A Brief Introduction to Du Fu's Life Course

Du Fu, with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province in the first year of the Tang Dynasty (7 12). Father's name is leisure, which is the magistrate of Fengtian County. Grandfather was named as a member of the Food Department in the era of Wu Zetian. Great-grandfather in accordance with the arts, and finally worked as Gongxian county magistrate. Du Zu was born in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, and later moved to Gong County.

Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor of Du Fu, is the most outstanding ancestor of Du Fu, who is good at all kinds of knowledge. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo's Family Letter was written. Wei, Wu and Shu were great generals when they were in a tripartite confrontation, and they conquered the State of Wu, which was called "Duwuku" in history. Du Fu inherited the tradition laid by his distant ancestors, and deeply regarded the Confucian thought of governing the country and calming the world as his lifelong principle.

Grandfather Du Shen Yan left the tradition of Du Fu's poetry. In the early Tang literary world, Shen Yan, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao were called "Four Friends of Articles". They are not only well written, but also famous for their five-character poems. Du Fu has always been proud of his grandfather, and later praised him in Shu's To Qiu Ge, a monk in Shu.

Du Fu was born in the year when Xuanzong ascended the throne. His father Du Fu was an official outside, his mother died when Du Fu was young, and several siblings were born to his stepmother Lu. Du Fu was ill when he was a child and had no mother. When he was four years old, he lived in the aunt's house of Renfeng in Jianchunmen, Luoyang. Once Du Fu and his aunt's son were seriously ill at the same time, and her aunt went all out to take care of him at the expense of her son. This great and loving affection was deeply branded in Du Fu's heart, which cultivated his upright temperament.

Du Fu wrote his first poem when he was seven years old. He said in the poem "Zhuangyou":

At the age of seven, I thought I was strong. I sang Phoenix.

Nine-year-old books have big characters, and some of them have been made into schoolbags.

When he was fourteen or fifteen years old, he had the demeanor of a scholar, and he was in high spirits with some scholars.

In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, when Du Fu was twenty years old, he began his tour of Vietnam. From the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan to the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan, he visited all the cultural relics left by the Six Dynasties, thought about the history of wuyue's hegemony in Gusutai, visited the Jade Cave in Xiling Ancient Post Station, and pursued the whereabouts of Qin Shihuang, thus realizing his deep nostalgia for the past, which made Du Fu "frustrated and short-sighted".

In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam, and came out first. However, Du Fu seems to hold a free and easy plan, regardless of gains and losses, and continue to travel.

On this occasion, I came to Zhao Yan, an ancient city in Qilu, and enjoyed reminiscing about the past. Du Xiandang was Sima in Yizhou, Shandong, so I could visit my father during this trip.

This period, from the age of 25 in the 24th year of Kaiyuan to the age of 34 in the 4th year of Tianbao, is the "happy year of 89 years" described in Zhuangyou. Du Fu met Su Yuanming in Zhou Dynasty, and Su was an ancient poet. The two traveled to Zhao together, talked about literature and history and became close friends. Later, Su Yuanming died at the age of 53, and Du Fu once wrote a poem [Eight Sorrow Poems] to mourn this good friend.

Du Fu wrote two good poems, Dengzhou Tower and Wang Yue, while traveling in Qi. Du Fu began to write poems at the age of seven, but his works have been lost. Today's works of Du Fu's poetry anthology are two poems he wrote in Zhou Dynasty.

After returning to Luoyang from Qilu, Du Fu was thirty years old. At the foot of shouyangshan between Luoyang and Yanshi County, he built a home called Lu Soul Village, and married Yang at this time. Yang is the daughter of Si Nong Yang Yi, and the relationship between husband and wife is very harmonious. Especially after the Anshi Rebellion, they suffered a lot in exile. Every time we parted, Du Fu always had many homesick works.

In the third year of Tianbao (AD 744), Du Fu stayed in Luoyang and met Li Bai who was slandered by Gao Lishi and others and expelled from the court. At that time, Li Bai was forty-four years old, eleven years older than Du Fu, and his name had spread all over the world. Du Fu, whose fashion is unknown, has the desire and respect to associate with Li Bai. Du Fu was very yearning for Li Bai's people and poems at that time, so he followed Li Bai, met Gao Shi (44 years old) who was also frustrated at that time, and traveled to Liang and Song together. Each of them has many works to describe this life. Du Fu wrote Memories of the Past and Farewell to My Heart, Li Bai wrote Song of Liangyuan and Battle of the South of the City, and Gao Shi wrote Ode to the East and Poems on Qintai.

After that, the three men broke up, Gao Shi traveled south to Chu and went to Shandong. Li Bai built a Buddhist temple in Amethyst Palace, and Du Fu made a special trip to visit Li Yong, the prefect of Beihai, and visited Lixia Pavilion and Queshan Lake Pavilion together. Later, Du Fu went to Shandong to visit his brother Du Ying. Li Bai is now in his hometown of Lu County. When he heard that Du Fu was coming, he hurried to meet him. Du Fu wrote a song [dedicated to Li Bai] with sincere feelings.

Vividly describe Li Bai's lofty sentiments. This winter, they broke up in Dongcheng, Lujun, and never met again.

Endless emotions show Du Li's deep friendship with her. The mutual light when they met was also a glorious moment in the history of literature.

Although the outing of Du Fu and Li Bai was enjoyable, Du Fu was not Li Bai after all, and the life of seeking immortality was not suitable for him after all. His single-minded concern is "respecting Yao and Shun, and then changing customs". This ideal and ambition prompted him to give up the dissolute Zhao Qihe's pleasure of traveling with Li Bai in Tianbao for five years and return to Chang 'an. Du Fu was thirty-five years old this year.

