How are the names of typhoons determined, such as "Haiyan" and "Tianping"

Typhoon, also known as typhoon, refers to a tropical storm that occurs in the Western Pacific or Indian Ocean in American English. If we trace its etymology, perhaps few words can indicate the multilingual background of Chinese, Arabic, East Indian and Greek like typhoon. The Greek word typhon, both the name of the wind god and a common noun meaning "whirlwind, typhoon", was borrowed into Arabic (just as many Greek words entered Arabic in the Middle Ages, when Arab learning preserved classical style, and expanded it when spreading it to Europe). Tufan, the Arabic form of Greek, was introduced into the language spoken by Indians when Arabic-speaking Muslim invaders settled in India in the 11th century. In this way, Arabic words derived from Indian languages ??entered English (first recorded in 1588), and appeared in English in the form of touffon and tufan, first specifically referring to violent storms in India. In China, another word for tropical storms is typhoon. The Cantonese form of the Chinese word toi fung is similar to our Arabic loanword and was first introduced into English in 1699 as tuffoon. Various forms merged together and finally became typhoon.

1. Definition, characteristics and classification of typhoons

When talking about typhoons, we should start with cyclones. A cyclone refers to a horizontal vortex in which the central air pressure is lower than the surrounding air pressure at the same height. In the Northern Hemisphere, air rotates counterclockwise; in the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is true. In the air pressure field, cyclones are also called low pressure (low pressure for short). So cyclone and depression are just two different names for the same system. We call an intense weather system that occurs over the tropical ocean a tropical cyclone. According to statistics, tropical cyclones are generated in all tropical oceans around the world except the South Atlantic. Tropical cyclones occurring over tropical oceans vary greatly in intensity. Before 1989, my country called tropical cyclones with the maximum wind force reaching level 8 or above near the center as typhoons, and tropical cyclones with the maximum wind force reaching level 12 near the center as severe typhoons. Since 1989, my country has also adopted international classification standards, that is: when the maximum wind force near the center of a tropical cyclone is less than level 8, it is called a tropical depression, winds of level 8 and 9 are called tropical storms, and winds of level 10 and 11 are called strong. Tropical storms, only tropical cyclones with maximum winds reaching Category 12 near the center are called typhoons or hurricanes. It is not difficult to see from the above definition that tropical cyclone is the general term for tropical depression, tropical storm, severe tropical storm and typhoon. However, due to reasons such as the weak destructive power of tropical depressions, the conventionally referred to as tropical cyclones generally does not include tropical depressions.

Tropical storms and typhoons are approximately circular, with a diameter of generally 600 to 1,000 kilometers, the largest is >2,000 kilometers, and the smallest is <100 kilometers. The greater the wind speed near the center and the lower the air pressure in the center, the tropical Storms and typhoons will become stronger. Tropical storms and typhoons that hit our country often occur from May to November, with the most from July to September. The structure of a typical tropical storm or typhoon is composed of three parts: eye, eyewall and spiral rainband. Its eyes are mostly round, generally 5 to 50 kilometers in length. The airflow in the eye area sinks and the wind is small and the sky is clear. The eye wall is composed of a cloud wall tens of kilometers wide. The airflow rises strongly and is the area with the worst weather. , and there are maximum wind speeds and heavy rains and heavy precipitation weather above heavy rains; the air convection in the spiral rain belt is strong, which is a precipitation system about tens to hundreds of kilometers wide and thousands of kilometers long, often bringing precipitation and strong winds.

Different countries have different names for tropical cyclones. They are called typhoons in China and East Asia, hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, tropical storms in the Indian Ocean, and "Willie" winds in Australia.

