High school geography compulsory one knowledge point summary daquan

Geography mainly studies various natural and human phenomena on the earth's surface and their relationships. This time, I am here to sort out a summary of the knowledge points that must be tested in high school geography for your reference.

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Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of geography in senior high school

1, the level of celestial system: total galaxy-Milky Way galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-solar system-earth-moon system.

2. Conditions for the existence of life on the earth: ① stable sunlight; (2) a safe cosmic environment; ③ Due to the moderate distance between the sun and the earth, the surface temperature is suitable (average temperature 15 degrees); ④ Due to the moderate mass and volume of the earth, the earth can attract the atmosphere to form an atmosphere (mainly nitrogen and oxygen); ⑤ Liquid water forms and exists.

3, the influence of solar activity on the earth:

(1) Signs of solar activity: sunspots and flares.

(2) Influence: it affects the ionosphere and interferes with radio short-wave communication; Produce "magnetic storm" phenomenon and "aurora" phenomenon; The climate that affects the earth.

4, the geographical significance of the earth's rotation:

① Alternation of day and night: the dividing line between the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere-the ending line (circle)-intersects the equator at 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock respectively-the height of the sun is 0 degrees-the plane where the morning circle is located is perpendicular to the sunlight;

② Local time difference: it is early in the east and late in the west, and the longitude changes every 15 degrees 1 hour.

(3) Deviation of objects moving horizontally along the surface: not biased on the equator, right biased in the northern hemisphere and left biased in the southern hemisphere. The deflection force increases with the latitude.

5, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth:

(1) Variation of day and night length:

(1) in the northern hemisphere summer, the sun shines directly into the northern hemisphere, and the days are long and the nights are short in all latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the day and the shorter the night. Summer Solstice-The day length at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere reaches the maximum in a year, and extreme days appear in the Arctic Circle and its northern region. (2) In the northern hemisphere winter, the sun shines directly in the southern hemisphere, and the nights are long and the days are short in all latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the night and the shorter the day. Winter solstice-the length of day at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year, and the Arctic Circle and its northern region are extremely night. ③ At the vernal equinox and the autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the length of day and night is equal all over the world, each being 12 hour.

④ The equator is equally divided day and night throughout the year. The situation in the southern hemisphere is opposite to that in the northern hemisphere.

(2) the change of the sun height at noon:

At the same time, at noon, the height of the sun decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south sides. From summer solstice, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, and at noon, the height of the sun decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south sides. At this time, the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer and its north reaches the maximum and the latitude of the southern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year. On the solstice of winter, the sun shines directly on the tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun decreases from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south at noon. At this time, the tropic of Capricorn and its south latitude reach the maximum in a year, and the latitude in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum. At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon.

(3) the change of four seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon change with the seasons, so that the solar radiation has the law of seasonal change, forming four seasons). In the northern hemisphere, the seasons are divided into spring in March, April and May, summer in June, July and August, autumn in September, 10 and 1 1.

6. The spherical structure of the earth is divided into inner sphere and outer sphere by the boundary of the surface.

(1) According to the characteristics of seismic waves (P wave and S wave), the lithosphere inside the earth is divided into three lithospheres: crust, mantle and core. The crustal materials are mainly composed of rocks (magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks), the upper mantle asthenosphere is the source of magma, and the core is mainly composed of iron and nickel.

(2) Outer space: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

High school geography compulsory knowledge points

1. rocks can be divided into three categories: ① magmatic rocks (formed by magma rising and cooling); ② Sedimentary rocks (formed by external weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation); ③ Metamorphic rocks (metamorphism). From magma to the formation of various rocks, three kinds of rocks can be transformed into each other, and then to the formation of new magma. This movement and change process constitutes the material cycle of the earth's crust.

2. Internal and external force factors (geological action) of surface morphology change:

(1) The internal energy comes from the earth itself, mainly the heat energy inside the earth, which is manifested as crustal movement, magmatic activity and metamorphism. Resulting in uneven surface. The types of geological structures are fold (anticline and syncline) and fault (horst and graben).

(2) External force-energy comes from outside the earth, mainly solar energy and gravity. Make uneven surfaces tend to be flat. It is characterized by weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation diagenesis. Flowing water erosion landform (V-shaped valley) and accumulation landform (alluvial fan, alluvial plain and delta); Wind erosion landform (wind erosion depression, mushrooms), aeolian landform (sand dunes).

3. Names of six plates: Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the junction of the two plates is a relatively active zone of the crust, and volcanoes and earthquakes are also concentrated at the junction of the plates. Growth boundary-where plates crack, rifts and oceans often form. Extinction boundary-where plates collide, mountains and trenches often form.

4. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric attenuation, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave) and atmospheric reverse radiation (insulation).

