Grade 7 China Three Gorges Appreciation. (full text! )

Brief introduction of the author

Li Daoyuan (466 or 472-527) was born in Fanyang (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Prose writer and geographer. Born into an official family, his father Li Fan was young and promising. During Mao's reign, he served in the East Palace, and later became an excellent strategist with his excellent strategic vision. He was a general in Pingtung and a secretariat in Qingzhou. Li Daoyuan also served as a central official in Pingcheng (the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, now Datong City, Shanxi Province) and Luoyang (the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved south here in 493 AD), and served as a local official many times. He has been a long history of Jizhou (now Jixian County, Hebei Province), a satrap of Luyang County (now Lushan County, Henan Province) and a secretariat of East Jingzhou (now tanghe county, Henan Province).

In the first half of Li Daoyuan's life, the Northern Wei Dynasty was in its heyday. In 439 AD, after Emperor Wudi of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, the national strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty became stronger and stronger through the efforts of many emperors, such as Xian Wen and Wen Cheng, and the positive reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Li Daoyuan also followed Emperor Xiaowen and others to realize the great cause of reunification. However, after the death of Emperor Xiaowen, 500 years of domestic contradictions in the Northern Wei Dynasty began to rise again and gradually declined. By 527, six towns rebelled and four parties rebelled. In the eventful autumn of the country, Li Daoyuan was generously martyred. Lonely geese are singing in the sky, and birds are singing in Qinshan. The meteor flashed and a generation of heroes fell. During his official career, Li Daoyuan was known as "strict and fierce". Quite hated by strongmen and royalty. In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (A.D. 527), while Li Daoyuan was on his way to Guanju, Bao Xiao, the secretariat of Yongzhou, was encouraged by King Runan to send someone to besiege Li Daoyuan and his party at Yinpan Post Pavilion (now Lintong East, Shaanxi). The pavilion is on the mountain and there is no water to eat. After digging for more than ten feet, there is still no water. Finally, exhausted, he was killed with his younger brother Dao Jun and his two sons. Li Daoyuan has been fond of sightseeing since he was a teenager. When he was in Qingzhou with his father, he once traveled all over Shandong with his friends. I have been to many places since I became an official. Every time I go to a place, I have to visit the local places of interest, pay attention to the current and topography, trace back to the source, read a lot of geographical works in my spare time, and gradually accumulate rich geographical knowledge. Throughout his life, he made a lot of investigations, textual research and research on China's physical geography, and wrote a masterpiece of geography-Notes on Water Classics, which made great contributions to China's ancient geographical science.

Water mirror notes

Water Mirror, written in the Three Kingdoms period, is a book devoted to the study of rivers and waterways, and records the China 137 major rivers. The original text is more than 10 thousand words, the text is quite short, and the context and details of the waterway are not clear. Li Daoyuan loved to visit when he was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes. He found that the ancient geography book "Water Mirror" lacked accurate records of the ins and outs of large and small rivers. However, due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers were diverted and renamed, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then personally annotated the water mirror. In order to write notes about water mirrors, he read more than 400 books, consulted all the maps, studied a large number of cultural relics, and personally went to the field to check the records in the books. Water mirror has 65,438+037 rivers and 65,438+100,000 words. After Li Daoyuan's annotation, the number of river maps increased to 1252, with * * * 300,000 words, 20 times more than the original. The book describes the origin and flow direction of rivers, the physical geography and economic geography of each basin, as well as volcanoes, hot springs and water conservancy projects. This book is beautiful and vivid, and it can also be said to be a literary work. Because of its great value in the history of China's scientific and cultural development, many scholars in the past dynasties specially studied it and formed "Sydney". Li Daoyuan paid great attention to on-the-spot investigation and investigation in the process of interpreting water mirrors. At the same time, he also looked at many predecessors' works and many detailed maps. According to statistics, Li Daoyuan consulted 437 kinds of books when he wrote Notes on Shui Jing. After a long and arduous effort, Li Daoyuan finally finished his famous book "Notes on Water Classics". Notes on Water Classics * * * has forty volumes (the original book lost five volumes in the Song Dynasty, and it is still forty volumes today, which was adapted by later generations), with more than 300,000 words, which is an unprecedented geographical masterpiece at that time. It is nominally an annotation to the water mirror, but in fact it is a re-creation on the basis of the water mirror. The book describes 1252 rivers, nearly 1000 more than the original, and the text has increased by more than 20 times. The content is much richer than the original water classic.

