Antarctic data

Antarctic continent refers to the land except the surrounding islands in Antarctica, and it is the latest continent discovered in the world. It is lonely at the southernmost tip of the earth. More than 95% of Antarctic continent is covered with amazing thickness of ice and snow, which is called "white continent". Among the six continents in the world, Antarctica is bigger than Australia, ranking fifth.

Literally, the Antarctic is the southernmost tip of the earth, but in fact, the word Antarctic

Antarctic continent

There are many similar meanings, such as Antarctica, Antarctic, Antarctic continent, Antarctic region, Antarctic circle and so on. According to the internationally accepted concept, we generally refer to the area south of the Antarctic Circle as the Antarctic, which is the floorboard of the Southern Ocean, its islands and the Antarctic continent, with a total area of about 65 million square kilometers. The polar circle will have extreme days and nights, and it is also the dividing line between temperate zone and cold zone.

The area of antarctica

Antarctica includes the Antarctic continent and its surrounding islands, with a total area of about 6,543,800 square kilometers, including 6,543,800 square kilometers for the mainland, 76,000 square kilometers for the islands and 24,700 kilometers for the coastline. There are about 6.5438+0.582 million square kilometers of ice shelves in Antarctica. The area of Antarctica accounts for one tenth of the total land area of the earth, which is equivalent to one and a half times the area of China.

Antarctica belongs to no country.

From 19 to1920s to1940s, explorers from all over the world discovered different regions of the Antarctic continent one after another, thus providing a basis for their governments to claim sovereignty over Antarctica. Then, seven governments, including Britain, New Zealand, Australia, France, Norway, Chile and Argentina, formally claimed sovereignty over parts of Antarctica, which cast a shadow of international disputes over this peaceful land that has been frozen for thousands of years.

According to the Antarctic Treaty adopted in June 196 1, the territorial sovereignty claims of the above seven countries to Antarctica were frozen, and it was stipulated that Antarctica could only be used for peaceful purposes. It can be said that the Antarctic does not belong to any country now, but belongs to all mankind.

Characteristics of Antarctic continent

As we all know, it is not easy to go to the South Pole, because the Antarctic continent is an inaccessible continent. The nearest continent to the Antarctic continent is South America, with a 970-kilometer-wide Drake Strait between them. The Antarctic continent is not only far from other continents, but also surrounded by ice shelves and floating ice for several kilometers or even hundreds of kilometers. The area of ice floes in winter can reach190,000 square kilometers. Even in the Antarctic summer, its area is 2.6 million square kilometers; There are tens of thousands of huge icebergs floating in the waters around the Antarctic continent, which has caused great difficulties and dangers for maritime navigation.

The highest continent on earth is not the Asian continent with the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but the Antarctic continent. The average elevation of other continents on the earth is: 950m in Asia, 700m in North America, 600m in South America, 560m in Africa, the lowest in Europe, only 300m. The average elevation in Oceania is not clear, and it is estimated to be only a few hundred meters. The Antarctic continent, in terms of its natural surface, has an average elevation of 2350 meters, which is much higher than that of Asia and the highest in other continents. However, if the ice sheet covering the Antarctic continent is peeled off, its average height is only 4 10 meter, which is far lower than the average height of the whole land on the earth.

The coldest area in the world.

Due to the high altitude, thin air and the reflection of solar energy on the ice and snow surface, the Antarctic continent has become the coldest region in the world, with an average temperature of 20 degrees lower than that of the North Pole. The average annual temperature in the Antarctic continent is MINUS 25 degrees. The average annual temperature in Antarctic coastal areas is about-17~20 degrees; The average annual temperature in inland areas is MINUS 40~50 degrees; The extremely high plain in the southeast is the coldest, with the annual average temperature as low as MINUS 57 degrees. Up to now, the lowest temperature observed on the earth is -89.6 degrees, which was recorded at Wanda Station in New Zealand in July. 1983. At this low temperature, ordinary steel will become as fragile as glass. If you pour a cup of boiling water into the air, it will turn into ice crystals.

