What are the characteristics of Amomum villosum?

Amomum villosum Also known as Yangchun Sha. It is a perennial herb of Zingiberaceae. Mainly produced in Yangchun, Xinyi, Guangning and Fengkai in Guangdong Province, Fangcheng, Wuming and Longan in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Jinghong, Mengla, Luxi and Ruili in Yunnan Province; Fujian Province and other subtropical areas are also planted. Use dried fruit or seeds as medicine. The seeds contain 2.5-4.6% volatile oil, and the main components are bornyl acetate, camphor, limonene, camphene, α-pinene and borneol. Leaves contain 0.2-0.3% volatile oil, which is similar to seed oil, and can be used as a substitute for fruits, which is convenient for preparing Chinese patent medicines. Pungent in taste and warm in nature. Has the effects of promoting qi circulation, warming middle warmer, invigorating stomach, promoting digestion, and preventing miscarriage. Indications: Stomach pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, cold diarrhea and cold dysentery, fetal movement during pregnancy, etc. It is the raw material for preparing various Chinese patent medicines such as Xiangsha Yangwei Pills. Amomum villosum can also be used to prepare health foods and drinks such as Amomum villosum candy, Amomum villosum preserves, and spring wine.

In addition, there is sand reduction [a.villalour.var.xanthioides (wall. exbak。 ) t.l.wu.et senjen] and Hainan sand (A.longiligulare T.L.Wu), which are wild and cultivated in China, can also be used as medicine, but their quality is poor.

I. Morphological characteristics

Stem height 1.2-3m. The rhizome is cylindrical, crawling on the ground, and the buds are bright red and conical; The upright stems are scattered and cylindrical. Leaves in two rows, long and narrow, elliptic or linear-lanceolate, long 15-40 cm, wide 2-7 cm, tapering at the top or caudate, tapering at the base, entire, subsessile; Ligule apex rounded or slightly concave, brownish red or sometimes green; The leaf sheath holds the stem. The inflorescence is drawn from the rhizome and is a loose spike; Involucral bracts membranous, oblong; Bracts are tubular, white, membranous and dichotomous at the top; Calyx tubular, white, apex 3-toothed; Corolla base combined into a tube, slender, white, 3 petals, large lip, nearly round or oval, yellow or yellow-green center, with red striped spots; A developed stamen, connective appendage 3-lobed, filaments flat; Ovary oblong, inferior. The capsule is ovoid or spherical, about 1.5-2 cm in diameter, brownish red when mature, and its skin is soft and prickly. Many seeds are polygonal and dark brown at maturity (Figure 15-52).

Figure 15—52 Morphology of Amomum villosum

1, 3. The whole plant 2. fruit

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) seed germination characteristics

Because the maturity is inconsistent, and the seed coat is composed of epidermal cell layer and oil cell layer, the stratum corneum is thick, and the seeds of Amomum villosum germinate slowly and irregularly (Figure 15-53). Under the condition of daily average temperature of 28℃, germination begins 20 days after sowing, which can be delayed to several months.

Figure 15—53 Schematic diagram of longitudinal section of Amomum villosum seeds

(south china botanical garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc. )

When seeds germinate, young roots first grow downward, young buds then grow upward, then bud sheaths split to grow leaves, and haustorium extends to connect young buds and endosperm to supply nutrients for seedlings. At the same time, the young roots absorb nutrients from the soil, and the endosperm is basically exhausted when the seedlings are about 1-2 leaves, and the outer endosperm is basically exhausted after 5-7 leaves. At this time, topdressing should be carried out.

(B) ramet growth habits

The seedlings of Amomum villosum germinate from the base of the stem and then grow into stolons when the height of the seedlings is 15cm and there are about 10 leaves. The terminal buds of stolons germinate and grow into young bamboo shoots, which grow into upright stems for the first time. From the first meristem, the secondary meristem and the tertiary meristem split continuously in the same process. In the same way, the ramets continue to divide into new plants, forming a Amomum villosum population.

