Brief introduction of India-Pakistan war

India-Pakistan War refers to three wars between India and Pakistan after the partition of India. There was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan over the ownership of Kashmir, and the war lasted 15 months. By the end of May, the unrest had basically subsided. The following is a brief introduction to the India-Pakistan war that I have carefully compiled for you. I hope you like it.

Analysis of India-Pakistan War

English Name: India-Pakistan War

Participating troops: India, Pakistan

The result of the war: Kashmir lost its independence, Pakistan occupied 2/5 of Kashmir, and India occupied 3/5.

Time:1947101October 2 1 day-19481February 3 1 day.

Venue: Kashmir

Character: mountbatten Mojiebo? Lachman

The first India-Pakistan war

The Pakistani army that invaded Kashmir claimed to be? Kashmir Liberation Army? It is a local army with the help of Pakistan and has certain advantages in the war;

Before the war, the indigenous troops in Kashmir were scattered throughout the region to maintain local order, and their deployment was not suitable for resisting full-scale invasion. Some local Kashmiri troops later joined the Indian army. The Kashmir Liberation Army has always been supported by Pakistan's regular army. As the war continues, more and more Pakistani regular army soldiers join the Kashmir Liberation Army. British officers may have helped plan the invasion of Pakistan.

So Kashmir's regular army was quickly defeated by the invading Kashmir Liberation Army. However, the invading army failed to take advantage as soon as possible, and India used the air force to strengthen Kashmir's resistance. At the end of 1947, Pakistan's invasion was stopped, and the invading army failed to continue marching except in the highlands of the Himalayas. 1in June, 948, Pakistani invaders in the Himalayas were also repelled outside the city. During the period of 1948, the two sides failed to gain more strategic advantages and the front line solidified. 1948 12 3 1 The two sides reached a ceasefire agreement.

122-26 October

1947101On October 22nd, a powerful irregular army invaded Kashmir from Pakistan, targeting at Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir. Kashmir army was quickly defeated and the road to Srinagar was opened. In some places, the regular Kashmir army has also defected to the Kashmir Liberation Army. Harry, the owner of Kashmir? Singh turned to the Indian government for help. The Indian government told Singh that India could send troops to Kashmir to protect its federal territory only if Singh signed into the Indian Federation. Singh immediately signed the declaration of joining India. India immediately sent troops to Kashmir to resist the attack of the Kashmir Liberation Army and prevent Srinagar from being occupied. Pakistan's irregular army discipline was corrupt, and many soldiers went home after plundering the occupied cities, so Pakistan failed to strengthen its attack in time. Kashmir in the Punjab Valley in Pakistan's border area retreated into cities, and these cities were surrounded.

1947 65438+1October 27th to165438+1October 17.

The Indian army quickly plunged into the defensive war in Srinagar through the air force and quickly defeated the irregular troops in the suburbs. In this defensive war, the flank action of Indian armored vehicles played a great role in particular. Kashmir Liberation Army retreated to Balamula and Wuli, and both cities were recovered by Indian troops. Kashmir's regular army is still trapped in the Punjab valley. Just then Gilgit's army fell to Pakistan and gave the northernmost part of Kashmir to the Kashmir Liberation Army. Gilgit got help from the army of Girard. Guidral had decided to join Pakistan before. Due to the cultural and historical ties between Gidral and Gilgit, the leader of Gidral decided to help Gilgit and send troops to Kashmir.

1947165438+1October 18 to 26.

Instead of pursuing the defeated Kashmir Liberation Army, the Indian army tried to clear the encirclement of Peng area to the south, but this action failed, mainly because of the lack of detectives and underestimation of the difficulties of local roads. Although the Indian army arrived in Pengqu, it failed to achieve the goal of clearing it. Another Qing army from the south only arrived in Keightley, rescued the local troops trapped and returned. Mirpur was occupied by the Kashmir Liberation Army.

1947165438+125 October to 65438+6 February 0948

Kashmir Liberation Army attacked and occupied Jiangge, successfully attacked Nowshera, but failed to attack Wuli. At the same time, Changbei was successfully cleared in southern India. As the Indian army continued to enter Kashmir, the front line began to be fixed.