First of all, the cold of Antarctica is related to its high latitude location, which leads to no sunshine in the long polar nights of the year. It is also related to the incident angle of sunlight. The higher the latitude, the greater the incident angle of sunlight, and the less solar heat energy absorbed per unit area. Antarctica is located at the highest latitude on the earth, and the incident angle of the sun is the smallest. Sunlight can only hit the surface obliquely, and the oblique sunlight has the lowest heat. Moreover, 95% of the Antarctic continent is covered with white snow and ice, and the reflectivity of snow and ice to solar light is 80%-84%, and less than 20% of the rest reaches the ground, and most of this poor little heat is reflected back into space. Antarctica is extremely cold because of its high altitude and relatively thin air, which makes it difficult to keep warm.

Wind poles on the earth

Generally speaking, only tropical storms (typhoons) in the ocean can reach 12, but in Antarctica, storms above 12 are common. The Antarctic continent is the continent with the most frequent storms and the strongest winds, and strong winds with the wind speed exceeding 100 km are often encountered in Antarctica. The coast of Antarctic continent has the largest wind power, with an average wind speed of17 ~18m per second, while the coast of East Antarctic continent has the strongest wind power, with the wind speed reaching 40 ~ 50m per second. The strong wind of 100 meters per second measured at Deauville Station in France is three times the wind speed of 12 typhoon, and its destructive power is nearly 10 times that of 12 typhoon. This is the biggest wind on record in the world. Therefore, the South Pole is also called the "wind pole".

Antarctic wind energy kills people! In addition to severe cold, strong wind is another vicious enemy that researchers meet in Antarctica. Strong winds can quickly take away the heat of the human body, causing frostbite and even freezing to death. The speed of midnight storms sometimes exceeds 4 0 meters per second, which is much sharper than that of typhoons of 1 2. At this time, if someone leaves the room, his life will be in danger. It's hard to forget that on the afternoon of 1 9 6 0 65438+ 10 1 0, Dr. Fukushima, who was on a scientific investigation at Showa Station in Japan, went out to feed the dogs, and was caught in a snowstorm of 3 5 meters per second and never came back. Until 1 9 6 7 February 9, his well-preserved body actually appeared 4. 2 kilometers from the station area!

Edit this part of the ice on the Antarctic continent

The Antarctic continent is covered with ice.

Although the Antarctic is a treasure house of ice and snow, the Antarctic continent is the driest continent in terms of precipitation alone. The air in the Antarctic continent is extremely dry, and the average annual precipitation in coastal areas is only 30 ~ 50 mm, which is less than one twentieth of the precipitation in coastal areas of China. The annual precipitation in the inland areas of Antarctica is even less than 5 mm, and the average annual precipitation in Antarctica is only 3 mm, which is similar to the Sahara desert in Africa.

On the other hand, the Antarctic continent is the most desolate continent and the only continent without any trees. Except for the three kinds of flowering plants in the northernmost part of the Antarctic Peninsula, there is no green at all in other places, and there are only a few low-grade plants such as moss and lichen in coastal areas. There are no terrestrial vertebrates in the Antarctic continent, and a few mosquitoes and spiders are regarded as giants among terrestrial animals. Some people simply call the Antarctic continent a "white desert" because there is little precipitation, desolation everywhere and scarce animal and plant species.

The Antarctic continent covers an area of140,000 square kilometers, of which 95% is covered by ice sheets. It is not difficult to calculate that the area of Antarctic continent covered by ice is about13.3 million square kilometers. This large ice sheet is like a huge hat, covering most of the Antarctic continent. Because of its existence, it depressed the crust of the Antarctic continent, so that many places were pressed below sea level.

More than 95% of the Antarctic continent is covered by extremely thick glaciers. Only seasonal rocks are exposed at the edge of the Antarctic continent, and most of the rest are covered by this perennial ice and snow. The average thickness of ice is about 2000 meters, and the thickest part reaches 4800 meters, forming a huge ice sheet with a total volume of 28 million cubic kilometers. These ice are composed of very pure fresh water, accounting for about 72% of the world's total fresh water. In terms of volume, they account for more than 90% of the world's total ice, forming the largest fresh water treasure house on earth. If the ice layer melts completely, the global average sea level will rise by 55 ~ 60 meters, posing a serious threat to human survival.

Flowing glacier

All the glaciers on the earth are flowing ice. Due to the enormous pressure of the Antarctic ice sheet itself, the ice sheet moves slowly from the central plateau to the surrounding areas at a speed of several meters to tens of meters per year, and the thickness of the ice sheet gradually becomes thinner from the central plateau to the coastal areas. At this rate, how many years will it take for a piece of ice and snow in the center of the mainland to flow into the sea? If you are interested, you might as well do the math. The Antarctic ice bank also moves to the ocean at an average speed of 200 meters per year, and the edge of glaciers often breaks, forming icebergs. At the same time, it also causes the coastline to often retreat for tens of kilometers.

