Is there a geography topic of China Land Publishing House in the first volume of Grade 8? The first chapter is: the earth movement and the distribution of land and sea, and the second chapter is: the

Is there a geography topic of China Land Publishing House in the first volume of Grade 8? The first chapter is: the earth movement and the distribution of land and sea, and the second chapter is: the world climate. ... The final geography review question is just 1. Geographical location and characteristics of China: ● Latitude location and advantages: China's territory spans a vast latitude from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude zone, belonging to the (northern temperature) zone, and a few are in the (tropical) zone, but not in the (cold zone). The huge climate difference provides favorable conditions for the development of (various agricultural economies). ● Land and sea location and advantages: (1) is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, which makes the vast area in the east of China (under the influence of humid air flow in summer monsoon, precipitation) rich and is beneficial to (agricultural) production; (2) The eastern region has both land and sea, which is conducive to friendly exchanges with overseas countries; The western region (deep into Eurasia) enables China's land transportation to communicate directly with other countries (Central Asia, West Asia and Europe), which facilitates foreign countries (exchanges and cooperation). (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which are convenient for development (marine industry). ● China has a territorial area of (9.6 million) square kilometers, ranking third in the world after (Russian) and (Canadian). Lulin 14. Clockwise, they are North Korea, (Russia), (Mongolia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (India), Nepal, Bhutan, (Myanmar), (Laos) and Vietnam. The land border is more than 20,000 kilometers. There are six countries across the sea: Korea, (Japan), Philippines, (Malaysia), Brunei and (Indonesia). 2. Population of China ● Total population: (1295) billion in 2000. ● The outstanding characteristics of China's population: large population base and rapid population growth. ● Characteristics of population distribution in China: The population distribution (uneven) is bounded by Heihe River in Heilongjiang and Tengchong in Yunnan, with high population density in the (eastern) area and low population density in the (western) area. The western part of China is sparsely populated, but rich in resources. What problems should be paid attention to in the development of the western region? The western region has resource advantages, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. At present, the contradiction between man, land, water and soil is quite acute, and the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection, and it is not possible to develop first and then treat it. ) ● Population policy: family planning. ● Content: Control the population and improve the quality of the population. 3. Ethnic Groups in China ● There are (56) ethnic groups in China, among which (Han) has the largest population and (Zhuang) among ethnic minorities has the largest population. ● Distribution characteristics of Han nationality: Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in (central) and (eastern). ● Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: mainly concentrated in (northeast), (northwest) and (southwest). Zhuang nationality is the most populous nation. Characteristics of ethnic distribution: (large mixed residence, small settlement). ● Ethnic customs: (Mongolian) Nadam, Dai Water-splashing Festival, peacock dance group dance, (Tibetan) Tibetan calendar year, (Korean) Changgu, etc. 4. Terrain of China ● Terrain characteristics of China: (the terrain is complex and diverse, and the mountainous area is vast )● What problems should be paid attention to in the development and protection of mountainous areas: (1) The mountainous areas are rugged, (traffic) is inconvenient, and (infrastructure) is difficult to build. (2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to (ecological environment construction) to prevent and avoid mountain disasters (such as collapse, landslide and debris flow). ● Topographic features of China: (The topography of China is high in the west and low in the east, with a stepped distribution). The dividing line of stairs is altitude. The main terrain type is the main terrain area. The first step is the first step, and the second step is Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain. The second and third steps are Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is over 4,000m, the secondary plateau of Qaidam Basin1000-2,000m, and the Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin are alternately distributed in hills, mountains, plains and basins, southeast hills, northeast plains and north China plains below 500m of the tertiary plateau. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain ● The stepped distribution characteristics of China's topography, which is high in the west and low in the east, have an impact on the climate, rivers and traffic in China: (1) Impact on the climate: China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is conducive to the moist airflow from the sea to advance inland and bring abundant precipitation to vast areas of China. (2) Impact on rivers: the topography of high in the west and low in the east will inevitably cause rivers in China to flow into the sea from west to east; When the river flows from a higher step to a lower step, the drop is large, resulting in huge water energy. (3) Impact on traffic: The big river flowing eastward connects the traffic between the east and the west of China, which facilitates the connection between coastal areas and inland areas; The mountain range at the junction of stairs has become a huge obstacle to the east-west traffic in China. Terrain areas on the east side of the west side of the mountain range ① Northeast Plain of Inner Mongolia Plateau in Daxing 'anling, ② North China Plain of Taihang Mountain Loess Plateau, ③ Yangtze Plain in the middle and lower reaches of Wushan Sichuan Basin, ④ Terrain areas on the south side of Hengduan Mountain, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, ⑤ Kunlun Mountain, Tarim Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tianshan Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin ● Mountains form