Battle of Northern Expedition in Ming Dynasty-Battle of Wuliangha

The first personal expedition in the Northern Expedition of Ming Dynasty

A.D. 1409 (the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Cheng Zu sent Qi Huangong Qiu Fu to conquer Tatar with a hundred thousand troops, only to be ambushed by the enemy and completely annihilated. In order to eliminate the border dispute, Cheng Zu decided to go on an expedition himself. 14 10 In February (the eighth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty), Cheng Zu mobilized 500,000 troops. On May 8, the Ming army went to the valley of Wokan River (now Krulun River, renamed as "Yinma River" by Chengzu) and found that Khan Tatar Benya was defeated in the west, and Prime Minister Arutai fled to the east. Chengzu led his soldiers to the west to pursue Benya, who lost his way. On May 13, the Ming army was defeated in Nanhe (located on the border of Mongolia and Russia today) and lost to Benya. After Chengzu defeated Benya, he marched eastward to Arutai, and the two sides fought in the northeast of Nanhe River on the Mongolian-Russian border. The Ming army killed countless enemies, and Arutai fled. At this time, the weather is hot, water resources are scarce and food and grass are not good. Chengzu ordered the division to move. After the attack of the Ming army, the Tatar Department surrendered to the Ming Empire and paid tribute to the horses of the Ming Emperor. Cheng Zu also gave a generous reward, and his minister Arutai accepted the title of "King of Peace" awarded by Cheng Zu. 14 10 After the second expedition of the Ming army to Tatar, the Wara Department took the opportunity to develop rapidly. 14 13, the vara army entered the Cullen River (now the Cullen River) to spy on the Central Plains. Ming Chengzu was determined to personally levy again, mobilize the army and raise the salary. 14 14 In February (the 12th year of Yongle), the Ming army set out from Beijing. On the third day of June, the Ming army defeated a patrol of the Wala Department at the mouth of the Three Gorges (now southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia), killing dozens of people. On the seventh day, the Ming army went to Bulan and suddenly lost temperature (now southeast of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia). Thirty thousand Walla troops, relying on the mountain, are divided into three ways. Chengzu sent cavalry to attack and lure enemy soldiers away from the mountain. He ordered Liu Sheng to fire and bomb, and he personally led the soldiers into the enemy lines. Valla's army retreated, and Chengzu continued to pursue. The soldiers attacked the Walla army in several ways, killing thousands of enemies. In this campaign, Vala was hit hard and dared not violate the border for many years. Meanwhile, the Ming army suffered heavy casualties. The third expedition, Valla, was defeated by the Ming army. After several years' development, Tatar became stronger and stronger, thus changing its attachment policy to the Ming Dynasty, insulting or detaining the envoys sent by the Ming Dynasty, and often harassing and looting the borders of the Ming Dynasty. 142 1 (in the 19th year of Yongle), in the early winter, the Tatars besieged Xinghe, an important town in the north of Ming Dynasty, and killed Wang Xiang, commander of the Ming army. In response, Cheng Zu decided to make his third expedition to Mobei in March of 1422 (the twentieth year of Yongle). Chengzu led an army from Beijing to attack the Tatars. When its main force reached Jiming Mountain in the southeast of Fu Xuan (now Xuanhua, Hebei), the Tatar leader Arutai learned that the Ming army was coming and fled Xinghe overnight to avoid the war. In July, the Ming army arrived at Shahuyuan, captured Tatar's men, and learned that Arutai had escaped, and Cheng Zu ordered to stop the pursuit. On the way back to Li, the Ming army defeated Wuliangha and returned to Beijing in September. Chengzu's third attack on Mobei dealt a certain blow to Tatars, but it didn't have much effect, and it didn't completely solve the nuisance caused by the three Mongolian tribes in Mobei to the Ming Dynasty border. The fourth personal expedition in A.D. 1423 (the 21st year of Yongle), Tatar leader Arutai led his troops to harass the border of the Ming Dynasty again, and Cheng Zu decided to make another personal expedition after hearing about it. The Ming army went to war in early August, and in early September, when the Ming army arrived in Shacheng (now north of Zhangbei, Hebei Province), Tito Moore, a subordinate of Arutai, led his troops to surrender to the Ming army, and learned that Arutai was defeated by Vala, and the troops had dispersed, and the Ming army was temporarily stationed; 10, the Ming army continued northward and defeated the army in the north of the Yellow River and west of Tatar. Prince Tatar also led his army to surrender to the Ming Dynasty, and Cheng Zu immediately appointed Tugan as the brave king. 1 1 month, the Ming army moved back to Beijing. The fifth expedition to Yongle, the national class contradictions were relatively eased. However, due to excessive state expenditure and heavy taxes, some areas experienced peasant exile and uprising, of which the Tang Saier Uprising in the 18th year was one of the largest. 1424 (the 22nd year of Yongle in Ming dynasty) From January to July, the Ming army fought with the Mongolian Tatar Department. In the first month of that year, Arutai, the leader of the Tatar Department, led an army to invade Datong and Kaiping in Shanxi (now northeast of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia). Cheng Zu then mobilized soldiers from five divisions of Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Liaodong to stand by and watch from Shi Jing (now Beijing) and Fu Xuan (now Xuanhua, Hebei). On April 3, An Yuanhou, Sui Anbo and Chen Yingwei; Wu 'an Hou Zhengheng and Baoding Hou Yuying are left posts, while Yang Wuhou Lv Xue and Xinning Bo Tan Zhong are right posts. British Fu and Cheng Guogong are left-handed, while Cheng Shanhou and Xing 'an Bo Henry are right-handed. Hou Ningyang and Wang Jinzhong, also known as Tugan, led the troops north. On 25th, when he entered Jining (now south of Guyuan, Hebei Province), he learned that Arutai had fled to Dalanur River (now lower reaches of Halaha River in Mongolia), and Cheng Zu ordered the whole army to pursue it quickly. On June 17, I entered the south amur river in Dharam, and there was no sign of Arutai in the surrounding area for more than 300 miles. I ordered the transfer of troops. On July 18, Cheng Zu died in Yumuchuan (now northwest of Duolun, Inner Mongolia) on his way back to Beijing. At this point, the Mongolian power was temporarily weakened, and the Ming Dynasty was exhausted and unable to make a large-scale expedition. The Diaoyutai War between Song and Meng surrendered because the Song Dynasty was over, and there was no need to persist.