The topography of continental bedrock has great influence on the shape and movement of ice. When the slow-moving ice meets the obstacles of high mountains and flows into the valley, the ice forms a fast-moving glacier in the valley, which is the alpine glacier. The huge glaciers in the Antarctic continent flow day and night under the joint action of their own gravity and pressure, driven by the endless winds in the polar regions and lubricated by meltwater. Although it is not easy to detect its change overnight, it is a great force to change the face of Antarctica in the long river of history.

Ice cracks in the Antarctic ice sheet The ice in the Antarctic ice sheet moves from high to low under the action of gravity, which is commonly called glacier flow. When the bottom surface is uneven, the flow velocity will be different. When the bottom surface bulges, the ice on the surface of the ice sheet moves faster than the ice below, thus forming ice cracks. Therefore, we know that ice cracks appear regularly and often in groups, which poses a serious threat to Antarctic ice sheet investigators and equipment.

No country's Antarctic ice sheet expedition will ignore ice cracks. Even so, dangers often occur in the ice cracks, and people and vehicles fall from the ice cracks from time to time, causing losses to vehicles and personnel. The ice cracks on the Antarctic ice sheet are often several meters wide and unfathomable, which can be clearly seen by the naked eye. Just walk around, but many ice cracks are covered with snow of different thickness, which is no different from normal snow surface. When people or vehicles drive on it, the snow collapses and people or vehicles will fall down. When the snow on it is thick, it may even happen that the front vehicle can pass safely and the rear vehicle falls off the ice gap.

Antarctic ice that can "sing"

If you are lucky enough to get a small piece of Antarctic ice and put it in a glass of water, there will be a very wonderful phenomenon: when the ice melts, it will make a slight but beautiful sound, which can be heard by human ears, and the ice will move slightly on the water surface and even gently hit the edge of the cup. Why?

It turns out that all this is caused by the gas contained in Antarctic ice. The huge ice sheet in Antarctica is formed by the accumulation of ice and snow for thousands of years. The snowflake that landed in Antarctica was compacted and turned into glacier ice, and the gas in the original snowflake was also preserved in the ice. Due to the continuous accumulation above, bubbles become high-pressure gas under great pressure. When the ice cubes melt, the high-pressure bubbles burst, giving out beautiful music, and at the same time pushing the smaller ice cubes to move and collide with the water cups, even making a slight collision sound.

Antarctic sea ice

The huge ice shelf is a unique landscape in Antarctica. Around the Antarctic continent, the closer to the continental margin, the thinner the ice layer becomes and extends to the ocean. In the ocean, sea ice floats on the water surface, forming a wide ice shelf. In other words, the ice shelf is an extension of the Antarctic ice sheet to the ocean, and the average thickness of these ice shelves is 475 meters. The largest ice shelves are Ross Ice Shelf, Felsina Ice Shelf, Ronnie Ice Shelf and Amelie Ice Shelf. Together with these ice shelves, the area of Antarctic continent can be increased by 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers. The ice shelf can move to the ocean at a speed of 2500 meters per year. At its edge, the broken ice shelf gradually drifted into the ocean, forming a huge iceberg.

In the Antarctic winter, the cold climate freezes the sea water around the Antarctic, and the whole continent is completely frozen by sea ice, which can extend northward to 55 degrees south latitude. Generally, the sea ice reaches its maximum in September every year, and the sea area covered by sea ice reaches 20 million square kilometers, which is larger than the Antarctic continent itself. Every summer, usually at the end of February, the range of sea ice reaches the minimum, and 85% of sea ice drifts to unfrozen sea areas and melts. Even in many places, sea ice melts all the way to the coast, and ships can sail directly to the shore. Antarctic sea ice can flow up to 65 kilometers a day.