a topographic skeleton ● Four. Plateau (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The plateau with the highest altitude and the largest area in China (Inner Mongolia Plateau) has a flat surface, endless loess (Loess Plateau) and thousands of valleys (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau has a rugged surface and remarkable karst landform). The basin with the largest area in great basin is (Tarim Basin), the basin with the highest altitude is (Qaidam Basin) and the basin with the highest latitude is (Junggar Basin). The basin with the best conditions for developing agricultural production is (Sichuan Basin) ● Main mountain ranges: East-West: Tianshan Mountains in the yinshan mountains-Kunlun Mountains-Qinling Nanling Mountains-Northeast-Southwest: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountains-Wushan. Mountain Changbai Mountain Range-Wuyishan Mountain Range Taiwan Province Province North-South Mountain Range: Hengduan Mountain Range Northwest-Southeast Mountain Range: Qilian Mountain Range Arc Mountain Range: Himalayan Mountain Range 5. Climate in China According to the active accumulated temperature, China can be divided into five temperature zones from north to south. Cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone; In addition, there is a plateau climate zone with higher terrain. (1) tropical subtropical warm temperate zone middle temperate zone cold temperate plateau climate zone (2)0 (3) warm temperate zone (4) Qiongtai Guangdong Guiyun or Yunnan (5) 13 (6)② subtropical warm temperate zone ● According to the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, China can be divided into four dry and wet zones (wet) and (semi-wet). Dry and wet areas, humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas and arid areas. Vegetation forest grassland, grassland and desert. Agricultural type planting (paddy field agriculture) planting (dry land agriculture) animal husbandry ● The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area: (Daxing 'anling), (Yinshan), (Helan Mountain), (Bayan Kara, (Gangdise Mountain) ● Name the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena: The special "land of fish and rice" landscape in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China benefits from the climate (monsoon is the same as rain and heat). The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are roughly at the same latitude, but the reason for the huge climate difference is the terrain (the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is at a high altitude). The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are at the same latitude as the Arabian Peninsula, and the reason for the great climate difference is the influence of (land and sea location) and (summer monsoon). The latitudes of Beijing and Urumqi are roughly the same, but the precipitation is quite different. (Land and sea location, summer monsoon) Planting different fruit trees in different temperature zones; Different temperature zones have different internal cooking systems; The architectural structure of traditional folk houses in north and south is also different. The reason is that the vegetation in the east and west is different (latitude factor); The types of agriculture in the east and west are different, with farming in the east and animal husbandry in the west; The roof structure of east and west houses is different, with many pheasant roofs in the southeast and many flat roofs in the northwest. (Different precipitation) makes our country extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. (The climate is complex and diverse) ② Different natural resources and tourism resources are formed (the climate is complex and diverse) ③ People's eating habits are also different, for example, Sichuan, Hunan and other places are cold and humid in winter and like to eat Chili; Southerners love rice, while northerners love pasta. (The climate is complex and diverse) People's clothes are also colorful because they have adapted to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse). For example, Tibetan robes in Tibet are designed to adapt to the climatic characteristics (topography) with large daily difference in Tibet; ⑤ Architectural features vary from place to place. The slope of the roof in the north is small, the wall is thick, and the slope of the roof in the south is large (temperature and precipitation); 6. That's right. …… ( 1)①7; ②7、8; ③4、5、6、7、8; ④4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (2) More summer and autumn and less winter and spring (3) Guangzhou and Harbin; The rain belt in China is advancing from south to north. (4) Because the rainy season in southern China starts early and ends late, the rainy season is long; The rainy season in northern China starts late, ends early and lasts for a short time ● Disastrous weather (cold wave), (typhoon) and (flood and drought disaster) caused by monsoon climate ● Main climate characteristics of China (1) Look at the picture and read the climate characteristics of China: climate characteristics (complex and diverse climate) and (monsoon) climate are remarkable. (2) Sanming has a subtropical monsoon climate. Comparison of the list of Yangtze River and Yellow River projects Tanggula Mountain on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the source of Bayan Kara on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, tuotuo, flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hu Qing, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and Inner Mongolia provinces, and flows through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin and the Yangtze River. The main tributaries of North China Plain, such as Jialing River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Taohe River, Huangshui River and Weihe River, are located between Qinling and Nanling, and between Yinshan and Qinling. Develop hydropower (upstream) and navigable hydropower (upstream). Construction of shelter forests in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below) ● Causes of disasters in various sections of the Yellow River and basic control schemes. The disasters caused by the upper, middle and lower reaches of this river are mainly grassland degradation and desertification. Drought is often the cause of disasters in rivers above ground. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau with many tributaries. The loess plateau has loose soil layer and serious vegetation destruction. In heavy rain, a lot of sediment flows into the Yellow River with the rain. When the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the channel widens and the slope slows down. The river's velocity slows down, and the sediment it carries is deposited, which makes the river bed gradually rise. Managing planting trees and grass to carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Strengthen the Yellow River levee. Characteristics of China's natural resources: (rich in total resources), (but insufficient per capita). Types of land resources: main topographic types: cultivated land in monsoon dry-wet area or non-monsoon area, eastern plain in semi-humid area, forest in hilly basin in humid area of mountain meadow and non-monsoon area, semi-arid plateau, unused land in western semi-arid area, basins and plateaus ● The basic national policy of China's land is to "cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land." ● Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China and its influence on social and economic development ● At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater ● Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China: in time, there are more in summer and autumn, and less in winter and spring; Space: There is no southerly wind in the north. ● Solve the problem of uneven distribution of water resources in time and space: The construction of reservoirs can effectively control the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity. For example, the Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi water control projects. ● One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions: inter-basin water transfer. For example, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Luanhe River Diversion Project and the Yellow River Diversion Project. ● One of the main ways to solve the water shortage problem in China is to save water and protect water resources. China traffic ● Overall distribution pattern of China traffic network: dense in the east and sparse in the west ● Main railway lines in China ① Lanxin Line ② Qingzang Line (unfinished) ③ Baolan Line ④ Beijing-Kowloon Line ⑤ Baocheng Line ⑤ Chengkun Line eastward: Baojing Line (Beijing-Baotou)-Baolan Line (Baotou-Lanzhou); Longhai (Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanxin Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi); Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Hunan-Guizhou (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guikun (Guiyang-Kunming) line north-south direction: Jingha line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai line (Beijing-Shanghai); Beijing-Guangzhou line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon) and Liujiao Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou); Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu)-Chengdu-Kunming Line (Chengdu-Kunming) Major transportation hubs and railway trunk lines in China: Beijing: (Jingha Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line) and (Beijing-Kowloon Line). Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line). Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line). Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line) (Baolan Line). ● Reasonable choice of transportation mode according to needs (omitted) 9. China agriculture ● Agricultural regional distribution: the difference between the east and the west: the 400 mm isorainfall line in the west; Plains, valleys and oases with irrigation water sources in the east of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet; Semi-humid and humid plains; Natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest; Differences in planting between the eastern coast of the southeast artificial forest region and the north and south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: regional cultivated land type crops planting (several crops a year) main crops grain crops oil crops sugar crops dryland north of Qinling-Huaihe River, three crops a year, two crops a year wheat peanut beet two crops a year paddy field south of Qinling-Huaihe River, three crops rice, One-year rape and sugarcane ● Three major cotton areas: ● Illustrate the necessity of developing agriculture according to local conditions with examples: (P 102 Figure 4. 16 Atlas P325) Using the advantages of local (natural conditions), it is one of the important contents of "adapting to local conditions" to arrange agricultural production departments or crops to be developed in the most favorable areas for their own development and growth. Agricultural production is also restricted by local (socio-economic conditions), which is also a factor that needs to be fully considered in developing agriculture. 10, China industry ● Industrial distribution characteristics: (along the coast), (along the river) and (along the traffic) ● Industrial spatial distribution: (1) Industrial bases with national significance along the railways such as Beijing-Guangzhou, Jingha and Beijing-Shanghai. (2) Industrial belt in the Yellow River Basin. (3) The economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on (Shanghai), (Nanjing), (Wuhan) and (Chongqing). (4) Coastal areas (Yangtze River Delta), (south-central Liaoning), (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan) and (Pearl River Delta) are the most developed economic core areas. ● Develop high-tech industries: (1) Features: The proportion of employed scientific and technological personnel is significant; The cost of development and research is high; Product update is fast. (2) Distribution characteristics: it is mostly attached to big cities and has the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration. (3) development focus: focus on developing high-tech industries in coastal areas (science park type); Border areas are dominated by (trade-oriented) industries; Inland areas focus on industries closely related to (national defense, military). ● High-tech industrial development zones are attached to big cities, and their distribution features are (large dispersion) and (small concentration) ● Explain the influence of high-tech industries on production and life: Shanghai: optimized and adjusted the industrial structure of industry. Beijing: Rapid growth has promoted and promoted economic development. (Zhongguancun's contribution to Beijing's economic development) Internet: Internet technology has changed people's life and production methods. (Online shopping, SOHO clan, online community, etc. )