) The causes of several important climates:

Mediterranean climate:

The west coast of the continent between 30 and 40 north latitude; Winter is controlled by the west wind, warm and humid; Summer is controlled by subtropical high, which is dry and hot.

Tropical grassland climate:

North and south latitudes 10-20 degrees; The annual high temperature is controlled by equatorial low pressure in rainy season and by trade winds in dry season.

Temperate maritime climate:

The west coast of the continent between 40 and 60 north latitude; Controlled by the west wind all year round, the climate is warm and humid.

Tropical rain forest climate:

Near the equator; Hot and humid all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round.

Three monsoon climates: (see above analysis)

7. Features of weather systems such as fronts, low pressure and high pressure.

Frontal system

An example of a frontal graphic symbol, indicating the position of weather and precipitation before crossing the border.

Cold front warm air mass control: sunny; The cold wave in winter passes through low pressure, cloudy day, rain, strong wind and cooling front; Summer rainstorm in northern China

Warm front cold air mass control: sunny; High pressure continuous precipitation front

Low pressure (cyclone) and high pressure (anticyclone) systems

Air pressure: high pressure and low pressure

Airflow: cyclone and anticyclone

Figure: will judge; You can draw the wind direction

Examples of central air pressure, horizontal airflow direction, vertical airflow direction, central weather conditions, and other influences.

The cyclone is low in the north and reversed in the south, rainy in the upward direction, and the Asian low pressure forms a front along the trough line.

The anticyclone is high in the south and sunny in the north.

Frontal cyclone (important! )

Requirements: Identify each weather system on the map;

Weather system control and weather phenomena in different places

8, geographical location, atmospheric circulation, topography and other factors on the climate.

8- 1 Analysis of climatic factors

geographical position

A latitude position: determining solar radiation-the most basic cause of climate difference-determining heat or temperature.

B. land and sea locations:

Such as temperate maritime climate and temperate continental climate; The maritime climate has small temperature difference and high humidity; Continental converse

The formation of monsoon climate on the east coast of the mainland is due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

Atmospheric circulation (pressure area and wind area)

Features: dual nature-water and heat exchange between different latitudes and land and sea; Directly control the climate characteristics (hydrothermal conditions) of a place.

Bottom surface (surface condition); Direct heat source and water source of recent surface atmosphere

Other factors affecting climate: human activities, ocean currents (cold current cooling and dehumidification; Warm current heating and humidification)

8-2 Climate Types

Climate characteristics (temperature and precipitation map can be judged; Will be described)

Climate elements: temperature, precipitation.

Tropical climate is defined by the temperature zone-the monthly average temperature is above 15 degrees.

The monthly average minimum temperature is 0- 15 degrees, which belongs to subtropical climate.

The monthly minimum temperature is below 0, with temperate climate (except temperate maritime climate).

According to the water shape-tropical climate can be divided into four types:

Tropical rain forest climate: rainy all year round;

Tropical desert climate: drought all year round;

Tropical monsoon climate: dry season and rainy season.

Tropical grassland climate: dry season and rainy season.

-Subtropical climate can be divided into two types:

Subtropical monsoon climate: rain and heat occur at the same time

Subtropical Mediterranean climate: rainy in winter and dry in summer.

-Temperate climate can be divided into three types:

Temperate monsoon climate: rain and heat at the same time

Temperate continental climate: little rain all year round.

Temperate maritime climate: rainy all year round.

Climatic reasons

Causes of Monsoon Climate: Three Monsoon Climate

The pressure zone and wind zone alternately control the climate;

Mediterranean climate (subtropical high and west wind); Tropical grassland climate (trade winds and equatorial depression)

Single pressure belt and wind belt control climate;

Tropical rain forest climate (equatorial depression); Temperate maritime climate (west wind)

Climate distribution

Climate on the East Coast of the Mainland: Three Monsoon Climate

The climate on the west coast of the mainland: Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate.

Intracontinental climate: temperate continental climate.

9. Causes and harm of global greenhouse effect, ozone layer destruction and acid rain.

Causes and countermeasures of pollution hazards

Burning fossil fuels will destroy forests, especially tropical forests. Carbon dioxide sea level rises (why? ) poses a direct threat to coastal lowlands, causing changes in precipitation and dry and wet conditions in various regions, which in turn leads to changes in the economic structure of countries around the world (specific performance? ) improve energy efficiency and adopt new energy sources; Strive to strengthen international cooperation; afforest

The use of ozone-depleting substances such as refrigeration equipment and the increase of solar ultraviolet radiation such as chlorofluorocarbons directly endanger human health; Global cooperation to destroy the ecological environment, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery and reduce the emission of ozone-depleting substances; Actively develop new refrigeration systems

Acid rain burns fossil fuels (mainly coal); Acidification of acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted by automobile exhaust affects the growth and even death of fish; Acidizing soil, endangering forest and crop growth; The most fundamental way to corrode buildings and cultural relics and endanger human health is to reduce the emissions of man-made sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides-study the comprehensive development and utilization of sulfur resources in coal (such as clean coal technology; Clean combustion technology; Waste gas reuse) burning low sulfur coal or other clean energy.