Antarctic iceberg

Icebergs in Antarctica are very attractive landscapes, while platform-shaped (table-shaped) icebergs are unique to Antarctica. From a distance, white ice bodies and magnificent figures often leave unforgettable memories. There are many icebergs that have broken off from continental ice beds and ice shelves. They are much larger than those in the Arctic. Among them, the large area can sometimes reach dozens of square kilometers, and some can reach nearly 200 kilometers. Icebergs that break off from the edge of ice shelves or glaciers are usually platform-shaped icebergs with very flat tops, which can even be used as airports for light aircraft. They are often tens of meters above the water surface and can reach 200 ~ 300 meters below the water surface. With the continuous melting, icebergs will further split, turn over, collapse and the action of ocean currents and waves, forming small icebergs of various shapes. Driven by ocean currents and winds, Antarctic icebergs will move at a speed of 10-20km per day.

Among the icebergs distributed along the Antarctic coast, some are "newborn icebergs" that have just split from the glacier tongue at the glacier mouth. The center of gravity of these icebergs is very unstable and it is easy to roll and collapse. When the temperature rises in summer, icebergs will dissolve and become brittle, which will also cause them to collapse or crack, especially at the end of February. We often see icebergs collapse and hear the sound of icebergs breaking near the coast of Zhongshan Station, Antarctica, China. Huge ice bodies fall into the sea from icebergs 50-60 meters high, which can set off swells 3-5 meters high, which is only very dangerous to ships driving nearby. 1In February, 1998, a huge iceberg capsized near Zhongshan Station, and the 20,000-ton China "Snow Dragon", which was several kilometers away from it, swayed from side to side for more than ten degrees.

Some "pyramid" or steeple-shaped icebergs have huge underwater parts protruding from the chassis, and some even look like two icebergs from a distance, but they are actually connected to the same chassis. The underwater protrusion of this iceberg is like a reef, which poses a great threat to ships at close range. Therefore, even with modern navigation support means and solid icebreakers, icebergs are still one of the important obstacles to navigation and operation in Antarctic waters, posing a threat to modern scientific research vessels, whether in the open sea or near the shore.

Due to different latitudes and seasons, the thickness of sea ice varies from tens of centimeters to more than 2 meters. In general, the sea ice in high latitudes, inshore and bay is thick, and vice versa. Because of the existence of sea ice, only icebreakers dare to sail in the waters around Antarctica. Antarctic sea ice brings great difficulties to navigation, and the solid sea ice along the coast also provides convenience for the supply of materials for marine scientific research stations: when transporting oil, it is faster and easier to set up oil pipelines from the sea ice between ships and scientific research stations than to unload oil with boats after the sea ice melts; Materials can be put on the ice by crane, dragged directly to the research station by crawler snowmobile, and even some large vehicles can drive directly to the shore from the sea ice.

Antarctic icebergs sometimes run aground in shallow waters. In winter in Antarctica, sea ice will also freeze a large number of icebergs. In this case, the iceberg will not move.

The movement of Antarctic icebergs in southern ocean waters is consistent with atmospheric circulation and surface water flow. On the Antarctic coast, the drift of icebergs depends on the current, where the drift trajectory of icebergs often forms a closed loop. On the north side of Antarctic coastal current, iceberg drift gradually transits to the north, and then enters the stable area of Antarctic circumpolar current. Due to the comprehensive influence of hydrometeorological factors, the movement of icebergs is quite complicated. When the iceberg is tens of meters above sea level and the draft reaches 500 meters, its drift speed and even drift direction are different from sea ice. Because of different sizes and shapes, some individual icebergs will drift in different directions and speeds even in the same sea area. In the Antarctic coastal current area, the average speed of iceberg drift is about 500 meters per hour. The drift velocity of the Antarctic circumpolar current region is slightly higher. The speed of iceberg movement may exceed the speed of sea ice movement, because the height of iceberg is large and the wind has a great influence on iceberg movement. Similarly, the drift speed of icebergs can be determined according to the relative position of wind and synthetic wind speed and the general movement direction of surface water and ice, and the general speed is not more than 2 kilometers per hour. In windless conditions, icebergs usually move slower than ice and water.

When the wind direction changes or there is underwater countercurrent, floating icebergs may move in the opposite direction of sea ice drift, which is not uncommon in Antarctica.

When we describe a thing as only a small part, we often use "the tip of the iceberg" to describe it. Obviously, as we all know, the part of the iceberg above the water only accounts for a small part of its total volume, but can you tell the specific proportion? Here I can tell my classmates that the volume of icebergs above the water is only about one seventh of the total volume. The ratio of the height of the above-water part to the underwater part of the Antarctic iceberg varies greatly, depending on the shape of the ice. For example, for an iceberg, the ratio is about 0.2. The average aspect ratio of icebergs is about 0.6.