2. Numbering and naming of tropical cyclones

In order to distinguish tropical cyclones, it is necessary to give them separate names. The earliest method to distinguish tropical cyclones was based on their location (mainly the longitude and latitude of the tropical cyclone center). This method is quite troublesome and often unsatisfactory. Until the early 19th century, some Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands named hurricanes according to the sacred calendar time of landfall. For example, three hurricanes struck Puerto Rico: Santa Ana on July 26, 1825, San Felipe in 1876, and September 13, 1928. According to reports, in the late 19th century, Australian forecaster Clement Lange named tropical cyclones after politicians he hated. During World War II, Americans first determined four groups of girl names starting with English letters (except Q, U, X, Y, and Z) to name Atlantic tropical cyclones (hurricanes). Each group is ordered alphabetically. Such as the first group: Anna (Anna), B1anche (Blanche), Camil. te (Camille), etc., until wcnda (Wenda); second group: A1nla (Alma), Becl (J/(Becky)), Cella (Celia), etc., until wilna (Wilna); third group Group, the fourth group is also named according to A to W. When the aircraft detects the typhoon, it will be named according to the order of occurrence. The first one will be named Anna, the second one will be named B1anche... etc. When the group name is used up, the first name starting from the second group A will be used.

The name of the first typhoon in the second year is followed by the name of the last typhoon in the previous year, and the cycle continues. The number of typhoons occurring in any one region in a year cannot exceed the total number of names in these four groups. In the Northwest Pacific, which has the most typhoons in the world, there are no more than 50 in a year. Therefore, it is impossible for each region to have duplicate names in the same year. Of course, the names of typhoons recur in different years. Therefore, in front of the typhoon name. Be sure to indicate the year to show the difference. In the late 1970s, at the request of American feminist movement organizations, the naming list was expanded to use male and female names. The advantages of using nomenclature were gradually accepted in both spoken and written communication, especially in alarms. The name should be short, popular, and easy to remember, so as to facilitate the transmission of information to millions of people in tropical cyclone threat areas, and to avoid confusion when the same area is affected by more than one tropical cyclone at the same time. The practice soon became widespread throughout the Western Hemisphere. A naming system is in use for all tropical cyclone prone areas.

After the late 1970s, under the coordination of the regional tropical cyclone committees of the World Meteorological Organization, the naming of tropical cyclones became international. In most regions, tropical cyclone nomenclature (usually using male and female names interchangeably) is developed by the region's Tropical Cyclone Committee, whose more important task is to promote and coordinate tropical cyclone hazard reduction actions in the region. The specific practices vary from region to region. Designated meteorological centers are usually responsible for naming tropical cyclones in alphabetical order. Some regions use naming tables cyclically, some regions develop new naming tables from time to time, and some regions start from scratch after using up their naming tables. If a tropical cyclone is notorious, such as causing serious casualties or causing huge property damage, the name of the tropical cyclone will be removed from the naming list and replaced by another name of the same gender, with the same first letter . Some areas use 4-digit numbers to name tropical cyclones. The first two digits are the year, and the last two digits are the sequence number of the tropical cyclone in that year. Some also add a geographical indicator code, for example: No. 1 in the Bay of Bengal in 1991 A tropical storm was named BOB 9109 (BOB is the abbreviation of Bay of Bengal in English). The 25th typhoon in 1990 was named 9025. Some countries have developed nomenclature tables for their own use. For example, the United States has developed a nomenclature table for the northwest Pacific and central North Pacific, and the Philippines has also developed a nomenclature table for typhoons in the northwest Pacific. The names used by the Guam Joint Typhoon Warning Center for northwest Pacific typhoons are often adopted by other countries in the region.

Most of the members of the Typhoon Committee come from countries and regions affected by typhoons. For many years, the Typhoon Committee has had a system for numbering typhoons, that is, the Tokyo Regional Professional Meteorological Center-Typhoon Center is responsible for numbering tropical cyclones that reach tropical storm intensity. According to the resolution of the 31st Session of the Typhoon Committee, a new tropical cyclone naming method will be implemented from January 1, 2000. This method will be used in communiqués issued by Typhoon Committee members to the international community. It is also used by members when issuing tropical cyclone warnings in their local languages. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.