The growth process of each meristem is as follows: the stolon elongation stage from stolon germination to terminal bud upward growth lasts for 50- 180 days; It takes 20-90 days from the growth of the terminal bud to the appearance of the first leaf. It takes 50-90 days from the first leaf to the seedling stage of 9 leaves; From the tenth leaf to the top leaf, the stem base expands into a spherical seedling stage, which lasts for 300-420 days; It takes 90-2 10 days from the appearance of terminal leaves to the old seedling stage of dead erect stems; The duration of stolon from dead erect stem to dead stolon is 30-300 days. The length of each growth stage depends on the climatic conditions and other environmental conditions of each planting area and each growing season.

In the first two years of Amomum villosum planting, the proliferation and ramets were rapid. Under suitable conditions, each mother plant can generally proliferate 7-9 times, with a total of 43-46 plants, and 5-7 plants die relatively. If 600 mother plants are planted per mu, there will be 22,800-23,400 plants per mu. The new ramets can proliferate all year round, with rapid proliferation in high temperature and rainy season and slow proliferation in low temperature and dry season. After two years of planting, it entered the flowering and fruiting period, and the proliferation ramets gradually slowed down. In the following two years, each parent proliferated 4-5 times, with 6- 12 new plants and 2-3 parents died relatively. More ramets were produced before fruit bearing in March-May in spring and after fruit harvesting in autumn (10-165438+1October), but few ramets were produced in fruit bearing period in June-September and low temperature season in early winter and spring. The new and old plants of Amomum villosum are replaced to keep the population relatively stable and accumulate nutritional conditions for flowering and fruiting.

According to the law of ramet growth of Amomum villosum, the nutrient growth was regulated in water and fertilizer management, so that the ramet growth and decline were basically balanced, the appropriate number of plants was ensured, and the plants were robust and flowery, which laid the foundation for high and stable yield.

Flowering and fruiting habits

2-3 years after planting, it enters the flowering and fruiting period. Inflorescences are drawn from stolon nodes, usually 3-5 more per ramet 1-2. Strong and old seedlings have many inflorescences, while young and weak seedlings have few inflorescences. Each inflorescence has 7- 13 florets, ranging from as few as 5 to as many as 16. With the different planting environment and management level, there are 40,000-65,438+10,000 flowers per mu, with 200,000-300,000 more and 65,438+10,000-20,000 less. From the cell differentiation of stolon nodes in various producing areas in China to flower bud germination, from 10 to February of the following year; From flower bud germination to inflorescence formation, from February to May; Pollen grains and embryos mature and bloom from late April to June. The development stage of flowers is advanced or delayed with the temperature in different places.

The flowering sequence is from bottom to top, with 1-2 flowers per day and 3-5 more flowers for 5-7 days. When the temperature is about 22℃, the flowers bloom normally, and there is a lot of loose powder at about 6: 00 in the morning and 8- 10, which withers at about 4: 00 in the afternoon, and the rainy day can be postponed to the next day. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the petals are not open or half open; When the temperature is lower than 24℃, there is little or no loose pollen; When the temperature is low, pollen is not full.

The normal temperature of pollen germination is between 22-30℃, and the optimum temperature is 24-28℃. When the temperature is too high or too low, the pollen germination rate is obviously decreased, and the growth of pollen tubes is inhibited, which affects the fertilization and seed setting rate. From late March to early April, when the pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis, if the temperature changes from 20℃ to 7℃ at night, the normal meiosis of the pollen mother cell is destroyed, which makes most pollen grains deformed and the pollen does not crack after flowering, which seriously affects the yield.