1 948 February 7th to May1

In the south, the Indian army counterattacked and retaken Jiangge and Rajuri. In the Kashmir Valley, the Kashmir Liberation Army continued to attack Wuli. In northern Kashmir, the People's Liberation Army began to besiege Skadu.

1 948 may1to 19.

In Jiangge, the Indian army repelled the attacks of the Kashmir Liberation Army, which had been reinforced by Pakistan's regular army for many times. In Kashmir Valley, the Indian army reoccupied Deswell. Kashmir has made rapid progress in the Himalayan highlands. Its infiltration troops surrounded Liecheng, breached Cargill and repelled the Indian army that rescued Scuddu.

1948 May 200919 to August 2004 14

In Kashmir Valley, Indian troops continued to attack, and began to expand northward, and captured Kelan and Gulai. Indian troops fought back and fought back against Diswell. The troops besieged in Peng area were able to break through and get in touch with diplomacy. Kashmir's regular army played down Gilgit's attack in Skatu, so Gilgit's army could not continue to attack Liecheng. In August, after Chitral's army attacked Scuddu with artillery, Gilgit's army began to attack Ladakh.

1 August 948 15 to11October1.

At this time, the movements of both sides began to decrease. The Indian army's attempt to attack Dallas was the only major military operation, but it failed. Pengqu is still trapped.

1 948165438+1October1to 26.

At this time, India began to take the lead. After being besieged for a year, Pengqu was finally cleared. Gilgit's army was finally defeated in the Himalayas. The Indian army pursued all the way to Cargill, and then stopped pursuing because of supply difficulties. The Indian army conquered the occupation of Dras by Zujila Pass with tanks. This is the first time to use tanks on such a high ground. India's tank tactics are based on the experience gained by 1945 in Myanmar.

1948165438+1October 27th to 65438+February 3rd1

Realizing that no progress could be made, Pakistan decided to cease fire. The United Nations intervened to reach a ceasefire agreement, which came into effect on June 5438+0948 and June 5438+February 3 1. However, just a few days before the ceasefire, Pakistan suddenly counterattacked and cut off the road between Pengqu and Wuli. After another consultation, the two sides agreed to cease fire. The terms of the cease-fire were a resolution put forward by the United Nations on August 3rd, which came into effect on August 5th. Pakistan must withdraw all regular and irregular troops. India can keep a small number of troops to maintain order. At the same time, the future of Kashmir will be decided by referendum.

About 1500 soldiers were killed on both sides of the war. Pakistan has gained about two-fifths of Kashmir.

The second India-Pakistan war

Kuchilan

With an area of about 654.38+0.8 million square kilometers, Kuchilan is a saline-alkali swamp near the mouth of the Indus River. Because most areas were flooded in the rainy season, India and Pakistan never formally demarcated the border here. It is this humble place that became the first picture of this large-scale war? Dominoes? .

From 1947 to 1956, the area is controlled by Pakistan, and Pakistan has set up a police post here. However, at 1956, India destroyed the Pakistani post, drove away the Pakistani border police and set up its own post. 1In February, 965, with the support of aviation, the Indian army suddenly occupied the northern part of Kuchilan. Since March, India has carried out? Arrow? In the name of the exercise, it continued to send more troops to the Kuchilan area, bringing the number of troops in the area to three brigades and occupying several posts in Pakistan.

At first, Pakistan thought Kuchilan was barren. Therefore, the Indian army's invasion was only a protest and no substantive action was taken. However, it was soon reported that there may be oil and its mineral resources in Kuchilan area. Pakistan couldn't sit still and sent two brigades from the 8th Division to Kuchilan. During the confrontation, the two sides exchanged fire and the conflict escalated further. A small-scale armed conflict between Indian and Pakistani troops in Kuchilan opened the curtain of the second war between India and Pakistan.