Zhu's writing style is different from Hehe's geography. It takes waterway as the key link, describes the geographical situation of various places in detail, and creates a new form of ancient comprehensive geographical works. Shui Jing Zhu covers a wide range. Geographically speaking, although Li Daoyuan lived in the period of confrontation between the Northern and Southern Dynasties, he did not confine his vision to a corner ruled by the Northern Wei Dynasty, but seized the natural phenomenon of rivers and waterways and made a detailed record of the national geographical situation. Not only that, the book also talks about some foreign rivers, which shows that the author is also very concerned about foreign geography. In terms of content, the book not only describes the hydrological conditions of rivers in detail, but also comprehensively describes other natural phenomena in each basin, such as geology, landforms, soil, climate, folk customs of products, the rise and fall of cities, historical sites, myths and legends, etc. Therefore, Biography of Water Mirror is the first comprehensive and systematic geographical work written by China before the 6th century. It is of great reference value to the study of ancient history and geography of China.

Notes on Water Classics is a geographical masterpiece with great scientific value, and it is also a unique travel note of mountains and rivers. With full enthusiasm, vigorous writing and delicate language, Li Daoyuan vividly described the magnificent mountains and rivers of the motherland and showed his love and praise for the motherland. Li Daoyuan wrote a lot in his life, including Notes on Water Mirror, Thirteen Records and Seven Covenants. However, only the notes about the water mirror have been handed down.

original text

The 700-mile Three Gorges, both sides of which are mountains, have no meandering mountains. Rocks piled up like mountains, blocking the sun and the sky. Since the pavilion night, there has been no sunrise (X and) months.

As for launching Xiangling Mausoleum, it is blocked along the back (Si). Or the king ordered an emergency notice, sometimes going to Baidicheng and going to Jiangling at dusk. During this period, although he took the wind, he didn't get sick.

In spring and summer, the green pool is surging and the reflection is clear. Stunt (y m 4 n) Duoqibai, hanging springs and waterfalls, flying in the meantime. Rong Qing Junmao, it's fun.

At the beginning of every sunny day, in first frost, the forest is cold and sad, and there are often high apes whistling, which is a kind of (zh incarnation) that leads to sadness, the empty valley spreads, and the sadness turns leisurely. So the fisherman sang, "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the apes cry three times and burst into tears. (shāng)"

translate

Between 700 miles of the Three Gorges, the mountains on both sides of the Three Gorges are connected without interruption. Overlapping rock peaks cover the sky and the sun like barriers. If it's not noon or midnight, you can't see the sun or the moon.

In summer, the rivers are everywhere, and the boats that go upstream are blocked. If the emperor's orders are conveyed urgently, sometimes he leaves Baidicheng in the morning and arrives in Jiangling at night. It's about 1200 Li in the middle. Even riding a galloping horse and driving a high wind, it's not as fast as it.

In spring and winter, the white torrent whirls clear waves, and the green pool reflects the shadows of various scenery. There are many grotesque coopers growing on the extremely high peaks, from which hanging springs and waterfalls fly. Clear water, lush trees, high mountains and lush grass are really a lot of fun.

Every autumn rain and frost morning in Chu Qing, the cold forest and mountain stream are silent. Apes often sing in high places, and their voices are very bleak. Empty valley has echo, sadness is euphemistic, long time no see. So the fisherman sang: "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the apes cry three times."

Divide the reading rhythm

Name: "Three Gorges"

700 miles away from the Three Gorges, there are two banks/mountains, but there is no bend. Heavy chóng rock/overlapping rock, covering the sky/covering the sky. Since noon and night, I don't watch/sunrise x: and the moon.

As for Xia/Shuiling, it is along/back/blocking. The king ordered an emergency announcement. Sometimes/he sent Bai Di to zhāo and arrived in Jiangling at dusk. The distance between them is 2000 Li. Although/rushed to bēn to take shelter from the wind, he was not/was ill.

In spring and summer, it/elements surge tuān/ green pool, returning to clear/inverse shadow. Jueyi?n/prolific strange cypress Bi, hanging spring/waterfall, flying gargle/its room. Qing/Rong/Jun/Mao, good/much/interesting/delicious.

Every morning, it's freezing, the forest is cold/cold, and there are often/high apes whistling, which belongs to ZH incarnation/leading to sorrow, empty valley/calling, turning to sorrow/long silence. So the fisherman sang: "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the ape cries three times, and his face is full of tears."

To annotate ...

Three Gorges: Selected from Notes on Water Classics. Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge are collectively located between Fengjie in Chongqing and Yichang in Hubei in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Li Daoyuan (466 or 472-527), a geographer, was born in Zhuoxian County (now Hebei Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Eager to know about the Expo, pay attention to geographical phenomena such as waterways, and write notes on water classics. It's called Notes on Water Classics, but in fact, it takes Water Classics as the key link, and records more than 1000 rivers and related historical sites, people's stories, myths and legends in detail. It is the most comprehensive and systematic comprehensive geographical work in ancient China. The book also records a large number of stone tablet ink and fishing songs and folk songs, with gorgeous words and beautiful language, which has high literary value.