When the weather is dry, the petals are not open or half open, even the flowers are dry, the pollen is not loose or loose, and the viscosity of the pollen is poor, which makes it easy to lose vitality. Drying the pollen with desiccant for 24 hours greatly reduced the pollination and seed setting rate; Keeping it moist in aluminum box for 72 hours significantly reduced the pollination and seed setting rate. 72 hours after pollination, the seed setting rate of cellophane-covered pollen on field flowers is 71.16%; After 65438 0.20 hours, the pollination rate was 20.8%. In rainy days, the air humidity is high, and Trichosanthes kirilowii can still maintain its vigorous vitality 2-3 days after flowering. When the flower just blooms, the pollen is sticky and has the strongest vitality. The stigma is fresh and has a lot of mucus, which is most conducive to the attachment and germination of pollen. The seed setting rate of stigma pollination: it decreased to 26.25% after 24 hours storage, and lost its vitality after 72 hours storage.

The anther of Amomum villosum is hidden in the labia majora, the stigma is higher than the anther, and the pollen grains are densely prickled and difficult to spread. Therefore, pollen cannot naturally fall on the stigma, which is not conducive to insect contact with pollen for pollination. Generally, the natural seed setting rate is only about 5-6%, and the yield per mu is only 1.5-2.5 kg. The artificial pollination method has been successfully studied in Guangdong producing areas, and the seed setting rate has increased to 40-80%, and the yield per mu 15-25 kg. The ecological environment with abundant pollination insect resources is selected in Yunnan producing area, and its active period coincides with the flowering period of Amomum villosum. The natural seed setting rate is increased to 20-40%, and the average yield per mu in a large area is increased to 10-20k g, with less labor, low cost and remarkable economic benefits.

There are many kinds of bees that pollinate Amomum villosum, such as Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrio elliptica and Tenebrio molitor rainbow. And bees and China bees. According to the observation and statistics, Chinese bees in Xishuangbanna mountain area of Yunnan province have good pollination effect. Bee (Apis carana Fabricius), bumblebee (Bombus eximius Smith), stingless bee (Trigom sp.), little bee (Micrapis florea Fabricius), tunnel bee (Halictus sp.), Ceratina hieroglyph Smith, etc. Some of these pollinators put pollen on their chests when sucking nectar from Amomum villosum, and send pollen into stigma holes for pollination when entering and leaving flowers. Some of them have the opportunity to contact the stigma and play the role of pollination (Figure 15-54).

Figure 15—54 Pollination Behavior of Pollinating Bees to Amomum villosum

1. China bee subspecies Indian 2. Exhaust air 3. Ribbon bee

The pollination rate of banded bees is high, but scattered, and the number of bees is small, which can not meet the needs of large-scale development of Amomum villosum production. The pollination rate of other bee species is low, but they live in groups, and the number of bees is large and widely distributed. In Yunnan, the high yield of Amomum villosum in large area is the comprehensive effect of various pollinated bee species (Table 15-40).

Table 15—40 Years Pollinating Insects and Output of Amomum villosum

3-5 days after pollination, the chamber of Amomum villosum expands into a young fruit of about 0.4cm; After about 25 days, the fruit basically sets, no longer expands, and the exoendosperm forms; About 30 days, embryos and endosperm are formed; Ovules develop into seeds in about 80 days; This fruit ripens in about 90 days. Fruit ripens from August to September.

About 15 days after pollination, the young fruit is less than 1cm, and the endosperm of the seed is easy to fall off before it changes from liquid to cell type. The fruit dropping rate in Guangdong is 30-50%, and that in Yunnan is 2-20%. Nutrient is the dominant factor affecting fruit drop, so fertilization should be reasonable to ensure the nutrient supply of young fruits. Excessive growth of young bamboo shoots should be restrained during flowering and fruiting period, so as not to consume nutrients and lead to serious fruit drop. Fruit shedding occurs during morphogenesis, and the content of auxin in fruit increases, which can avoid fruit shedding by inhibiting the formation of shedding. Sufficient nutrients in fruit are beneficial to the synthesis of auxin, and the increase of auxin content can promote the transport of nutrients to fruit, promote fruit development and avoid fruit drop. If it rains or rains continuously in the young fruit stage, photosynthesis will be affected, the soil will be too wet or even waterlogged, and the root aeration tissue of Amomum villosum will be underdeveloped, which will affect the physiological metabolism of the plant and cause serious fruit drop. If the weather is dry, the temperature is high and the daily temperature difference is large, the young fruit wilts and falls off due to lack of water. Therefore, it is necessary to effectively prevent drought and drain water in the young fruit period.