my country has always adopted the tropical cyclone numbering method. Tropical cyclones that occur near the center of the northwest Pacific and the South China Sea west of 180 degrees longitude and north of the equator are classified according to their maximum average wind speed of level 8 or above. They are numbered in the order they are generated. For example, Tropical Storm No. 9608 is the eighth tropical cyclone generated in the above sea areas in 1996. When it develops into a severe tropical storm, it is called Severe Tropical Storm No. 9608. When it continues to develop into a typhoon, it is called Typhoon No. 9608. . Of course, when it weakened into a tropical storm, it was also called Tropical Storm No. 9608. When a tropical cyclone weakens into a tropical depression or changes into an extratropical cyclone, its numbering is stopped.

The 30th Session of the Typhoon Committee, held in Hong Kong, China from November 25 to December 1, 1997, decided to study the proposal to adopt Asian-style names for tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea, and designated typhoons Research Coordination Group (TRCG) Details of study execution. After a year of hard work, the TRCG made recommendations on the naming of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea. After heated discussions, the 31st Session of the Typhoon Committee held in Manila, Philippines, from December 1 to 7, 1998, agreed to the tropical cyclone naming scheme proposed by TRCG in the northwest Pacific and South China Sea, and decided that the new tropical cyclone naming method would be adopted from January 1, 2000. Start execution on the day.

The Typhoon Committee’s naming list*** has 140 names. The names are chosen in accordance with the naming principles formulated by the Typhoon Committee (each name should not exceed 9 letters, be easy to pronounce, and have no disadvantages in the languages ??of each member) meaning, will not bring any difficulties to the members, and is not the name of a commercial organization) respectively composed of Cambodia, China, North Korea, Hong Kong, China, Macau, China, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Federated States of Micronesia, and the Philippines in the Asia-Pacific region , South Korea, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam (10 each), and the selected names are approved by all members (one vote vetoes). Members can translate the name list into local languages ??based on pronunciation or meaning.

In order to avoid unnecessary confusion caused by multiple translators, the China Central Meteorological Observatory, the Hong Kong Observatory, and the Macao Geophysical and Meteorological Observatory of China have determined a unified set of Chinese translations through consultation. Starting from January 1, 2000, when the Central Meteorological Observatory issues tropical cyclone warnings, in addition to continuing to use tropical cyclone numbers, tropical cyclone names will also be used. The Typhoon Committee name list will be used in forecasts, warnings and bulletins issued through the international media and to the international aviation and navigation community, and will also be used by members to issue tropical cyclone warnings in local languages. This will help people to be more alert to approaching tropical cyclones and increase the effectiveness of warnings. The Typhoon Committee will continue to use tropical cyclone numbers.

Business procedures for naming typhoons (1) The Regional Professional Meteorological Center-Tokyo Typhoon Center is responsible for naming tropical cyclones with tropical storm and above intensity in accordance with the naming table determined by the Typhoon Committee. The order of cyclone names and numbers (in parentheses). The bulletins issued by the Tokyo Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the China and Japan Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) Sea Area XI Meteorological Broadcasting also use the same naming and numbering. (2) Tropical cyclones are named in a predetermined order. Tropical cyclones retain their names throughout their life history. To avoid confusion, the Tokyo Typhoon Center only assigns numbers and does not give new names to tropical cyclones that pass through the International Date Line and enter the northwest Pacific, that is, the original names remain unchanged. The U.S. Central Pacific Hurricane Center, which is responsible for naming tropical cyclones in the central North Pacific, also agreed to maintain the name Tokyo Typhoon Center for tropical cyclones that cross the International Date Line from west to east. (3) All members of the Typhoon Committee will use the names and numbers assigned by the Tokyo Typhoon Center when issuing warning bulletins to the international community (including the media, aviation, and navigation). (4) For tropical cyclones that cause particularly serious disasters, members of the Typhoon Committee may apply to delete the name used by the tropical cyclone from the naming list (permanent naming), or apply to delete the name for other reasons. The typhoon naming list will be reviewed at the annual Typhoon Committee session.