What does whole grass cultivation include?

(Chen Weiping, He,,)

Pogosfemon Cablin (Blanco) Benth。 It is also called Pogosfemon Cablin (Blanco) Benth. It is a perennial herb of Labiatae. Native to the Philippines, it is also cultivated in Malaysia, Sumatra and other places. China has a history of cultivation for hundreds of years, mainly distributed in Hainan Province and Guangdong Province, such as Guangzhou, Jiangmen and Zhanjiang, with a small amount of cultivation in Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan Province and Sichuan provinces. Use whole grass as medicine. The whole plant contains about 2% volatile oil, and the main components in the oil are patchouli alcohol and patchouli ketone, in addition to benzaldehyde, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. Pharmacological experiments show that the volatile oil of Pogostemon cablin can promote gastric juice secretion, enhance digestion, and have spasmolytic and antiseptic effects on gastrointestinal tract. In addition, it also has inhibitory effect on common pathogenic skin fungi. It can also be used as perfume, mixture and fixative for preparing cosmetics. Spicy, slightly warm. It has the functions of promoting hair circulation, harmonizing, promoting qi circulation, eliminating dampness and relieving summer heat. Indications: common cold, summer dampness, vomiting and diarrhea, headache and chest tightness.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 60- 150 cm, and the whole plant is hairy and fragrant. The stems are erect, multi-branched, quadrangular, stout, purplish red or purplish green, and densely covered with grayish yellow fluff. The leaves are opposite, ovoid or ovoid, 4-1cm long and 4-9 cm wide, with dark green surface, light green back, short blunt tip at the apex, nearly round or heart-shaped base, irregular obtuse serrations at the edge, and densely gray-white pubescence on both sides with glandular spots. Cymes with dense spices, terminal or axillary; Calyx tubular, 5-toothed; Corolla lip-shaped, reddish purple; 4 stamens; Ovary superior, stigma 2-lobed. Smooth nutlets (figure 16- 1).

Figure 16 —— 1 Pogostemon cablin

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development and its requirements for environmental conditions

Pogostemon cablin originated in Southeast Asian countries and has been widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of China, showing strong adaptability. See table 16— 1 for the temperature and rainfall of each cultivation area.

Table16 ——1Comparison of temperature and rainfall in main production areas of Pogostemon cablin

Note: Most of the temperature in Leng Yue appears at 5438+ 10 in June.

1. temperature

Like high temperature, the annual average temperature is 19-26℃, which can be planted in frost-free areas all year round or occasionally. The area with an average annual temperature of 24-25℃ is most suitable for growth. When the monthly average temperature is higher than 28℃ or lower than 65438 07℃, the growth of Pogostemon cablin will slow down or stop. This plant can withstand a short-term low temperature of 0℃. The absolute minimum temperature in Miyi County, Sichuan Province is -2.4℃, and the annual average temperature is 19.4℃. Pogostemon cablin can grow normally, but cold protection measures should be taken in short-term low temperature weather in winter and spring. The average annual temperature in the suburb of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province is 22℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is 0℃, so plants can safely overwinter. The annual average temperature in Wanning County, Hainan Province is 24.4℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is above 65438 0.5℃. Patchouli can grow all year round. In the main producing areas of Hainan, it is usually planted in June 5438+ 10, and leaves germinate in June 5438+065438+ 10, which can grow normally in the winter of that year. February-May of the following year is the period of vigorous growth and the fastest accumulation of effective components, and it can be harvested in June-July. In areas with low temperature, the growth is slow in winter and spring (Figure 16-2). Plants can't see flowers and fruits all year round. Perennial plants occasionally see flowers and fruits, and the flowering period is in April.

Figure 16-2 Growth of Pogostemon cablin in Autumn and Spring in Different Areas

2. Rainfall

Pogostemon cablin likes an environment with abundant rainfall, even distribution and high humidity. It is required that the annual rainfall should be 1600-2400 mm, and artificial irrigation should be strengthened in areas with annual rainfall below1600 mm. I like rainy days at seedling stage and foggy and humid environment when I grow up. Timely irrigation in dry season can make Pogostemon cablin flourish and increase yield. However, excessive moisture can also cause the death of rotten roots, so attention should be paid to timely drainage in rainy season.

lamplight

Pogostemon cablin is a light-loving plant, which grows stronger in the sun than in the shade, has strong growth potential, rich stem tissue, small and thick leaves, dry/fresh stem leaves are about 25% higher than in the shade, and the oil yield is about 15%. However, Pogostemon cablin must be shaded at seedling stage and early planting stage, and once new roots and leaves grow, the shade should be removed. A sunny place is bound to be accompanied by abundant rain, which has the fastest growth and the highest yield. In areas where water can't keep up and light is too strong, Pogostemon cablin stops growing or grows poorly, leaves turn red and branches become hard, resulting in a large number of fallen leaves. This situation often occurs in the Pogostemon cablin garden cultivated on the sloping land from April to June.