(3) Requirements for external environment

1. temperature

Amomum villosum is a tropical and subtropical monsoon forest plant. The annual average temperature in planting areas in China is above 22℃ in Guangdong Province, between 19-22℃ in annual range and Yunnan Province, and in annual range. The extreme minimum temperature should be above 1-2℃ to avoid chilling injury. The monthly average minimum temperature is above 12℃ (table15-41). In areas with low temperature in early spring, flower bud development can be postponed and flowering period can be postponed, which is beneficial to avoid low temperature in flowering period, such as Changtai in Fujian, or avoid drought in flowering period, such as Xishuangbanna mountain area in Yunnan. In the mountainous area of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, where the altitude is 300- 1200 m and the annual average temperature is 19-20℃, the flowering period of Amomum villosum is postponed to the rainy season in the middle and late May, pollinators are already active, and the natural seed setting rate is high. In the low-heat valley basin with an annual average temperature of 265,438+0-22℃ below 800m above sea level, the flowering period is advanced, and the dry season begins in the middle and late April, with little pollinator activity and low natural seed setting rate (Figure 15-55).

Figure 15—55 Flowering period and rainy season of Amomum villosum at different altitudes in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.

A. The natural seed setting rate of the basin at an altitude of 525m is 5.3-6.2%. B the natural seed setting rate of ravines at an altitude of 990m is 19.2-40.4%.

2. Humidity

The annual precipitation in the main producing areas of Amomum villosum in China is above 1 000 mm, and the yield in areas above 1 400 mm is high, and the annual average relative humidity is above 80% (table15-41). Different growth stages have different requirements for humidity. The seedling tissue is tender, and the soil water content is required to be 24-26%. Mature plants have developed roots and have certain drought resistance. During the vegetative growth period, the soil moisture content is required to be 22-26%, and the growth below 20% is inhibited. Excessive soil moisture affects root respiration and even causes root rot. During the flower bud differentiation and development period, the soil water content should be less, 20-22%, so as to avoid the soil from being too wet and flowering prematurely; During the flowering and pollination period, the humidity is particularly strict, and the relative humidity of air is required to be above 90%, and the soil moisture content is 24-26%, so as to ensure the blooming of flowers and the vitality of pollen and stigma, which is beneficial to insect pollination and fertilization. If there is too much rain during flowering, the stigma will be soaked, which will affect insect activities; If the flowering period is dry, the petals are not open, the pollen quality is poor, and the stigma mucus is less, which is not conducive to insect pollination and pollination. Drought or waterlogging in fruit period can cause serious fruit drop.

lamplight

The growth and development of Amomum villosum need suitable shade and diffuse light. Shading requirements at different growth stages: seedling stage: 70-80%; The flowering and fruiting period is 50-60% at 2-3 years after planting and 60-3 years after planting. Shading excessively affects photosynthesis, resulting in fewer ramets, fewer flowers and fewer fruits. According to statistics, the number of plants, flowers and seeds per square meter: 20 plants, 170 plants, 69 plants shaded by 80%; 50% shading degree is 60,670 and 192 respectively. However, due to insufficient shading, the sun burns the leaves, which can not keep the cool and humid environment needed by Amomum villosum, resulting in high temperature and dryness in the underground, and the daily temperature difference is too large, which affects the development and pollination of flowers. High altitude mountain areas are cool and humid, and the shade can be smaller; In arid areas of low-heat valleys, basins and plains, the degree of shading is greater. Shading trees should be selected with wide crown, small leaves, even branches and leaves, thin and perishable leaves, deep roots and strong water retention.