The battle of fishing city is still the battle of fishing city or the battle of Hezhou. Refers to 1259 the war between the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia. 1239, Peng Daya ordered Gan Runchu to build a fishing city. Later, the Sichuan procurement envoy met Yu Jie, the capital of Chongqing, and adopted the suggestions of Bozhou brothers Ran Jin and Ran Pu. 1243 Rebuild Fishing Town, station troops to accumulate grain, and fight against the Mongolian army invading from the north as a barrier to defend Chongqing. At that time, Mongolia swept Eurasia after the founding of the People's Republic of China. 1258, Mongol Khan ordered Kublai Khan to attack Ezhou, Chahar attacked Huaibei and Wulianghatai attacked Yunnan, and he led his troops into Sichuan. 1February 259, Mongo Khan personally led 40,000 troops to Fishing City, and Mongo sent people to surrender. Wang Jianyan of Song refused, killed the emissary, and Mongo began to attack the fishing city. However, under the tenacious resistance of Wang Jian and Zhang Jue, the main commanders of Fishing Town, General Wang Dechen was killed, and Mongolia was injured by artillery on the city and later died in Wenquan Temple, so the Mongolian army retreated. Until 1279, under the leadership of Commander Wang Li, the soldiers and civilians of Fishing Town surrendered, officially ending the 36-year history of the Anti-Japanese War in Fishing Town. After the Mongolian army swept across Eurasia, Song stood on its own feet for decades and was the last country in the Mongolian army to perish. The Song-Mongolian War broke out in an all-round way from A.D. 1235 to the collapse of the Song House in the Battle of Yashan in A.D. 1279, which lasted nearly half a century. It is the longest and most labor-consuming war since the rise of Mongolian forces. What is the Battle of Civil War Fortress? After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, some Mongolian nobles retreated to Mongolia and Northeast China, which were divided into three parts: Tatar, Waci and Wuliangha. Mongolian ministries often invaded the borders of the Ming Dynasty, and Cheng Zu personally conquered Mongolia five times. In the eighth year of Yongle, Ming Taizu led a 500,000-strong army to conquer Tatar. After the Ming army arrived at the Giza River (named Yinma River by Cheng Zuci), Cheng Zu went forward alone, arrived at the South River, and defeated the Tatar cavalry. Khan Tatar fled with only seven riders. After this great defeat and the disintegration of internal rule, the Tatar Department surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. In the tenth year of Yongle (A.D. 14 14), the Mongolian Wara attacked and killed Tatar Benyashili and detained the envoys of the Ming Dynasty. In the 12th year of Yongle, Cheng Zu led an army to levy Vara himself until tuul river and Mahamu fled and died soon. After this attack, the Walla Department was always under the jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty in Yongle period. In the 19th year of Yongle, Mongolian Tatars set out to invade Xinghe and other places in the Ming Dynasty. In the twentieth, twenty-first and twenty-second years of Yongle, Ming Chengzu led an army to conquer it. These three expeditions failed to achieve the expected purpose. At this time, he was a 65-year-old man who died in Yumuchuan during his last trip to Li.