4. wind

Pogostemon cablin has lush leaves and fragile branches, which are easy to break in case of typhoon, affecting growth and reducing production. Therefore, when choosing land, we should pay attention to choosing sheltered environment and terrain.

5. Land

Sandy loam with loose and fertile soil, slight acidity and good drainage is most suitable for the growth of Pogostemon cablin. Patchouli cultivated in loam has good quality, and the oil yield is more than 5% higher than that in sandy soil. However, it is necessary to strengthen intertillage drainage in loam to prevent soil hardening.

6. Fertilizer

Pogostemon cablin is very sensitive to fertilizers, especially the demand for nitrogen fertilizer is large, so phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied at the same time.

When nitrogen fertilizer is lacking, plants grow slowly, leaves turn yellow and become smaller, branches are few, and yield is low.

(2) Dynamic accumulation of effective components

Pogostemon cablin contains Pogostemon cablin oil, but the oil content in different parts is different. The oil content of leaves is 2.6%, and the oil content of stems and branches is only 2.0%, but the content of effective components such as patchouli alcohol in leaves is lower than that in stems and branches. In addition, the oil content also varies greatly with different harvest seasons. In early spring (February), the oil content of plants was the lowest, all below 1.0%, while in June, the oil content of plants was as high as 2.4%. Therefore, we should pay attention to the reasonable harvest season. Due to the different environmental and climatic conditions in different regions, the harvest season in different regions is also different. The most suitable harvest period in Hainan is June-July (Table 16-2).

Table 1.6—2 Comparison of Oil Content of Daphne odora in Different Harvest Periods in Hainan

Table 16—20 Effect of Sowing Date on Artemisinin Content

Third, cultivation techniques.

Land selection and land preparation

Choose a secondary forest near the water source. Brown sandy loam is the best, and gray brown sandy loam or gray brown gravel loam is also acceptable. Choose soil with deep soil layer, good drainage and pH value of 4.5-5.5, hillside, low slope or roadside slope with slope below 25. First, cut off wild weeds and trees, burn ashes on the spot as base fertilizer, plough and bury them in the soil, break the ground and level them, and then plant them in ridges. Paddy field planting, after harvesting late rice, drain the paddy field, turn it over in winter, let the soil fully weather, and then make the border. The width and height of the boundary depend on the terrain and soil conditions. Low terrain, high and wide; On the soil with high terrain, good aggregate structure and good drainage, the method of low border and narrow surface is adopted. The width of the border is generally 70- 100 cm, and the border surface should be flat and the soil particles should be finely divided. If the border is uneven, it is easy to make the leaves of Pogostemon cablin turn yellow and grow slowly due to stagnant water.

(2) Breeding methods

Asexual propagation is the main method, and direct insertion method and cuttage seedling transplantation are adopted in production.

1. Direct insertion method

Planting period should be chosen in warm and rainy season. In Hainan Province, in September-65438+1October, plants with vigorous growth and dense nodes with a growth period of 4-5 months were selected, and lateral branches from the middle stem were taken, which were 20-30cm long and had 6-7 nodes, with 3-4 brown corks in the lower part. Gently fold the branches from the stem by hand, so that the cuttings are attached to some phloem tissues of the main stem. Don't cut with a knife, so as to avoid excessive damage and water consumption and reduce the survival rate. Generally, seedlings are collected step by step from the stem base, once every 15-20 days. Picked seedlings should be placed in a cool place, and seeds should be planted at the time of collection.

2. Cutting seedlings

Insert fresh branches into the seedbed and transplant them into the ground after they grow roots. The method and time of picking branches are the same as that of inserting branches directly. Cutting should be carried out on cloudy days or in the evening, and it is best to water while cutting. The branches to be planted the next day should be spread out in the open air at night to absorb dew and preserve them. After the branch is inserted, it should be shaded. Cover it with a shed in the morning and don't cover it at night. In winter, they should be covered with sheds day and night to prevent freezing injury. In Hainan Island, a awn dustpan can be inserted every two rows or covered with straw, which not only exposes the hearts of seedlings, but also plays a role in moisturizing, shading and cold protection. Water it once every morning and evening. Roots were born about 10 after transplanting. After rooting, it can be smeared with 1∶8 human excrement and urine water for 3-4 times, and the shade can be removed after 20 days, and it can be planted after one month.

Preserve seeds

In April before the large-scale harvest in Hainan, some branches of Pogostemon cablin were picked and transplanted into the breeding nursery, and then a large number of seedlings were raised in August-September for autumn planting.