Pakistan has sent an additional tank company to Kuchilan. In order to recapture the lost territory from the Indian army, Pakistan's 8th Division formulated a code named? Operation desert eagle? Battle plan. At 6: 30 am on the 27th, the Pakistani army, supported by strong firepower, launched a fierce attack on the Indian army and retaken a post from the Indian army. An explosion occurred in the battle, causing some casualties. Under the attack of Pakistani tank fire, the Indian army suffered a large number of casualties and was forced to retreat eastward for more than 30 kilometers.

After two months of limited conflict, due to the narrow terrain and extensive water network in Kuchilan area, it is not suitable for large-scale operations, and the two sides finally settled in British Prime Minister Douglas? Under the mediation of Homer, a ceasefire agreement was signed.

Although the first battle between India and Pakistan in Kuchilan soon ended, the fire of the war did not go out. The conflict between India and Pakistan in Kuchilan has intensified the contradiction of territorial disputes between the two countries, indicating that India and Pakistan have begun to resume the struggle of war, which indicates that the conflict will have a chain reaction and will be further escalated.

grand slam

On the day when India and Pakistan signed the ceasefire agreement, the Indian Interior Minister issued a statement declaring Kashmir to be a part of India, right? An established fact that cannot be debated and negotiated? . This remark greatly angered Pakistan. A lot of claims? Freedom fighters? Twenty-five Muslim militants entered Indian-controlled Kashmir and attacked Indian military posts, supply warehouses and convoys to force India to make concessions on the Kashmir issue. However, Muslim militants were quickly suppressed by the Indian army, and 529 1 Muslim militants were killed. In order to further crack down on Muslim armed forces, the Indian army assembled six divisions along the ceasefire line in late August, crossed the ceasefire line and launched an attack on Pakistani-controlled areas, and the war burned to Pakistan. Indian troops attacked Pakistani troops south of the Uri River on the west side of the ceasefire line with two divisions, and seized three posts of Pakistani border guards.

Facing the aggressive attack of Indian army, Pakistan felt the seriousness of the situation in Kashmir. Pakistani President ayub Khan met with Army Commander Moussa and Air Force Commander Nur? Khan and other senior officers attended the combat meeting, which decided to send conventional troops to fight back against Indian troops in Chambukh and Csorian in western Kashmir. What is the code name of this counterattack plan? Grand Slam Operation. ?

After careful planning and full preparation, grand slam operation? At the official start, the Pakistani artillery force prepared for the Indian army stationed in Chambu and Ban for three hours. At 0630 hours, the Pakistani Army 12 Infantry Division, reinforced by tanks and heavy artillery, stormed the Indian Army 19 1 brigade stationed in Chambuh under the command of Malik. There was a fierce tank battle around Chambu. By 9 am, Pakistani army tanks had forcibly approached Diva. At 0900 hours (15), in order to ease the tension in Chambu, the Indian army sent a batch of AMX tanks from the spot to Chambra, but they were intercepted by Pakistani tank forces during the March. The two sides fought fiercely in Chambu. Despite the casualties, the Pakistani army finally occupied Deva at 2 pm, and its vanguard troops arrived in Chambu, forcing the Indian army to retreat. In order to stop the attack of Pakistani tanks, at 4: 30 pm, Indian bombers swooped and bombed from high altitude, killing a large number of Pakistani tanks and infantry. The two sides launched an unprecedented bloody battle in Chambu, and after several wars, both sides suffered huge casualties.

While attacking Chambu, the Pakistani army also organized and strengthened its forces and launched a large-scale attack on the spot north of Chambu. Indian infantry fought back fiercely, but gradually failed under the strong artillery bombardment of Pakistani army. After the Pakistani army advanced to 300 yards from the Indian army's high headquarters in Banban, it met with stubborn resistance from the Indian army, and the Indian army had no way to escape. To stop the roaring Pakistani tanks, the Indian army used human tactics. After approaching Pakistani tanks, Indian soldiers blew up the first tank filled with explosives, and then blew up the second one. However, the Pakistani army pushed away the bombed tanks and continued to charge, occupying many places around the spot, leaving the Indian army in a passive position. By 7: 00 p.m., the Pakistani army had successfully opened two gaps between Changbu and Banban, and divided the Indian army into north and south. In order to avoid despair, the Indian army withdrew all its troops to the west bank of the Devi River.