700 Li: It's about 200 kilometers now.

Ego: It means "being" here.

There are mountains on both sides of the strait, and there is no gap (Qumi): both sides of the strait are connected mountains without interruption. Slightly fine, fine. Que, preach "lack".

Zhang: A towering mountain.

Pavilion noon: noon.

Night minutes: midnight.

Sunshine, here refers to the sun.

Item: Go up.

Down: Down the river.

Go upstream.

Bai Di: Now Chongqing Fengjie East.

Jiangling: Jiangling, Hubei Province today.

Ben: This refers to a galloping horse.

Illness (jí): Quick.

Tuān: white torrent.

Hui Qing: dancing and clearing the waves.

Cliff (y ǐ n): A very high mountain peak.

Shh, shh, shh, shh.

Qingrong Junmao: Clear water, lush trees, high mountains and lush grass.

Haruki: It's just sunny.

Frost Dan: It's a frosty morning.

Genus (zhǔ) quotations: one after another. Genus: connection. Lead, extend.

Badong is now in Yunyang, Fengjie and Wushan in the east of Chongqing.

Ancient and modern synonyms

1, or an emergency notice ordered by the king (or ancient meaning: if there is one)

(or modern meaning: related words often used to choose complex sentences)

2. As for the water Xiangling (as for the ancient meaning: a verb "to" and a preposition "to")

As for the present meaning: often linked together, it means to mention another thing.

3, although riding the wind (although the ancient meaning: even)

(although now means: although)

polysemy

(1) from: 700 Li from Three Gorges (middle)

From midnight (if)

② Disconnect: block (cut off) along the back.

A rare and prolific strange cypress (extremely, most)

Sadness becomes eternal (disappears)

Common words

① There is no gap (the gap between "gap" and "lack")

Flexible use of parts of speech

Although you walk against the wind, you are not harmed by the disease. (Ben: verbs as nouns, running horses)

② Clear reflection (clear: adjectives are used as nouns, clear waves)

(3) Frost at the beginning of fine weather (frost: noun used as verb, frosting)

(4) Empty valley (empty valley: noun as adverbial, in empty valley)

Special sentence patterns

1. Cross-strait mountain: ellipsis, omitting the attribute "Three Gorges". 2. Rock overlap: ellipsis, omitting the subject "both sides".

Translation of key sentences

1, although riding against the wind, don't get sick.

Even riding a galloping horse and riding the wind, it is not so fast.

2, Rong Qing Junmao, very fun.

Clear water, lush trees, high mountains and lush grass are really interesting.

3. As for launching Xiangling, it is along the back block.

In summer, when the river rises, all the boats that go upstream are blocked.

4, the empty valley rings, and the sorrow turns long.

There was an echo in the empty valley, which was sad and euphemistic, and it took a long time to disappear.

5. I haven't seen the moon since midnight in the pavilion.

If it weren't for noon and midnight, the sun and the moon would not be visible.

Overall grasp

"Three Gorges" uses simple and vivid pen and ink to write the magnificent, steep and beautiful scenery of the Three Gorges. The author describes the scenery by grasping its characteristics. Write mountains, highlighting the characteristics of continuity and covering the sky. Writing water depicts different scenes in different seasons. In summer, rivers flood all over the mountains and rivers, and ships are blocked. "In spring and summer, the green pool is surging and the reflection is clear. Duoqibai, hanging springs and waterfalls, flies in it. " Snow-white rapids, green pools, rolling waves and beautiful reflections make the author admire "endless fun". In autumn, however, "the forest is cold and cold, and there are often high apes whistling", and the sorrow cries constantly, and in the empty valley, "the sorrow turns for a long time." The strange sight of the Three Gorges is vividly depicted. The author used a lot of stippling to write the scenery, just 150 words, and got the whole picture of the Three Gorges in 700 miles. Write the scenery of spring and summer, with "plain", "green", "clear" and "shadow" characters; Write the autumn scenery, and vividly show the charm of the scenery with "cold", "sad" and "sad" characters. The article describes mountains first, then water, with natural layout and clear thinking. Write about the four seasons of moisture. In the rhythm of the article, it is also a combination of static and dynamic, swaying. Towering peaks, surging rivers, clear waters, flying waterfalls, sad ape songs and sad fishing songs constitute a natural and harmonious picture with different styles, which left a deep impression on readers. The quoted poem shows the sadness of the fisherman's wandering and sets off the desolation of autumn. It embodies the humanistic care of the works.