The icebergs in the Antarctic and Arctic are sometimes very huge, far beyond people's imagination. The number and scale of sliding down from the end of Antarctic glaciers and ice shelves are the largest, and most of them extend in a table shape. 1956165438+1October 12, an iceberg was discovered by the American icebreaker glacier near 240 kilometers west of Scott Island in the South Pacific Ocean, with a length of 335 kilometers, a width of 97 kilometers and an area of 3 1 1,000 square kilometers. 1958 In the winter, the American icebreaker "Orient" found an iceberg with an area of 360 square kilometers in the Atlantic Ocean west of Greenland, which was 0/67 meters higher than the sea level, making it the highest iceberg ever discovered.

Glaciers in the world can be divided into continental glaciers and mountain glaciers according to their distribution areas. Continental glaciers are mostly distributed in high latitudes, covering a huge area and thickness, so they are also called ice sheets, and some can become separate glaciers. For example, the Great Glaciers in East Antarctica between 70 ~ 75 degrees south latitude and 60 ~ 70 degrees east longitude were discovered by Australian polar explorers in 1956- 1957. They were named Lambert Glacier, with a width of 64 kilometers, which is about 402 kilometers from the upstream Mailer Glacier and about 5/kloc-from the branch of Fisher Glacier. It is generally believed that this is the longest glacier in the world.

Edit this segment of seismic activity in the Antarctic continent.

There are few earthquakes in the Antarctic continent, and the magnitude of several recorded earthquakes is not large. Therefore, the Antarctic continent is the largest area with obviously underdeveloped seismic activity on the earth. The world standard seismic recording network only recorded some seismic activities. Since the International Geophysical Year, more than a dozen seismic stations have been working in the Antarctic continent. The local small earthquakes recorded by these stations are usually caused by iceberg cracking or rupture, which may be caused by volcanic activity, and are related to volcanic activity near Mount Erebus, Ross Island and Antarctic Peninsula.

The World Standard Seismological Recording Network can record almost all earthquakes with a Richter scale of 5 or above in the world. There were only three major earthquakes in Antarctica that reached or approached this intensity: 1 in 1952, and the second in 1974 (intensity 4.9). Both earthquakes occurred in North Victoria, where there was a large glacier and a glacier tongue. The third earthquake was at 1985, this time. Seismologists believe that although the characteristics and causes of the 1974 earthquake are similar to those caused by normal geological processes, this earthquake may be caused by glacier movement. On the contrary, the earthquake of 1985 was caused by normal tectonic activities, and it was also the only real Antarctic earthquake.

Edit the characteristics of the South Pole in this paragraph.

Antarctica is a very special place on the earth's surface. There are many unimaginable things here, some of which are difficult for people who usually live in middle and low latitudes to understand at once. The characteristics of the Antarctic are: it is one of the two points on the earth that have no directionality (the other point is the North Pole). Standing in the Antarctic, the three directions of east, west and south are completely meaningless, and there is only one direction in the north; In Antarctica, the sun only rises and sets once a year. For half a year, the sun never sets, all during the day. The sun goes around the South Pole at a place not high from the horizon and never sets. This day is also called "extreme day". If you don't see the sun for half a year, it's all night, also called "extreme night". If you circle along a certain latitude of the earth or even around the earth, it is the most labor-saving method in Antarctica. It takes only a few seconds to travel around the world by walking around the South Pole. In the Antarctic, what time you say now is correct, because the meridians on the earth meet here, and the Antarctic can belong to any time zone; In the Antarctic, you can also have one foot in the eastern hemisphere and the other foot in the western hemisphere; You can leave half of your body for today and the other half for yesterday.

The Antarctic point is covered with ice and snow all year round, with a thickness of 2000 meters and an altitude of 3800 meters. The weather is extremely bad. The annual average temperature is MINUS 49 degrees, the summer average temperature is MINUS 32 degrees, the winter average temperature is MINUS 78 degrees, the lowest temperature is MINUS 89 degrees, and the annual average precipitation is 3 millimeters. Antarctica is not the highest point of the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice and snow covering the Antarctic move at a speed of about 10 meter per year. Therefore, scientists have to recalibrate the latest position of the South Pole every year and set a benchmark.