In order to reverse the unfavorable situation. While strengthening the defense forces of the ground forces, the Indian army sent air forces to participate in the war. But because of the Pakistani army? Saber? This fighter is equipped with the most advanced radar system and? Rattlesnake? Air-to-air missiles, which shot down four Indian fighters in air combat, made Indian planes afraid to take off easily. Yahya's Pakistani army? Under the command of Khan (who later became the Pakistani president), he forcibly crossed the Dewei River and attacked Dreiti, an important barrier in Csorian. It met with stubborn resistance from the Indian army and made little progress. Near the Dreti fortress, the Pakistani army and the Indian army launched a life-and-death struggle, and the gunfire and shouts of both sides shook the world. After some fierce fighting, at noon the next day, the Pakistani army defeated the Indian Army 4 1 Mountain Brigade defending here and occupied Dreti. After clearing the outlying strongholds of Csorian, Pakistan's artillery poured down on Indian positions like a rainstorm, and then Pakistani infantry launched a general attack on Qiaolian under the guidance of tanks. The Indian defenders who occupied Csorian could not support it and began to flee to the rear. Due to the chaos of the battlefield, it was too late to retreat, and the Indian army lost a large number of tanks on the front line of the bridge. At 7: 30, Pakistani troops entered the devastated Soglia. At this point, the grand slam operation? Come to an end, the Pakistani army not only solved? Freedom fighters? The siege also seized about 500 square kilometers of land in Indian-controlled Kashmir and opened the door to Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir.

Launch an undeclared war

After the Indian army's defeat in Kashmir spread to China, it caused great shock in the Indian ruling and opposition circles. The Indian cabinet held a meeting overnight and decided to implement a bolder plan to open up a new battlefield, that is, to cross the India-Pakistan border and directly attack Pakistan. After receiving the task, the Army Chief of Staff Chowdhury quickly organized the staff to formulate the operational plan. The Indian army plans to use 1 troops, namely 15 Infantry Division, 7th Infantry Division and 4th Mountain Division to attack Lahore, an important city in Pakistan, from Amritsar, Kaharu and Kemkaran respectively. In addition, the Indian army used the 2nd Independent Tank Brigade as a campaign reserve force for deep combat. Radio India broadcast a message:? There will be heavy rain in Delhi in the next 48 hours! ? But in fact, from the weather point of view, there is no possibility of rain in Delhi. Is this news used by the Indian government? Code word? A war mobilization order issued to all soldiers.

In the early morning of September 6, the Indian army suddenly launched a large-scale attack on Pakistan without declaring war. ? It rains heavily in Delhi? It's pouring down, unstoppable. Pakistan is obviously unprepared for this move by the Indian army. The frontline defenders were losing ground and quickly retreated to the Jack Canal. Jack Canal is the last natural barrier in Lahore. If it falls, the Indian army will attack Lahore and then the hinterland of Pakistan, and the consequences will be unimaginable. The Pakistani army is determined to stick to the Geacar Canal and never take a step back. On September 6, Pakistani President ayub? Khan declared a national emergency and issued a general mobilization order to the army. However, at this time, the main force of the Pakistani army is still on the battlefield in Kashmir, while China's military reserves are few. If the existing army alone cannot support it, the Pakistani government will pin all its hopes of turning the war around on the air force.

The Pakistan Air Force has 14 1 fighters, and the Indian Air Force has 755 fighters. Compared with the number of the two sides, the Indian Air Force obviously has the advantage of 5: 1. However, Pakistan's main fighter is the more advanced American F? 86F？ Saber? Type plane and f? 104? Star? Model aircraft, of which? Saber? Is the plane equipped with AIM? 9? Rattlesnake? Infrared guided air-to-air missiles, while the Indian Air Force is not equipped with air-to-air missiles. Aim? 9? Rattlesnake? The missile can be launched at a distance of 3,000 meters and is the killer weapon of the Pakistan Air Force. In addition, the Americans also built two high-power FPS for Pakistan? Type 20 fixed early warning radar station can scan 200 kilometers of airspace, providing effective early warning for Pakistani army. It can be seen that the contest between the Indian and Pakistani air forces, in a sense, is a contest between the quantity army and the quality army.

