It is urgent to seek the thinking guidance of attributive clauses in senior high school English.

First, the definition of attributive clauses.

Clauses used as attributes are called attributive clauses. An attributive clause is usually placed after the noun (or pronoun) it modifies. This noun (or pronoun) is called antecedent. The related words that guide the object clause are relative pronouns and adverbs. Relative pronouns can be used as subject, object and attribute in attributive clauses. Relative adverbs are only used as adverbials in attributive clauses. For example:

The student who answered this question is John. The student who answered this question is John. Who answers questions is an attributive clause guided by the relative pronoun who, which is used to modify the leading students of who, and who is the subject in the clause.

I know the reason why he is so angry. I know the reason why he is so angry. Why is he so angry is an attributive clause guided by a relative adverb, which is used to modify the antecedent reason of why, and why is used as an adverbial of reason in the clause.

Attributive clauses are usually followed by antecedents. For example:

The room used as a studio is bare and dusty. The room used as a studio is empty and dusty. The attributive clause guided by relative pronouns follows its antecedent immediately.

Sometimes it can be separated from the former cause. For example:

A new teacher will teach you German tomorrow. A new teacher will teach you German tomorrow. (Attributive clause guided by relative pronouns separated from their antecedents)

Second, the usage of relative pronouns.

The relative pronouns used as related words are who, who, who, that, which and so on. Who, who, who refers to people, who is the nominative case, used as the subject in clauses (and can also be used as the object in informal English); Who is an objective case and is used as an object in clauses; Whose is the possessive case and is used as an attribute (and sometimes a thing) in clauses. For example:

The man who was here yesterday is a painter. The man who was here yesterday is a painter. (nominative pronoun used as subject in clause)

The man I met is called Smith. The name of the man I met is Smith. (who replaces who in informal English and can also be omitted)

I know the man you mean. I know the man you are talking about. (the object relative pronoun whom used as the object in the clause)

Children whose parents are dead are called orphans. Children who have lost their parents are called orphans. (possessive pronoun whose is used as an attribute in clauses, referring to people)

I like the room whose window faces the sea. I want a room with a window facing the sea. (The possessive pronoun which is used as an attribute in the clause and refers to the room. It can be replaced by of which, but the latter is more formal. )

That can be used as both subject and object in clauses (it can be omitted in informal style); It can refer to both people and things, but in contemporary English it refers to things. For example:

Letters written in pencil are difficult to read. Letters written in pencil are difficult to read. (Used as a relative pronoun of subject and referent in clauses)

The letter I received from him yesterday is very important. The letter he came yesterday is very important. A relative pronoun used as an object and a referent in a clause.

Is he an egg seller? Is he the man who sells eggs? (a relative pronoun used as the subject in a clause, referring to a person)

Relative pronouns can be used as subject and object in clauses, referring to things in general, and can be omitted in informal style.

This is the book that has been translated into many languages. This is a book with many translations. (a relative pronoun used as the subject in a clause)

Where is the book I bought this morning? Where is the book I bought this morning? Relative pronouns used as objects in clauses can be omitted. )

It can also be used as an attribute and predicative in clauses. For example:

We asked him to consult a doctor, and the doctor accepted our advice. We told him to see a doctor, and he accepted our suggestion. (a relative pronoun used as an attribute in a clause)

These two policemen are completely trusted. In fact, they are trusted. As a matter of fact, those two policemen are completely trusted. (used as a relative pronoun in a clause)

As, than and but can also be used as relative pronouns. For example:

The two brothers are satisfied with this decision, which was agreed in advance. The two brothers are very satisfied with this decision, which they agreed in advance. (the relative pronoun as is the subject in the clause, and its antecedent is this decision)

I know from his accent that he is a foreigner. He is a foreigner, and I recognized him from his accent. The relative pronoun as is the object in the clause, and its antecedent is the whole previous sentence.

I have never heard such a story as he told. I have never heard such a story as he told. The relative pronoun as is used with demonstrative pronouns such as objects in clauses, and its antecedent is such a story.