In the 14th year of Ming Yingzong orthodoxy (A.D. 1449), Mongolian Walla Department invaded Datong continuously, and Ming Yingzong was tempted by eunuchs to prepare for personal expedition. In view of the actual situation at that time, Wang Zhi, the official minister, was not conducive to the war, so he led his ministers to protest. At that time, Wang Zhen held the political power, and Yingzong did not listen to the advice of ministers, but trusted Wang Zhen and decided to go out in person. Yingzong ordered civil and military officials, such as Zhang Fu, Kuang Yě, minister of the Ministry of War, Wang Zuo, Cao Nai and Zhang Yi, ministers of the inpatient department to "escort". Zhang Fu was the first civil and military official to join the expedition. During the Yongle period, he led the army to quell the rebellion in the south many times and made outstanding achievements. However, this time he didn't participate in the military and political affairs, and all military and political affairs were arbitrary by Wang Zhen. This is a strange thing. The military and political ministers of the imperial court do not participate in military and political affairs, and a eunuch is arbitrary and will inevitably fail. On July 16th, the 14th year of Orthodox Church, Yingzong and Wangzhen led 500,000 troops out of Beijing. Due to improper organization, unstable morale, Yu Qian is like a soldier, and everyone is suspicious and trembling. The storm became more violent, and the troops were already short of food in the March. From the 28th to Yanghe in the northeast of Datong. Ten days ago, Song Ying, the general manager of Datong, and Zhu Mian, the company commander, fought against the Vara Army, which is also the vanguard, in Yanghe. Because he was pinned down by Guo Jing, the eunuch of the prison army, he was not suitable for commanding operations and was completely annihilated. At this time, when the army came to Yanghe, they could still see the bodies of the battlefield, which made their morale even lower. When Wang Zhen learned of the fiasco in Qiancheng, he was very scared. The next day, he encouraged the English sects to move their troops. Wang Zhen changed the retreat route of the Ming army at will, so that he was attacked by Ye Xianjun along the way. On 13th, Yingzong fled to Mutubao (now east of Huailai County, Hebei Province). There is no water in the civil fort, and there is no water in the two feet of digging the well. The couple didn't drink water for two days, and they were thirsty. Fifteen miles south of Mutubao, there is a river, which has been occupied by Wallachian troops. 15, the army retreated first and sent people to the Ming army for a pretence. Yingzong ordered Cao Nai to draft the imperial edict and sent two officials to the barracks first. Wang Zhen saw that the wild fairy army was defeated and ordered to move the village to the water's edge. Before the Ming army went three or four miles, the Waci army was besieged on all sides and the Ming army was in chaos. Yingzong and Qin Bing broke through on horseback, but they couldn't get out. They had to dismount and sit cross-legged, facing south, and became prisoners of the Vara army. In this civil fort melee, more than 50 people, including British Fu, Xu Jingyuan, Ministry of War Shangshu, abbot, cabinet bachelor Cao Nai, Zhang Yi, assistant minister Ming Ding and others, were killed. More than 200,000 mules and horses and a lot of armor and equipment were acquired by the First Army. The 500,000 troops of Yingzong, the elite of the Beijing army in the Ming Dynasty, were almost wiped out. In fact, there are only 20,000 Walla troops led by Ye Xian. Defeating 500,000 people with 20,000 people is not because the Waci army