1957, the United States established a permanent research base on the Antarctic ice sheet, and named it "Amundsen-Scott Station" after Amundsen, the first person to reach the Antarctic, and Scott, who arrived later. The materials and personnel needed for the station were transported by Hercules plane from McMurdo Station on Ross Island. So far, more than 3,000 people have reached the South Pole.

Edit the special phenomenon of this Antarctic continent.

Extreme day and night

Extreme day and night are unique natural phenomena in the polar circle, which are the result of the earth's rotation along the inclined earth axis. That is to say, when the earth rotates, the earth axis forms an inclination angle of about 23.5 degrees with the vertical, so the earth runs in an orbit around the sun for six months, with one pole of the South Pole and the North Pole always facing the sun and the other pole always facing away from the sun; If the south pole faces the sun, it will be full of day and no night in half a year; At this time, the North Pole can't see the sun. It is night for half a year, and there is no day. In the next six months, on the contrary, the North Pole is facing the sun, and the North Pole is all daytime; At this time, the South Pole can't see the sun, and it is all night in the South Pole. In the polar circle, the length of the polar day and night varies according to the latitude. In the dark, it is not always opaque. At the beginning and end of the polar night, although the sun can't shine directly, the sky is still bright because of the glow of the sun not far below the horizon, and outdoor activities and field work can still be carried out.

South Pole

The earth itself is like a giant magnet. This magnet has two poles. The pointer points south to the South Pole and north to the North Pole. The position of the South Pole is not fixed. It's here this year and may go somewhere else next year. According to scientific determination, the south magnetic pole moves northward at a speed of about 10 km per year. It is found from 1909 that the general orientation of the south magnetic pole is located at the easternmost part of the southeast pole of George V, and the position is confirmed at 72 degrees 25 minutes south latitude and 0/55 degrees east longitude 16 minutes east longitude. At 1965, it moved to 66 degrees 30 minutes south latitude and 139 degrees 54 minutes east longitude. At 197 1, its position moved to 60 degrees 48 minutes south latitude and 65438 degrees 24 minutes east longitude. At present, the position of the south magnetic pole is moving from the Antarctic continent to the southern ocean.

Antarctica is colder than the North Pole.

The temperature in Antarctica is lower than that in the North Pole, the annual average temperature is 26 degrees lower, and the winter average temperature is 44 degrees lower than that in the North Pole. They are also located at the two poles of the earth, so the temperature difference is really that big. Why? . Mainly because the land and sea distribution of the North and South poles is different, Antarctica is surrounded by the ocean, while the Arctic region is surrounded by the mainland. The ability of land to absorb and store heat is far greater than that of the ocean, while land absorbs heat quickly and dissipates heat quickly; Another reason is that the average altitude of the Antarctic continent is 2350 meters, while the altitude of the Arctic region is basically at sea level. Another reason is that the Antarctic weather system is relatively closed, and the heat exchange with middle and low latitudes is less than that with the North Pole. So the temperature in the North Pole is much higher than that in the South Pole.

The highest peak in Antarctica

On the plateau in the west of Antarctica, the prominent Ellsworth Mountain has several commanding heights, the highest of which is Vinson Mountain, with an altitude of 5 140m, which is located at 78 degrees 36 minutes south latitude and 85 degrees 24 minutes west longitude, near the southern end of Sen Tinard Mountain in Antarctica. These alpine peaks were first created by ellsworth and his pilot horlick? Kenny found it at 1935. China mountaineers successfully climbed the Luoyusheng Peak.

Antarctic oasis

Do you believe that there is an oasis in the frozen Antarctic? 1974 One day at the end of February, an American plane flew over the south Indian Ocean coast of the Antarctic continent. Suddenly, the pilot Bangor was shocked. He found a snow-free land under the plane, and the high ice wall surrounded the valley like a fan-shaped screen. There are some unfrozen lakes in the middle of the snow-free land in the valley, which brings infinite vitality to this white ice and snow plateau. This is the famous Bangor Oasis in Antarctica.