(1) Weakening effect of atmosphere on solar radiation: ① Absorption: selectivity, ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays. Very little absorption of visible light. ② Reflection: Clouds and dust with larger particles. The reflection of clouds is the most important. (3) Scattering: Air molecules or tiny dust prevent some solar radiation from reaching the ground.

(2) Heat insulation effect of the atmosphere on the ground: the atmosphere absorbs ground radiation and produces atmospheric inverse radiation (atmospheric radiation points to the ground), which returns some heat to the ground. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric inverse radiation.

5. There are 7 pressure zones (alternating high and low pressure distribution) and 6 wind zones near the earth's surface.

(1) Low latitude circulation:

① equatorial low pressure area: due to the formation of thermal action, the airflow converges and rises, which is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall, thus forming a rain area. Controlled all the year round, forming a tropical rainforest climate (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malaysia Islands in Southeast Asia).

(2) Subtropical high pressure area: due to the dynamic action, the airflow accumulates and sinks above 30 degrees latitude, forming a rainless area (except the East Asian monsoon area), and the areas controlled by it all the year round form a tropical desert climate (Sahara desert in North Africa, West Asia desert, deserts in North America and the United States, deserts in South America and Chile, deserts in western Peru and deserts in Australia).

(3) Trade wind zone: the airflow blowing from subtropical high to equatorial low becomes northeast trade wind in the northern hemisphere and southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere.

(2) Mid-latitude circulation:

④ Sub-polar low pressure area: It is formed by the rising of warm air flow at low latitude and cold air flow at high latitude. Form a temperate and rainy zone.

⑤ Mid-latitude westerly belt: The airflow blowing from subtropical high to subtropical low pressure belt becomes southwest wind in the northern hemisphere and northwest wind in the southern hemisphere, which is customarily called westerly wind. Its perennial controlled area forms a temperate maritime climate on the west coast of the mainland. (Western Europe, western North America, such as Vancouver, Canada, the west side of the Andes at the southern tip of South America, the southern tip of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, etc. )

(3) High latitude circulation:

⑥ Polar high pressure area: Due to the formation of thermal action, cold air sinks, forming a less rainy area. However, due to the low temperature and low evaporation in the polar region, the polar region belongs to the region where precipitation is greater than evaporation and belongs to the humid region.

⑦ Polar easterly wind: The airflow blowing from the polar high pressure belt to the sub-polar low pressure belt turns right into northeast wind in the northern hemisphere and left into southeast wind in the southern hemisphere under the action of geostrophic bias current.

(4) The movement of pressure belt and wind belt: the reason of delta movement: it moves with the movement of the direct point of the sun. △ Movement direction: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

(5) Climate types formed by single pressure belt or wind belt: tropical rain forest climate (equatorial low pressure belt), tropical desert climate (subtropical high pressure belt) and temperate maritime climate (mid-latitude westerly belt).

(6) Climate types formed by the movement of pressure belt and wind belt: savanna climate (controlled by equatorial low pressure belt in summer and low latitude trade wind belt in winter), Mediterranean climate (controlled by subtropical high pressure belt in summer and mid-latitude westerly belt in winter).

6. Common weather systems: frontal system (cold front, warm front, quasi-static front), cyclone (low pressure), anticyclone (high pressure) and frontal cyclone. Cyclone is a low pressure, and the low pressure system often appears a trough extending in a certain direction along the center in the actual atmosphere, and a frontal system is formed on the trough. Frontal and cyclone are a whole (no high pressure system).

7. Hydrological cycle

(1) types: land-sea circulation (large-scale circulation), land circulation (small water) and ocean circulation (maximum water).

(2) Name of each link: evaporation, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, underground runoff, infiltration and plant transpiration.

(3) Significance: make the land moisture constantly replenished and updated, and make the water resources renewable; Shaping surface morphology; Contact the four major circles.

8. Ocean currents:

(1) type: it can be divided into wind current, density current and compensation current according to the causes; According to the nature, there are warm current and cold current.

(2) Distribution: △ The mid-low latitude-ocean circulation centered on the subtropical zone flows clockwise in the northern hemisphere (consistent with the anticyclone direction in the southern hemisphere) and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere (consistent with the anticyclone direction in the southern hemisphere). △ Middle and high latitudes (mainly referring to the northern hemisphere)-ocean circulation centered on the sub-polar region. △ west wind drift in the southern hemisphere, the most powerful cold current in the world. △ North Indian Ocean monsoon current-flows from west to east in summer and from east to west in winter (summer is against winter).

(3) Impact: ① Impact on climate: Warm current plays a role in warming and humidifying (the formation of maritime climate in Western Europe benefits from the warm current in the North Atlantic); The cold current plays a role in reducing temperature and humidity (Victoria on the west coast of Australia

The formation of the Leah Desert and Atacama Desert along the Pacific coast of Peru is related to the cold current along the coast of Western Australia and Peru.