Her attitude towards him is as calm as ever. Her attitude towards him is exactly the same as her usual attitude. (the relative pronoun as is used with the demonstrative pronoun same, which is used as a predicate in the clause and its antecedent is same)

You spent more money than expected. You spent more money than the predetermined amount. (the relative pronoun than is used as the subject in the clause, and its antecedent is money)

Few people don't appreciate his talent. (the relative pronoun but is the subject in the clause, and its antecedent is, but = who don)

When a relative pronoun is used as a preposition object in an attributive clause, the preposition can be placed at the beginning or the end of the clause. But it is more formal to put it at the beginning of the clause. For example:

This is the book you want. This is the book you want. (Relative pronouns are used as prepositions of objects, and the first one comes before which)

This is the book you want. This is the book you want. The preposition for is placed at the end of the clause and can be omitted here.

When the relative pronouns who and that are used as prepositional objects, the preposition must be placed at the end of the sentence. For example:

The person you are talking to is Swedish. The person you are talking to is Swedish. (When the relative pronoun nominative who is used as the object of the preposition to, the preposition to must be placed at the end of the clause, and it can be omitted in the spoken who).

This is the car I told you about. This is the car I told you about. As a relative pronoun used as the object of the preposition about, the preposition about must be placed at the end of the clause.

Sometimes clauses have other components, and prepositions are put in clauses. For example:

This is the boy who works with him in the office. That is the boy who works with him.

When the antecedent refers to a person, the relative pronoun can be who or that. However, when relative pronouns are used as subjects in clauses, the commonly used nominative case is who. For example:

A quarrelsome person is despised. Quarrellers are despised. (except people, people, those, etc. Who used it)

Everyone who heard the story was surprised. Everyone who heard the story was surprised. Pronouns such as him, them, any, all, one, etc. Often followed by who)

I will forgive honest people. I am willing to forgive him. He is honest. (descriptive attributive clause uses who)

I think you should prove it to me. I think you should give me the evidence. (emphasize who is commonly used in the structure, and who can be omitted here)

Those who don't support us are against us. Whoever disagrees with us is against us. (condensed conjunction pronoun who can be replaced by that)

This is usually used in the following situations. For example:

He is the man whose bottle fell on him. (here, the guest language often refers to people, and who can also be used. )

He is a man who never loses. He is a man who is never at a loss. (usually used to refer to ordinary people)

He looked at the children and packages full of cars. I looked at the children and packages stuffed with cars. (also refers to people and things, you must use that)

Have you seen anyone who can beat him at chess? Have you seen anyone who can beat him at chess? (avoid using this word when it is repeated with the antecedent who)

This is the man who asked for help the day before yesterday. This is the same person who asked for help the day before yesterday (Applicable when the demonstrative pronoun same comes before the antecedent)

He is not the man he used to be. He is not the man he used to be. (This is often used as a predicative)

I know her father is a simple and hard-working man. He gave me the breath of life. I know her father is the simplest and hardest working person in the world. This usage should be used when there are adjectives such as superlative, ordinal or just before the antecedent.

When the antecedent refers to something, the relative pronouns that and which are usually interchangeable. But this is usually used in the following situations. For example:

All that glitters is not gold. All that glitters is not gold. (indefinite pronouns includes the compound something followed by that)

This is the biggest map I have ever seen. That is the biggest map I have ever seen. (often used after the superlative antecedent of adjectives)

It was liberation that brought about a radical change in his life. It was liberation that brought about a radical change in his life. (emphasize the structure with that)

There is a house with bay windows. There is a house with a protruding window. (This is an inherent feature in this table)

You are close to home. Your distance from home is negligible. (In restrictive attributive clauses, relative pronouns are used as predicative to apply that, while in descriptive attributive clauses, which is used)

Which hotel was recommended to you? Which hotel recommended it to you? (This is obviously to avoid reuse.)

This is usually used in the following situations. For example:

Larry told her the story of the young pilot I mentioned at the beginning of this book. Larry told her a story about a young pilot, which I told at the book exchange. (often used when away from antecedents)

Shops should stock these best-selling goods. There should be the best-selling goods in the shop. (often used after "those+compound nouns")

I have something you gave me. I have the one you gave me. Which is more formal? That can also be used in informal English.