Table15-41Temperature, Humidity and Flowering Period of Amomum villosum Planting Area

4. Topography

It is advisable to choose a relatively complete gully forest and plant it on both sides of a long stream. This planting environment has a cool and humid climate. In Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, the flowering period of Amomum villosum can be postponed to the early rainy season, and there are abundant pollination insect resources. Deciduous trees and topsoil washed down from the hillside every year supplement soil nutrients, so Amomum villosum grows well, with high natural seed setting rate and stable yield. Low-heat valleys, basins and plains have serious natural ecological damage, dry and hot climate, dry flowering season and lack of pollination insect resources. If you want to plant Amomum villosum, you need artificial afforestation, irrigation facilities and artificial pollination, which has high cost and unstable output. If the mountain is high and the valley is deep, it is best to choose the south slope, southwest slope or southeast slope. If the valley is wide and the sun shines for a long time, you can choose other slope directions. Appropriate choice of gentle slope, the slope is not more than 30 degrees.

5. Soil and nutrients

Amomum villosum has been planted for many years, which consumes a lot of nutrients every year. There are many stolons on the ground, which is inconvenient to loosen the soil, and the root system is shallow and afraid of drought. Therefore, loam or sandy loam with deep and loose soil layer, rich humus content, sufficient nutrients and strong water and fertility conservation should be selected for planting. Sandy soil, clay or barren soil can only be selected by adding organic fertilizer. According to the analysis of plant nutrients, the potassium content of Amomum villosum is much higher than the nitrogen content, and the nitrogen content is much higher than the phosphorus content (table 15-42). From the effect of topdressing on yield increase, topdressing of nitrogen, potassium and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is greater than single application of each element; Potassium application alone is greater than nitrogen application alone, and nitrogen application alone is greater than phosphorus application alone (table 15-43). Due to the rich available phosphorus content in the selected test site, Amomum villosum needs less phosphorus, and the effect of single phosphorus application is not obvious. If the soil is short of phosphorus, we should pay attention to applying phosphate fertilizer. Amomum villosum is a high producing area. Amomum villosum has been planted in Jinuo District, Jinghong County, Yunnan Province for 1- 10 years. Organic matter content is 2.79-6.95%, total nitrogen content is 0.27-0.54%, and available potassium content is 154 and 7-346.0 ppm, all of which are rich. The available phosphorus content in five plots is rich or high, ranging from 30.9 ~ 182.3 ppm. Two plots are medium, both of which are 20.3ppm, and three plots are insufficient, ranging from 10.6 ~ 19.4 ppm.

Table 15—42 Contents of Nutrients in Amomum villosum

Table 15—43 Effect of Topdressing on Amomum villosum Yield

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) breeding method

1. Seed propagation

In order to reduce the difficulty of seedling transportation, seed propagation should be adopted for planting in the new area. This method can make varieties rejuvenate and reproduce quickly, but it is time-consuming, laborious and material-consuming, prone to diseases and late flowering and fruiting. Choose ripe, big, full and pest-free fresh fruits, sun them for 2-3 hours, sun them for 2 days, and leave them for 3-4 days to improve the maturity of seeds. Peel the seed coat of the pulp with sand, rinse it with clear water and dry it in the shade. Drying in the sun is easy to lose germination ability. From September to the beginning of harvest 10, the temperature is still high. When the seeds are fresh, sow them as soon as possible, with high germination rate, and raise seedlings as soon as possible. They can be planted in the nursery at the beginning of the rainy season from May to June of the following year to prevent the seedlings from being infected with diseases in the nursery during the rainy season. If you can't sow in that year, the seeds should be stored in wet sand until the temperature rises in February-March of the following year. Dry storage is easy to lose germination ability. Before sowing, you can rub the seed coat with sand (be careful not to hurt the exoendosperm), which can accelerate germination, and soaking the seeds with 1000ppm gibberellin for 30 hours can promote after-ripening.