(2) Impact on marine life-distribution of fishing grounds: The intersection of cold current and warm current brings rich and varied bait to fish.

Hokkaido Fishing Ground —— The Meeting Point of Japanese Warm Current and Thousand Island Cold Current. Newfoundland Fishing Ground —— the intersection of Labrador cold current and Gulf warm current. △ Beihai Fishing Ground-formed by the confluence of the warm current of the North Atlantic Ocean and the cold water south of high latitude. The rise of compensation current, a fishing ground in Peru, caused the deep sea water to flood, brought silicate in the deep sea, and made plankton multiply, and plankton was the bait for fish.

(3) Impact on marine pollution: it is conducive to the diffusion of pollutants and speeds up the purification; But it also expands the scope of pollutants.

④ Impact on maritime transportation: downstream-fast sailing speed; Countercurrent-slow sailing.

High school geography knowledge points

1 The natural geographical environment is an organic whole composed of lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, PEDOSPHERE and human sphere. Five elements of natural geographical environment: climate, landform (topography), hydrology, soil and biology (vegetation).

Integrity: the elements of geographical environment are interrelated, mutually restricted and infiltrated to form an organic whole. Performance: ① The elements of geographical environment do not develop in isolation, and each element is a part of the whole, which is interrelated and interactive; (2) The change of one factor will lead to the change of other factors or even the whole (including the impact on other regions).

Soil: loose surface soil that is fertile and can grow plants. Fertility is the essential attribute of soil.

Soil-forming parent material: the material basis of soil formation and the initial source of mineral nutrients. It has an important influence on the physical properties and chemical composition (genetic relationship) of soil.

Climate: It directly affects the hydrothermal conditions of soil and the nature and intensity of physical and chemical processes. For example, under moderate hydrothermal conditions, soil organic matter accumulates the most. Black soil in temperate and semi-humid environment is the most fertile soil in the world. It indirectly affects the formation and development of soil by affecting the weathering process, landform and biological activities of rocks. For example, the weathering crust is the thickest and the soil layer is thick under hot and humid conditions. Under drought or cold conditions, the weathering crust is thin and the soil layer is thin.

Biology: the source of soil organic matter, the most active factor in the process of soil formation, and the level of soil fertility mainly depends on the content of organic matter. Without the participation of living things (biological cycle), there would be no soil formation. (Soil-forming parent material → growth of lower plants → original soil → growth of higher plants → mature soil). Generally speaking, the organic matter content of forest soil is lower than that of grassland soil.

Topography: indirectly affects the soil through the redistribution of matter and energy. Such as the vertical distribution of soil. Steep slope: the surface material moves quickly and it is difficult to develop deep soil. Flat land: Soil with slow surface material erosion, stable climatic and biological conditions and deep development. Sunny slope: the temperature condition is good, but the evaporation is strong, and the moisture is poor, but the shade slope is the opposite.

Human activities: positive influence-transforming natural soil into various cultivated soil; Negative effects-soil degradation (soil erosion, salinization, desertification and soil pollution, etc. )

In the development and utilization of natural resources, the integrity of the environment needs comprehensive consideration and countermeasures.

Differences in geographical environment

1 natural zone: a banded area with consistent natural attributes. Regional differentiation has certain regularity and universality.

Distribution of natural zones: determine natural zones according to climate types.

3 distribution law

Geography is a compulsory knowledge point

1 Natural disasters: Natural disasters refer to natural events that can cause people's lives and property losses.

Classification: According to the causes and processes, natural disasters can be divided into: geological disasters (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, mudslides, etc. )

Meteorological disasters (flood, drought, rainstorm, cold wave, typhoon, etc. ), biological disasters (pests and diseases, etc. ), as well as marine disasters (tsunamis, etc. ).

Characteristics of natural disasters: complexity, periodicity, suddenness, multiple causes, mass occurrence and potential.

Hazards of natural disasters: direct economic losses and casualties, as well as various indirect losses, even affecting social stability and sustainable development. China is one of the countries with the most serious natural disasters in the world. The most frequent and influential natural disasters in China are floods and droughts. In addition, the earthquake is also very harmful.

The regularity of frontal rain in eastern China (normal year);

(e) In April and May, the southern coast entered the rainy season;

June (d), "Meiyu" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;

In July and August (c), it was rainy in North China and Northeast China;

In September, the rain belt moved south rapidly;

In October, the rainy season in Chinese mainland ended.

Other reasons:

Geomorphological characteristics (low terrain, poor drainage) and vegetation distribution (forest coverage) of the basin.

Human activities: deforestation, destruction of vegetation, resulting in soil erosion and river siltation; Reclamation around the lake caused the lake to shrink.