(3) Planting

Planting period should be chosen in warm and humid season. August-September in Sichuan, early April in the suburbs of Guangzhou, and March-May in Zhanjiang. Hainan can be planted twice a year, with one season in September-1 1, which is also the season of large-scale planting. During this period, there was plenty of rain, the climate was warm, cuttings took root early, branches grew fast, leaves grew fast, covered the ground, and reduced soil moisture evaporation. At the same time, the typhoon season has passed during this period, and wind disasters can be avoided. The other time is in July-August, which is the season with the highest temperature and the largest evaporation. If direct planting is adopted, the survival rate is very low. In order to ensure survival, cuttings need to be used for seedling cultivation. Different regions have different planting seasons, different harvest periods and different yields (table 16-3). When planting, the oblique insertion method is generally adopted, and 3/5 seedlings are obliquely inserted into the soil, and the soil is covered with light pressure. The plant spacing can be planted in a triangle of 40×50cm. Don't damage the cortex of cuttings when planting. Water immediately after planting, cover with grass for shade, and the survival rate is over 90%.

Table 16-3 Comparison of the relationship between sowing date and harvest date in different places and yield (IV) Field management

1. Zhemeng

In order to prevent the seedlings from dying of sunburn, they should be shaded immediately after planting. Generally, sunflower leaves, awn dustpan or straw are used as shading materials. Shading should not be too low or too dense, so as not to suffocate the seedlings due to insufficient ventilation. After about 20-30 days, the seedlings have survived, and the shading can be gradually reduced and completely removed.

Weeding and loosening soil

Weed and loosen the soil regularly after the seedlings survive. Because the transplanted seedlings have many fibrous roots and shallow roots, attention should be paid not to damage the roots when weeding. Weeding can be done for the first time half a month after sowing, and once a month later. The grass at the base of the stem should be pulled out and the soil should be cultivated in time after weeding.

fertilize the soil or land

Combined with intertillage weeding and fertilization. Pogostemon cablin is a fertilizer-loving crop, and it is also a good harvest of branches and leaves, so nitrogen fertilizer should be applied mainly. Generally, the first topdressing is carried out when new buds and leaves grow one month after planting, and then fertilization is carried out every 20-30 days, and fertilization is stopped one month before harvest. Fertilize 6-7 times during the whole growth period. According to the growth situation, the principle of light application first, dense application later and thin application should be adopted. Excessive fertilization is easy to cause fertilizer damage and plant root rot and death. Generally, it is human excrement, plant ash, etc. Apply more in the early stage, and mainly apply ammonium sulfate in the later stage, with a fertilization amount of 3-5 kg per mu and a total growth period of 20-3-5 kg. Apply more water and fertilizer in dry season to strengthen the absorption of fertilizer by plants.

4. Drainage and irrigation

Patchouli is very sensitive to water. It likes water and is afraid of water immersion. Before planting, the hair roots are often watered twice a day. During irrigation in dry season, the water level injected into the border ditch can reach 2/3 of the border surface, so that water can slowly penetrate into the border surface. Yes Always keep it moist. Pay attention to timely drainage in rainy days. Once flooded, plants die easily, and those that don't die will grow badly.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Root rot

(Fusarium oxysporum var.)

Most of them occur in hot and rainy seasons. The roots of diseased plants are black and rotten, and the plants gradually die. Root injury and stem injury, high temperature and high humidity, and water accumulation in the field are beneficial to the disease. Prevention and control methods: ditch drainage in time; Dig out the diseased plants and water them with 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution.

2. Tiger on the ground

Avro ypsilon (Rotberg)

Tomb-Sweeping Day began to move around, and larvae often bite off the stems of seedlings at night and eat the leaves of seedlings, resulting in lack of seedlings. See ginseng for prevention and control methods.

Besides, there are aphids. ) and Trichococcus. The harm will stay.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

Cultivation in paddy field for 6-8 months and cultivation in sloping land for 8- 1 1 month can be harvested. There are two harvesting methods: (1) uprooting in sunny days, removing fibrous roots and sediment, and processing to obtain commodities. (2) harvesting overnight roots in stages. Harvest the lateral branches 3-6 months after planting, and then cut the lateral branches every 5-6 months. After 2-3 years, the branches and main culms with more than 2-4 nodes from the ground can also be cut off at the harvest time, so that the branches can grow again at the base. The next harvest period will be carried out according to this method, and the branches will be updated after 2-3 years. This method can save the cost and labor of planting every year.

(2) Processing

After harvest, Pogostemon cablin is basked in the sun for several hours. After the leaves wither, they are stacked layer by layer, covered with straw, and pressed with wooden boards, so that they "sweat" all night to turn the branches and leaves yellow, and then spread out in the sun the next day, and then spread out in the sun until they are completely dry. After packaging, it should be placed in a dry and cool place to prevent moisture and heat. The aroma will be lost after a long storage time, which will affect the quality. Products with thick leaves, no mildew and few impurities have high quality. If it is necessary to process and extract patchouli oil, it should be dried immediately after harvesting and processed as soon as possible.