The so-called oasis is not a land of lush trees and fragrant flowers, but an Antarctic explorer and scientist who has worked in the ice and snow for many years. When he finds places that are not covered with ice and snow, he can't help but feel cordial, so he calls these places Antarctic oases. The Antarctic oasis accounts for 5% of the Antarctic area, including dry valleys, lakes, volcanoes and peaks. According to this definition, there are Bangor Oasis, McMurdo Oasis and Antarctic Peninsula Oasis in Antarctica. Bangor Oasis covers an area of about 500 square kilometers. It is windy all the year round, and the blown Sha Xue particles grind many small holes on the rock surface, like a honeycomb. Gravel laid on the ground has a dark brown shell, which is as shiny as paint, which is the result of salt dissolved in water slowly condensing on the rock surface. In this oasis, there are some sand dunes, the valleys between the sand dunes are dry, and some water accumulates into lakes. Deep lake, the water quality is not too salty, the lake is clear, and the sunny days shine with sky blue luster. Shallow lake, with light green or brownish green luster, salty and bitter. In the dry lowlands between those hills or on the slopes of sand dunes, a layer of white salt frost forms, as if it had just snowed lightly. These salt frost and salt water in the lake can't be formed for a long time.

Polar cyclones in Antarctica

Polar cyclones are polar cyclones as the name implies. There are many polar cyclones around the Antarctic continental high all the year round. These polar cyclones move regularly from west to east, which is one of the main weather systems affecting the Antarctic region. The Antarctic polar cyclone activity has obvious seasonal variation, with active cyclones in summer, more cyclones in winter and less cyclones in transition season. The average speed of polar cyclones is about 29.9 kilometers per hour, with an average daily movement of 14.4 longitude.

Because there are few weather stations in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica, half of scientists use satellite images to analyze polar cyclone activities, and satellite images play a very important role in Antarctic weather and climate research and forecasting services.

Antarctic storm

Why are Antarctic storms so frequent and intense? This is a very interesting question. There is a steep slope between the central plateau of the Antarctic continental ice sheet and the surrounding coastal areas. The air in the inland plateau contracts when it is cold, and its density increases. This cold and heavy cold air flow drops sharply from the ice sheet plateau along the steep slope of the ice surface to the coastal area, and the terrain drops sharply, which increases the speed of the cold air flow, thus forming a sinking wind with strong destructive power. Also, due to the influence of the earth's rotation, the airflow flowing northward always deflects to the left, thus forming an easterly wind in the coastal areas of the mainland. Through years of meteorological observation, it is confirmed that the wind is the strongest in the coastal area of Antarctic continent, and the wind direction is easterly, with an average wind speed of L 7- 18 m/s, especially in the coastal area of East Antarctic continent, from enderby coast to Adelie coast, the wind is the strongest, and the wind speed can reach 40-50 meters per second, so it is called storm coast.

The Antarctic convergence zone is a very obvious natural geographical boundary. This is the place where the surface water of the Southern Ocean flows northward (0-300m water depth) and meets the warm ocean water flowing southward. It is a jump zone of seawater temperature and salinity, and there are obvious differences between the two sides of the ocean. The geographical position of the convergence zone is between 48 degrees and 62 degrees south latitude, which is irregular and circular. In the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean

Antarctic continent

Near the side of 50 degrees south latitude, on the side of the Pacific Ocean between 55 and 62 degrees south latitude.

Southern ocean

The Southern Ocean is not a real ocean. Scientists usually call the waters around Antarctica the Southern Ocean. The northern boundary of the southern ocean is the Antarctic convergence zone. It consists of the waters of the South Pacific, the South Atlantic and the South Indian Ocean south of the convergence zone, with a water area of about 75 million square kilometers. China Antarctic expedition team has made many scientific expeditions to the Southern Ocean, and China scientists have accumulated a lot of scientific research data and achieved a lot of scientific research results, some of which have reached the world's leading level.

Milky white sky

The special function of Antarctic cold air will also produce a very dangerous weather phenomenon, which is what Antarctic explorers call milky white sky. When this weather phenomenon happens, there is a seamless space between heaven and earth, and people seem to melt into thick milk, so all the scenery can't be seen and lost its direction, and people's sight will have an illusion and can't tell the distance and size of the scenery. The reason for this illusion is that the sun shines on the ice and reflects into the low-altitude clouds, and countless tiny snow particles in the low-altitude clouds scatter light like thousands of small mirrors, making it repeatedly reflect back and forth, forming a long milky white sky accompanied by white fog.