Control measures: planting trees, restoring natural vegetation, building reservoirs, regulating rivers, strengthening dikes, and returning farmland to lakes; Non-engineering measures: build flood diversion and storage projects, strengthen the management of flood areas, establish disaster early warning system and implement flood control insurance.

How to learn geography?

First, cultivate your interest in geography. Interest is the best teacher. If you lack the necessary interest in geography, you must cultivate it in your study and life. For example, in the poem, "The spring breeze is but the Yumen Pass", I have to study it myself. Why did the ancients write such a poem? It is understood that the original "spring breeze" refers to the summer monsoon that affects China. Yumen is located in the non-monsoon area, which is not affected by the summer monsoon, so the precipitation here is scarce and desolate. Only in this way can you stimulate your interest in learning.

Second, correct learning attitude and be proactive. As a student, you should have what a student should look like, don't believe in genius, do yourself well, study in a down-to-earth way, and ask your classmates or teachers if you don't understand. A threesome requires a teacher. Teachers will like to be attached to their students and feel gratified. They are afraid that if they don't understand and wait for their own research, they will build a car behind closed doors, which is likely to accumulate more problems.

Third, carefully preview what you want to talk about before class, so as to be aware of it; Listen carefully and concentrate in class. After class, you should finish your homework carefully and independently, and check for leaks. If you are distracted in class for a while, you may fall behind and make up for it. Sometimes, it may be difficult to break through the knowledge understood in class, and it will take several times after class. At this time, you will get twice the result with half the effort.

Fourth, middle school geography, especially high school geography, places special emphasis on understanding and memory. After all, rote learning is not as impressive as understanding. For example, the earth's rotation and revolution involve time difference, so it is necessary to draw more pictures, understand more and use more brains to get the topic right. Besides, you can also remember some jingles. For example, when you remember the dividing line between Asia and Europe, you can remember it like this-"Two Urals Black Lands" (Urals Mountain, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountain, Black Sea, Turkish Strait and Mediterranean Sea).

Fifth, the study of geography can not be separated from the assistance of maps. It is difficult to learn geography without pictures. Look at large and small maps and pay attention to different kinds of maps. Rivers, mountains, cities and other places need pictures in your mind. In particular, junior high school geography left a map, so the knowledge points were basically not attached. Junior high school geography can draw more maps, such as maps of the main stream and tributaries of the Yangtze River, and then fill in the birthplace and estuary, the main cities along the Yangtze River and the main topographic areas in the basin according to the map.

Sixth, I will do the problem in actual combat, whether it is a mule or a horse. See you on the topic. There are so many topics, we must pay more attention to the topics of our own weak link design, and we must complete them independently. Don't copy books, or you'll get yourself hurt! After explaining the topic, the teacher should learn to reflect and ask more why. Why did he do it wrong? Is it carelessness or is there really a knowledge loophole? If you miss Jingzhou, you must tell yourself not to make such low-level mistakes again! If there are loopholes, it is not terrible. The terrible thing is not to summarize and sort it out. For example, the agricultural development conditions in a certain place, including natural conditions and socio-economic conditions. Natural conditions include climate, topography, soil and water. Social and economic conditions include market, transportation, agricultural technology, national policy, labor force, etc. If you miss something in your answer, you should reflect it in your notebook and never do it again.

Seventh, we should always make periodic summaries and have our own study plans. After the weekly or monthly exams, you should sum up the problems exposed in the exams, analyze your recent study situation, and communicate with teachers and classmates more so as to adjust and improve.

Methods of learning geography well

1, learn to generalize.

Just grasp the key points when studying. For example, the terrain in South Asia is complex, which can be summarized in eight words, that is, mountains and rivers alternate with each other and are distributed in columns.

2. Integrate knowledge points.

Making the information you need to learn into a mind map will make your brain clear and easy to remember.

3. Make full use of globes and maps.

Learning to use textbooks is not only a tool to master knowledge and skills, but also the basis to cultivate self-study ability.

4. Grasp the key concepts.

To master the principles and essentials of geography, you don't need to be as clever as physics and mathematical formulas and theorems. As long as you grasp the key points, it is easy to understand and master.

5. Pay attention to geographical observation.

Observation is thinking and careful observation. Take a look at the local geographical environment and how people move around there. Get geographical information through newspapers, TV programs and pictures, and exercise our intelligence.

6. Be good at geographical imagination.

Observation can only get local intuition, while maps can only provide location intuition. Imagination can connect the two, so that you can get a comprehensive view of the geographical environment and then show you the future of geography.

7. Learn to read and understand geography textbooks.

The pillar of geography learning is reading comprehension of textbooks. The difference between geography and the other two liberal arts is that the knowledge points in textbooks must be understood and memorized, not rote. In order to reach a deeper understanding, we must study hard under the guidance of our teachers.

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