can fight, but because the Ming army is blindly commanding. In the scuffle, Fan Yi, the general of the guard, killed him with a hammer and said, "I will punish this thief for the world." First, Emperor Ming Yingzong was captured in the Battle of Civil Fort, thinking that rare goods were available, and he wanted to use Yingzong to lure the cities and customs of the Ming Dynasty and ask for gold and silk property from the Ming Dynasty. However, after the Ming Dynasty captured Yingzong, ministers decided to make Zhu Qiyu, Yingzong's half-brother, the monarch to prevent the Waci army from threatening Yingzong. Empress Dowager Cixi agreed to the ministers' proposal, that is, to change from Zhu Qiyu to Ming Daizong, with the title of Jingtai. Dai Zong entrusted the important task of fighting and defending to Yu Qian, who resolutely fought the main battle. At that time, the Ming capital was a trap, and the rest was only 100 thousand, which was shocking. On the second day of accepting the task, Yu Qian immediately called on Dai Zong to deploy troops from South Beijing and Henan to prepare for the battle. The Japanese troops along the coast of Shandong and Nanjing, the grain transport troops in Jiangbei and Beijing, and the Zhejiang army led by Hou of Ningyang rushed to the capital to guard. On the same day, Tongzhou Grain was destined to enter Beijing. Troops from all over the country came to the capital one after another, storing more food, and the people in the capital gradually stabilized. On the first day of October in the fourteenth year of orthodoxy, Waci also led an army with Yingzong to bypass Datong and attack Beijing. On the eighth day of the eighth lunar month, Dai Zong ordered Qian to prefect the horse camp, and all the soldiers were restrained. Yu Qian immediately sent generals to lead the 22 nd Army to array outside the nine gates. When all the troops are deployed outside the city, all the city gates will be closed to show their determination to fight to the death. 1October 1 1 day, the Walla army arrived at the gates of Beijing. At first, I thought that the Ming army was vulnerable and Beijing could fall at any time. However, after five days of fierce fighting, they were all defeated and frustrated first, and the morale of the Walla army was low. Since the Ming army entered the war, it has won many battles and has a strong morale. First, I heard that the army reinforcements had to be assembled, fearing that they would cut off their retreat and set up a camp to the north on the fifteenth night. Yu Qian and his Beijing Defence War finally won. After retreating to Walla, I felt that it was useless to continue to detain Yingzong. In August of the first year of Jingtai, Yingzong was welcomed back to Beijing by Yang Shanying, the right suggestion, and became the emperor's father. The battle of civil fort was defeated, and 500 thousand elites were wiped out. It can be seen that the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty were authoritarian and did harm to people. Later, the capital of the hawkish organization defended the city and defeated the aggressive Waci army, saying that the Ming army was still fighting. The battle of the civil fort is called "the defeat of civil engineering" in history. What's the story about The Prince Sweeping the North? Zhu Biao, the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, died young. According to the tradition of official biography, after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, his great-grandson (Zhu Biao's eldest son) Zhu Yunwen succeeded to the throne and was named Wen Jian. After Wen Jian ascended the throne, he conspired with courtiers to cut the vassal, in an attempt to change Judy to Nanchang.