On September 6, Pakistan Air Force Commander Nur? Khan ordered the dispatch of 32 F? 86 and 8 F? 104 Fighter planes raided five airports and three radar stations deep in India. The raid was very successful, and seven MIG planes were destroyed at Patankot base only before takeoff? 2 1 and 5? Mysterious? Aircraft type. In air combat, f? 86 staged another good show, shooting down nearly 10 Indian fighters. The Indian Air Force, which suffered heavy losses, quickly transferred more than 200 planes from the deep airport to launch an all-round counterattack against the Pakistan Air Force. However, after nearly two days of fierce fighting, the Pakistan Air Force shot down 19 printers in the air and destroyed 35 printers on the ground, but only lost 6 F? 86 aircraft, 1 F? 104 aircraft and 1 B? 57 bombers, since then, Indian air force fighters have never dared to go to heaven easily. While seizing the air superiority, the Pakistan Air Force also provided fire support for the ground forces, which initially reversed the war situation. On September 7th, President ayub? Khan ordered the commendation of the Air Force, which was designated as Pakistan Air Force Day.

Chavinda

Unwilling to fail, the Indian army put the reserve 1 armored division into battle, and cooperated with three infantry divisions to launch a powerful offensive to Lahore along Sialkot. Compress the Pakistani army into the Chavenda area. Chavenda is the gateway to Jammu and Kashmir, only 27 kilometers away from Jammu, the center of southern Kashmir, from which Pakistani troops once entered Kashmir to participate in the war. If Chavinda falls, it will cut off the most important communication channel between Pakistan and Kashmir.

In order to protect the strategic location, the Pakistani army is preparing for a decisive battle with the Indian army in Chavinda. Pakistani army commander Moussa urgently ordered all helicopters to concentrate and send troops to Chavinda as quickly as possible. At the same time, he exercised military control over the national railway and transported 200 tanks of the 6th Tank Division to the area by military columns. In order to capture Chavinda as soon as possible, the Indian army is also adjusting its deployment, constantly increasing its armored forces, and concentrating more than 400 tanks in the Chavinda area, ready to launch a decisive attack on the Pakistani army. The biggest tank battle since the India-Pakistan war is imminent.

After several days of tentative confrontation, on September 16, the impatient Indian army dispatched nearly 400 tanks to attack Chawenda, and Pakistani tanks also rushed out. At the same time, the air forces of the two countries also launched fierce battles over the battlefield, and the battle between India and Pakistan entered a climax. At this time, the Pakistan Air Force gained the upper hand again, quickly mastered the air superiority over the battlefield, and then attacked the Indian tanks. After summing up the previous experience of fighting between aircraft and tanks, the Pakistan Army improved the ammunition device on the aircraft. Each aircraft is equipped with four jettisonable pods under the wing, and each pod can carry seven folding tail missiles with high-explosive anti-tank warheads. The hit probability of seven volleys is 75%? 85%。 Under the raid of Pakistan Air Force, Indian tanks in Chavenda area were completely annihilated, and the whole army was almost paralyzed. At the same time, with the support of the air force, Pakistan's 6 th Tank Division became more and more brave, and Chavan reached an agreement to bury the Indian army. 100 captain? The graveyard of tanks. By nightfall, the Pakistani army won a decisive victory, destroying nearly 100 enemy tanks and forcing the Indian army to stop attacking. India and Pakistan confronted each other on the Jack Canal. In Lahore and the area south of the border town of Kenkalan, the Pakistani army has also won major victories through active attacks. The Pakistani army not only repelled the Indian army invading Pakistan from the south, but also took advantage of the situation to push the Indian territory 6 kilometers, occupying about 1.200 square kilometers of Indian territory.

tashkent

1965 On September 20, under the mediation of the United Nations, India and Pakistan simultaneously announced on September 23 that they would accept the mediation of the United Nations and cease fire across the board. 1966 65438+1From 4 to 9 October, under the mediation of the Soviet government, India and Pakistan agreed to retreat to the region before 5 August. 1965. The second India-Pakistan war ended. The two sides signed the Tashkent Declaration, unanimously agreed to cease fire and withdraw troops, and declared that they would not use force, but settle disputes through peaceful means.