Because seeds germinate slowly and irregularly, it is advisable to accelerate germination on the sand bed first, and mix a small amount of decomposed fine organic fertilizer at the bottom of the bed to provide nutrients for seedlings. When there are 1-2 true leaves, take them out of the sand bed in batches and plant them in the seedbed. Bed soil should be loose, fertile and well drained, preferably newly reclaimed land to reduce diseases. Apply base fertilizer and plant with a row spacing of 20× 10 cm. When the seedlings grow to 4-5 true leaves, top dressing should be done frequently, and appropriate soil cultivation should be combined with weeding. Topdressing plant ash before low temperature, and covering the rows with decomposed organic fertilizer to keep warm. Shading shed or undergrowth shrubs should be set up for seedling at seedling stage, with the shading degree of 70-80%, and the shading should be gradually reduced to 60-70% before leaving the nursery. Seedlings over 50 cm in height are planted in the nursery.

2. ramet propagation

There are plenty of seedlings in the old producing areas, and most of them are propagated by ramets. This method is labor-saving, time-saving and material-saving, with few diseases and early flowering and fruiting. Strong seedlings with 1-2 sprouting stolons and 5- 10 leaves were directly cut into seedlings from fields or ramet multiplication gardens, which had strong ability to differentiate new plants. The bulbous rhizome at the base has expanded, and strong seedlings with 10 leaves or more can also be used as seedlings. It is rich in tissues, difficult to lose water and suitable for long-distance transportation, but its ability to differentiate new plants is poor. You can't use old seedlings or small seedlings with insufficient organization as seedlings.

(3) Land selection and preparation

It is advisable to choose the cool, moist land with abundant pollination insect resources under the natural miscellaneous forest on both sides of the gully with long running water in mountainous areas; Basin or plain planting, there should be natural forests or artificial forests, and there are conditions for water irrigation and artificial pollination. If it is difficult to apply farmyard manure, we should choose loose and fertile soil. Before planting, remove the miscellaneous trees and weeds under the forest, cut down the aging tall trees, properly select and keep mature trees and excellent young trees, achieve proper shade and ensure the reproduction of the forest. Under the valley forest in Yunnan mountainous area, the soil layer is deep, loose and fertile, and it is not necessary to turn over the ground to prevent the rain from washing away the topsoil. Roots and grass roots can be removed and planted. In Guangdong producing areas, terraces or terraced slopes are used for slope planting in order to ensure a bumper harvest in drought and flood. There is too much rain in the flower and fruit period, the terrace wall is well drained and slightly waterlogged. In case of drought, terraced fields have good water conservation and are less affected by drought. Land with poor soil quality such as hills and plains should be fully cultivated, and litter should be used to suppress green or organic fertilizer should be applied to improve the soil. Planted in separate beds on the flat land, with a width of 2m, which is convenient for drainage, management, ventilation and light transmission.

(4) Planting

Choose a warm, cool and humid period for planting. In Guangdong producing areas from April to May and Yunnan producing areas from May to June, at the beginning of the rainy season, the weather is often conducive to survival. After planting, plants and roots grow fully in the wet rainy season, which is beneficial to spend the low temperature season and the dry season next year. Areas with warm winter and mild spring drought can also be planted in August-September. The row spacing is 1× 1m, the hole length, width and depth are about 30×20×20cm, fertile topsoil or decomposed organic fertilizer is applied, each hole is planted with 1 seedling, 1-2 stolons, covered with soil for 6-7cm, compacted and watered.

(5) Site management

1. Weeding and cutting dead seedlings

Within 1-2 years after planting, weeds grow in the open space between plants, and weeds are weeded 3-4 times a year to prevent weeds from shading and obtain fertilizer. Weed twice a year after flowering and fruiting. The first time was in February, weeds and dead seedlings were cut off, and the fallen leaves of trees with too thick ground were removed to facilitate the development of flower buds, leaving thin leaves to cover the ground and keep moisture. Dead seedlings are burned to prevent diseases, and weeds and fallen leaves are piled as fertilizer. And cut off too many young bamboo shoots to supply nutrients for flower buds. The second time, after autumn fruit harvest, as soon as possible. In addition to cutting off diseased plants and dead seedlings, cutting off aged seedlings will also promote the growth of new meristems, increase the ratio of strong seedlings to old seedlings, and blossom and bear more fruits. The diseased seedlings are burned, and weeds fall to the ground, keeping warm, moisturizing and fattening. Cut the seedlings evenly and keep 40-50 plants per square meter.