Wen Jian and his cronies Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng took a series of measures to reduce the number of vassals. At the same time, troops were deployed around Beiping and in the city, and the guards of Judy, the fourth son of Ming Taizu, were transferred to the Great Wall to get rid of the Prince.

Judy, the prince of Yan, was dissatisfied with Zhu Yunwen's succession, and rebelled under the pretext of "punishing evil and promoting good, and clearing the monarch's side". When Wen Jian learned of this, he called 300,000 soldiers from three provinces of Lu Yu and Shaanxi. From the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, Chen Bing along the Hutuo River tried to stop Prince Judy from going south.

Hundreds of thousands of troops from both sides fought fiercely along the Hutuo River, and the counties belonging to Zhengding Prefecture were the main battlefields of this war. The two sides fought a year-long "tug-of-war" here. In the end, Judy, the prince of Yan, won, the commander-in-chief of the Ming court was captured, and Geng Bingwen, the head coach, fled to Zhengding and held on behind closed doors.

Wen Jian made Li Jinglong a general and led 500,000 troops to attack the prince, hoping to save the day. However, most of the soldiers acted on the spur of the moment, with different orders and ineffective command. World War I collapsed, and the prince chased after him and invaded Nanjing one after another. Emperor Wen Jian set himself on fire and died. 1403, Judy ascended the throne, changed her name to Yongle, and then moved to Beijing in order to become the ancestor of the Ming Dynasty. Historically, it was called "the change of Jingnan", and it was commonly known as "the prince sweeping the north".

Extended data

The influence of war

1, changes in imperial clan treatment

After Judy proclaimed himself emperor, Wen Jian resumed the titles of Zhu Cong, king of Zhou, and Zhu Cong, king of Qi, on June 18th, four years (1402). Subsequently, the titles of Dai Wang Zhu Gui and Min Wang Zhu Kun were restored. In the first month of the first year of Yongle (1403), Ming Taizu made the four kings Zhou, Qi, Dai and Min governors.

On June 26th, Chengzu revoked the Xingzong Hall of Zhu Biao, the father of his, and renamed it Prince Wen Yi. On July 12, Cheng Zu reduced Zhu Yunwen's three younger brothers from prince to county king. In November, Zhu Biao's sons Zhu and Zhu were abolished and imprisoned in Fengyang, his hometown.

2. Strengthen centralized rule.

In order to deal with state affairs more efficiently, on the first day of August in the fourth year of Wen Jian (1402), Judy ordered Jie Jin, Huanghuai and Wen Yuan Pavilion to carry out maintenance. Subsequently, the cabinet was expanded to seven people. From then on, the cabinet began to play an increasingly important role in the politics of the Ming Dynasty, and even the Qing Dynasty still used this system.

On the other hand, because Judy rebelled and proclaimed herself emperor, she was suspicious of her officials, so she restored the Royal Guards abolished in Hongwu period and the spy rule in Ming Dynasty. Subsequently, in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420), Judy set up the East Factory, which put the trusted eunuchs in power, strengthened the spy rule and improved the status of eunuchs. In the Ming Dynasty, spy rule almost ran through and became a major feature.

3. Move the capital to Beijing

During the Hongwu period, several border kings (such as Judy and Zhu Quan) were in charge of the northern defense, but after the defeat, Judy moved to the mainland, which led to the emptiness of the defense in North China. Moreover, due to the experience and lessons of keeping the outside empty in the Tang Dynasty and keeping the inside empty in the Song Dynasty, militarily, the capital Jinling (Nanjing) and the remote control generals are at great risk in guarding the border.

"The son of heaven defends the country" can solve this problem. On the other hand, because of the great influence of Jianwen Emperor in Nanjing, politically, Beiping, as Judy's base camp, is more suitable as the imperial capital. Therefore, after considering various factors, Judy decided to move the capital to Beijing.

4. cede Daning

At the beginning of Jingnan, Judy took all the military forces of Daning (including Duoyan Sanwei) under her command, and Duoyan Sanwei played an important role in the subsequent operations. So, after Judy proclaimed himself emperor, she named Wang Ning in Nanchang, and in March of the first year of Yongle (1403), she named Daning as a reward.

Daning is located at the junction of Liaoning, Mongolia and Hebei provinces and the center of Liaodong-Jizhou-Fu Xuan Arch, and its military position is very important. In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), it was recovered, a health center was built and abandoned.

Daning, as a defense outpost in Liaodong, Jizhou and Fu Xuan, affected its defense effect; Without Daning, from Shanhaiguan to Liaodong, we can only pass through Shanhaiguan and Jinzhou. Since then (especially after the change of civil engineering), wars in Hebei and Liaoning have continued. Cutting Daning is often criticized by later generations.

5. Regional economy

The battle of Jingnan involved the whole North China and East China, and repeated tug-of-war caused huge social and economic losses to the area north of Huaihe River. After Judy acceded to the throne, she reduced or exempted taxes in Hebei, Henan, Shandong and other provinces that used to be battlefields to recuperate.