The Third India-Pakistan War

Facing the internal turmoil in Pakistan, India decided to send troops to support the independence of East Pakistan. 1971March, the Indian Cabinet, Parliament and National Congress held separate meetings and passed resolutions supporting the establishment of Dongba. Bangladesh? Resolution. At the same time, the army gathered at the India-Pakistan border for military exercises. Made it again in July? Liberate Bangladesh? War plan. In order to seek international support, India also signed the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in August, and obtained weapons and equipment such as tanks, armored transport vehicles and surface-to-air missiles from the Soviet Union. Pakistan is highly alert to India's combat readiness and has made corresponding preparations. By the end of 197 1 year1kloc-0/month, the deployment of troops of both sides was basically completed. India's troops in the direction of Dongba * * * include 3 military departments, 7 divisions, 12 air squadrons, 200 combat aircraft and 26 naval vessels, with about170,000 troops; The troops invested in the direction of Xiba are *** 13 Division 8 Brigade, 20 air squadrons, 300 combat aircraft and 20 naval vessels, with about 300,000 people. Pakistan's forces in the direction of Dongba * * * are 4 infantry divisions, 2 squadrons of the Air Force, and 17 combat aircraft, with about 90,000 people; The troops invested in the direction of Xiba are *** 12 divisions, 6 brigades, 20 squadrons of the Air Force, 200 combat aircraft and more than 20 naval vessels, with about 250,000 people. Compared with the forces of the two sides, in the direction of Dongba, the Indian army has obvious advantages and the Pakistani army is at a disadvantage; In the direction of west Pakistan, the two armies are evenly matched, and the Indian army has a slight advantage.

197 1 year1month 2 1, the Indian army launched a sudden attack on Pakistan and the India-Pakistan war broke out. On the 23rd, Pakistani President Yahya declared a state of emergency, and the Pakistani army made every effort to fight against the Indian army. The war started in Dongba and Xiba battlefields. India's strategic attempt is to attack the east and defend the west, with the ultimate goal of capturing Dongba. Pakistan's strategic guiding principle is to stick to all strategic locations in order to crush the Indian army's raid.

On the Dongba battlefield, with the close cooperation of the navy and air force, the Indian army concentrated its forces and implemented Dongba from three directions: east, west and north. Multi-channel centripetal assault . In the east, the Indian army strengthened its forces with three divisions and eight battalions, and launched an offensive operation in three ways, capturing three important towns, Ashuganje, Dekkandi and Chandpur, and opening the gateway to Dhaka. In the west, the Indian army attacked along the southwest and northwest axes, and encountered stubborn resistance from the Pakistani army all the way. However, due to the military superiority of the Indian army, the Indian army captured farid Poole all the way, posing a threat to Dhaka; On the other hand, the Indian army along the northwest destroyed Pakistan's defense front several times and occupied the important town of Pogra after repeated struggles, but failed to develop its attack to the north, thus failing to fully realize its combat attempt. In the north, the two sides launched offensive and defensive wars in Jamalpur, Mi Mensinger and Tangier. As a result, the Pakistani army failed to hold its position, lost Jamalpur, retreated to Tangier and established a new defense line.

After the Indian army in three operational directions successively completed the operational preparations for attacking Dhaka, the Indian army began to launch a general attack on Dhaka. The 50th Paratrooper Brigade of Indian Army first carried out airborne operations in Tangier, a major town in the northwest, 70km away from Dhaka, and Naxigdi, a town in the northeast, 30km away from Dhaka, thus cutting off the retreat of Pakistani army in one fell swoop and advancing southward towards Dhaka. The Indian army surrounded Dhaka from the east, west and north, while the navy and air force imposed a tight blockade from the sea and air, completely cutting off any contact between Dongba and Xiba and the outside world. In this case, the defenders of Dongba surrendered to the Indian army in 65438+February 65438+June, and the offensive and defensive operations of Dongba battlefield ended.