1. Fertilization and soil cultivation

Fertilize the young twice a year. The first time was March in Guangdong and May in Yunnan. When the rainy season comes, the seedlings will thrive. Organic fertilizer per mu1500-20-25 kg, calcium superphosphate 20-25 kg, urea 2.5-5 kg. The second time, from August to September, in order to improve the cold resistance of seedlings, burned soil 1, 500-2000 kg and plant ash 1, 000 kg were applied per mu, and a proper amount of phosphate fertilizer was applied to cultivate the soil.

During the flowering and fruiting period, the seedlings should be fertilized again in time after fruit picking in autumn every year, and 2500 kg of organic fertilizer, 20-25 kg of urea 10 kg of calcium superphosphate and half of stolons should be covered with soil. From late February to early March, Zhuang Hua fertilizer was applied, and 25 kg of calcium superphosphate was applied per mu, which was equivalent to K2O 10 kg of potassium fertilizer and 1.5-2.5 kg of urea, so as to avoid excessive nitrogen, promote the germination of bamboo shoots and disperse the nutrients in flower buds. From April to May, when the flower buds are ready to open, spraying the leaves and flower buds with the mixed solution of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.0 1% boric acid is beneficial to pollen development. Spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 5 ppm2-d from late May to early June is beneficial to young fruit development and fruit preservation.

Adjusting mask

Prune shady branches to maintain proper shade in each growing period.

4. Drought prevention and drainage

In dry season, the ground is covered with moisture, and attention should be paid to removing accumulated water in rainy season. Especially in the flower and fruit period, irrigation should be done in time in case of drought, and removal should be done in time in case of waterlogging.

5. Management of declining seedlings

Results For the old seedlings for many years, the old seedlings and withered stolons should be mowed again, the open space should be dug up, organic fertilizer should be applied again for replanting, and topdressing should be done in time during the growing season to promote the growth of seedlings and restore their growth. If the seedling group is particularly aging, it should be completely updated.

6. Artificial insemination

In planting areas where pollinators are scarce, artificial pollination should be carried out at flowering stage. There are two methods to obtain high yield: powder spraying method and push-pull method. The former is to hold the lower part of the corolla with the thumb and middle finger of the left hand, stir the anther with the bamboo piece of the right hand, and then wipe the pollen into the stigma hole with the index finger of the left hand. This method is inefficient but effective, and it is used when there is little loose powder. The latter is to hold the stamens and labellum with the thumb and forefinger (or middle finger), pull (forward) or push (backward) the stamens with the thumb, focusing on the anthers, so that the pollen falls on the labellum, then push or pull the stamens back, focusing on the stigma, and wiping the pollen on the labellum into the hole of the stigma. This method has high efficiency, but poor effect, and pollen is often used.

(6) Pests and diseases and their control

1. seedling leaf spot

(Jiang Ye mold)

According to the identification of asexual period, the pathogen was Jiang Ye Umbrella, which was the main disease at seedling stage in Yunnan province. First, the young leaves develop into waterlogged spots, expand into large spots with small black spots in the middle, and then the leaves turn yellow and dry. It is easy to happen in rainy days, high temperature or low-lying water conditions with suitable temperature and poor ventilation; Seedlings with poor shading, sunburn and poor growth are prone to disease, especially seedlings. Prevention and control methods: sow early and increase fertilizer to promote the growth of seedlings before the rainy season; Pay attention to the ventilation, drainage and proper shade of the nursery; Clean the garden after the fruit is harvested and cut off the burnt leaves in time; Spraying1:1:150 bordeaux mixture to prevent new leaves from growing before the disease; During the occurrence period, Jinggangmycin, 50% Tobuzin 1000 times solution or 30% Thiam-800 times solution and 50% Carbendazim 1000 times solution were sprayed alternately.

2. Anthracnose of seedlings

[Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Sundar. ) Butler and bisbee.