As the capital of China, Beijing has a history of more than 800 years and is rich in cultural and historical relics. As the capital of China for more than 800 years, Beijing is rich in historical relics. (Descriptive attributive clauses generally use which)

This is the one I was talking about. This is what I'm talking about. (Must be used after preposition)

Adverbs used as related words include when, where and why. When is an adverbial of time in a clause, and its antecedent must be a noun indicating time. For example:

We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. We are going to put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may improve. (The antecedent of the relative adverb when is next week)

He came when I was out last night. I was not at home when he came last night. (The antecedent of the relative adverb when is last night)

Since, before and after can also be used as relative adverbs to indicate time. For example:

Every hour has been very enjoyable since I came. Every hour has been interesting since I came here. (because it is used as a relative adverb)

The day before we left home, there was a snowstorm. There was a snowstorm the day before we left home. (before is used as a relative adverb)

The year after she graduated from college, she spent abroad. (after is used as a relative adverb)

Sometimes it can be used as a relative adverb to express time. For example:

It happened on the day when I was born. It happened on the day when I was born. (That = When)

I hardly remember the day when I first met her. I hardly remember the day when I first met her.

Where is an adverbial of place in a clause, and its antecedent must be a noun indicating place. For example:

They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen's A Doll's House. They went to the Royal Theatre to see Ibsen's Puppet Family.

The place where Macbeth met the witch was a desolate wilderness. The place where Macbeth met the witch was a wasteland.

The antecedent of where can also be an abstract noun with positional meaning. For example:

It's time for him to change. He has reached the point where he needs to change his way. (the antecedent of where is an abstract noun)

Why is an adverbial of reason in a clause, and its antecedent is only the reason. For example:

That's not the reason why you should leave. That's not why you have to leave. (Why antecedents are causes)

He refused to reveal the reason why he did it. He refused to reveal the reason why he did it. (Why antecedents are causes)

Sometimes why it can be omitted. For example:

This is one of the reasons why I invited you here. This is one of the reasons why I invited you here. (After the reason, omit the reason)

Why can I change it to that sometimes? For example:

The cause of his death was lack of medical care. He died for lack of medical care. (Why was it replaced by that?)

When the antecedent is way, the relative adverb can also use that, for example:

This is his way to solve the problem. This is his solution to the problem.

I don't like the way he talks. I don't like the way he talks.

Attributive clauses can be divided into restrictive attributive clauses and unrestricted attributive clauses. Restrictive attributive clauses are closely related to antecedents and have a restrictive effect on antecedents. So it is indispensable, otherwise it will affect the meaning of the whole sentence. There is no comma before the general restrictive attributive clause. For example:

What's the name of the boy who brought us this letter? What's the name of the boy who brought us this letter?

There are many things that will make English readers unhappy. There are many things that will make British readers unhappy.

The teacher told us that Tom was the only reliable person. The teacher told us that Tom was the only person we could rely on.

I will never forget the day when we first met in the park. I will never forget the day when we met in the park.

Is there a shop near here where we can buy fruit? Is there a shop nearby where I can buy fruit?

Do you know the reason why I am late? Do you know the reason why I am late?

Non-restrictive attributive clauses are only loosely modified with antecedents, separated by commas. Therefore, relative pronouns in clauses cannot be omitted. Generally do not guide non-restrictive attributive clauses, such as:

I like chatting with John. He is a smart guy. I like chatting with John. He is a clever man.

Water is a clear liquid and has many uses. Water is a clear liquid and has many uses.

I came to Boston again. I haven't been there for ten years. I came to Boston again. I haven't been here for ten years.

Non-restrictive attributive clauses are clauses in form and are essentially equivalent to clauses in function. For example:

Then he met Mary who invited him to a party. Later he met Mary, who invited him to the party. (Who is it actually = with her)

When he was 7 10 years old, he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he went to a junior college in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. (Where = There)

Sometimes the meaning of descriptive attributive clauses is equivalent to adverbial clauses. For example:

We don't like this room, it's cold. We don't like that room. It's cold. (Which is cold = because it is cold)

He said he was busy, which is not true. He said he was busy, but it was not. (This is not true)

I want him. He knows some English. I want him. He knows some English. Who knows a little English?