It happened in Guangdong producing area. Leaves are susceptible to diseases, green spots appear first, then green spots appear, and the green spots expand and merge with each other. Half or all leaves droop, and many black spots appear in the center of the spots. If the tip is infected first, the tip tissue softens and the leaves droop, but they are still green; If the weather is fine and the humidity decreases after the onset, the diseased leaf tissue will be perforated; If it rains continuously, all the leaves will wither and droop like boiling water. High temperature and rainy, excessive shading, overgrown weeds, and serious diseases under the condition of low-lying water accumulation. The disease of seedlings is serious, and the disease is mild when it grows above 12cm. Control method: See Miao medicine leaf spot.

3. Adult leaf spot disease

This pathogen may be a new genus and species of Trichosporon. Damage to leaves and leaf tips usually spreads upward from lower old leaves. At first, the diseased leaves faded into small green spots and expanded into yellow-brown water spots, with enlarged spots, gray-white center and brown edges; When the humidity is extremely high, the diseased spots are covered with gray mold; The diseased spots merge with each other, making the leaves dry. In severe cases, the whole leaf dies and then the stem dries up. It can occur all year round, and 9- 10, when the temperature drops slightly, and March in the next rainy season are the two peak periods of infection in Guangdong. The damage is particularly serious in planting areas with extensive cultivation management, poor soil quality, insufficient shading conditions and weak plant growth. Spraying 40% Fuji 1 emulsion 600 times, 20% tricyclazole wettable powder 400 times and 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times can control the disease.

4. Adult leaf anthracnose

(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. )

Mostly from the tip or edge of the leaf, the lesion is dark green in water at first, then grayish white, then grayish brown or yellowish brown, and the edge is not obvious, like moire. When it extends to the base, the whole leaf is dry, and small black spots can be seen on the dead leaves, which is the ascus of the sexual stage of the pathogen. Most of them occur in autumn and winter, and the plots with poor land, insufficient shade and weak growth are seriously ill.

Other diseases include fruit rot (Rhizoctonia solani). ) and F.usarium sp. The yellow fly that harms young bamboo shoots and mice during fruit ripening.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

The harvesting period is from mid-August to early October of 10, depending on the climate of each producing area. Fruits with different maturity are generally harvested in two batches. Cut or break the stalk by hand with scissors, and don't tear the stolon epidermis. Cut off the ear and the long stem of the fruit. Grading according to fruit size and maturity. Screen to remove dirt and impurities, and transport carefully to prevent fruit from breaking or falling off.

(2) Processing

The fruit is transported to the curing barn and spread in a ventilated place indoors to prevent rot. Put it into a baking sieve as soon as possible and bake it in the oven. The fresh fruit packed by baking sieve is about 10cm thick. First, it was baked at 90- 100℃ for about 2-3 hours to inactivate the enzyme, and then it was kept in waste heat for 30 minutes. Then deflate and cool to shrink the peel. Or after the enzyme is fixed, it is screened out with a sieve, placed on the ground, cooled and shrunk, and then put into a furnace to dry at 80℃. When processed in the oven, the fruit is intact, the fruit does not fall off, the peel is close to the seed ball, and it is not easy to get moldy.

If there is no oven equipment, it can also be dried by indigenous methods. That is, fresh fruit is put into a baking sieve with the thickness of 10cm, covered with a wet sack, placed on a furnace, humidified with fire, smoked for 24 hours until ineffective enzyme is produced, and the pericarp shrinks and softens, then taken out and placed in a bamboo basket or sack, pressurized overnight, so that the pericarp sticks to the seed ball, then placed on the sieve, dried on the furnace with charcoal fire, and the temperature is controlled below 70℃. Flip through it often.

Some people also use the sun drying method. The finished peel processed by this method expands, and the peel is separated from the seed ball, which is easy to be moldy and should be used less.

After Amomum villosum is dried in the sun, the fruit is crisp and easy to fall off. It should be cooled and wetted in a sieve for 24 hours, and then packed in a bag lined with plastic film, that is.