In the spring of the following year, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued a talent decree: anyone who is proficient in more than one art in the field of literature and art can be recommended by the local authorities to take special examinations in the central government. Both Du Fu and Jie Yuan should be invited to take the selection examination. Who knows, Li avoided engraving the scribes, paid the minister to save the exam, and all the selected people were defeated. Later, he said to Xuanzong that "there is no sage left in the wild". Du Fu was thus deprived of the opportunity to be an official, and when Xuanzong ignored state affairs, Li became more and more emotional about the period of autocratic political corruption.

Du Fu, who was trapped in Chang 'an and still waiting for a good opportunity, decided to give poems to dignitaries and invite people to quote them. One of them is "Give Wei Ji" to Shangshu Zuo Cheng (deputy prime minister), emphasizing that he "thinks thousands of miles from the old horse and waits for the hungry eagle to shout", and the second "Give Wei Twenty-two Rhymes" is more urgent. But it still didn't work.

Despite continuous efforts, nothing was achieved. For such a self, only Wei Ji gives kindness. After expressing his gratitude, he added that he couldn't wait any longer. So I want to escape from the capital, avoid the secular, and roam in the comfortable world.

Du Fu's conceit and self-confidence in his writing and political ability strongly formed the strength of his thought and action, and his sense of mission was aggravated by his brilliant family background, showing his enthusiasm for seeking an official position.

In the tenth year of Tianbao, 40-year-old Du Fu coincided with the ceremony of Xuanzong Jiaomiao, so he seized the opportunity and wrote a "Three Rites" to express his gratitude. This time, instead of showing off words, he advised Xuanzong to abolish extravagant sacrifices and make contributions to restoring simple political style. Xuanzong read this essay and invited Du Fu to wait for a trial appointment, but unfortunately he was not told to be admitted.

Because Xuanzong was in power for a long time, he was used to dissolute feasting and entrusted the political affairs to the jesters who were greedy for power and good things, and the people suffered cruel exploitation. In addition, a series of battles failed, and the people were poor and rich, causing casualties among able-bodied men. Du Fu felt miserable, forgot his own sufferings, began to speak out for the innocent people, wrote many works of sympathy for the people, and opposed the poems of giving answers or beautiful scenery from the beginning, resulting in many poems of social realism. Such as [military vehicle shop]:

Vehicles roared, soldiers sang, and soldiers and arrows were tied to their waists.

My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao.

They ran after you, crying, pulling your sleeve and crying to the sky.

Passers-by asked the soldiers how they got there, saying only that the roster was frequently recruited.

Some people go to the north of the Yellow River at the age of fifteen, even if they go to the western border to open up wasteland at the age of forty.

When they set out, the mayor wrapped a headscarf for them and came back with a white head.

Countless border guards shed blood and sacrificed to form seawater, and the concept of border defense in Huang Wu has not stopped.

Haven't you heard that there are hundreds of villages covered with vegetation in 200 states east of Huashan Mountain?

Although strong women are devoted to farming, there is nothing on a thousand acres of land.

Men in China can face the fiercest battles, as can dogs and chickens.

No matter what demands are made on them, does the soldier dare to expand his hatred?

For example, this winter, we will never stop fighting for the West.

The county magistrate urgently urges people to pay taxes. Where does the tax come from?

We know that having a son will bring bad luck, and having a daughter will be much better. ;

Girls can also marry their nearest neighbors, and boys will die in battle.

Have you seen Hai Qingtou, those abandoned bones?

The new ghost wails there, and the old one is loudest in the stormy dark sky.

This poem is about soldiers going to war, and their families are crying to see them off. This is a tragic scene. Du Fu is called "the history of poetry" because all his poems are historical records, which profoundly and truly describe the frontier conscription and people's sufferings in the Tang Dynasty.

Although Du Fu constantly criticized the current situation through the social situation here, he still didn't give up his feelings to find a job. Until the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he still failed to get an official position and lived in poverty. Not only do adults not have enough food and clothes, but also children often starve and cry. Du Fu, full of bitterness, intended to live in Duqu and be a villager, so he built a hut in Duqu in the south of the city and moved his wife and children from Luoyang to settle here. At this time, when he wrote poems, he often referred to himself as "Shaoling Yelao", "Ling Du Buyi" and "Ling Du Yeke". Du Fu is only forty-three years old at this time, and his life in the wild can't settle down yet. He often hurts himself, writes poems and satirizes the sufferings of the people and the ignorance of the court.

From the sixth year of Tianbao, Du Fu went to Chang 'an to seek development, and in the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he left Chang 'an in disappointment and sadness. During this period, he endured poverty, hunger and disease for eight years, and saw that the official position was disordered, the powerful people were corrupt, and his life was ruined, but there was nothing he could do. He is really "our capital is full of nosy people, and you are lonely, helpless and poor", and his inner load is indescribable.

In the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 755), An Lushan led 200,000 troops south in the name of treacherous court official Yang except Jun's side, and captured Luoyang, the eastern capital, on December 12th. Du Fu and his family began an arduous escape.

It's midnight, and we still have to walk in the wild mountains. Coupled with the rainy mountains and muddy roads. Du Fu and his party went hand in hand and finally settled in Qiang Village, three miles northwest of Zhangzhou. At this time, Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu (AD 756), hoping that Su Zong could revive the Tang Dynasty. So when the flood receded, he went to Lingwu to meet Yuan Wu. Unexpectedly, Du Fu was captured by thieves and sent to occupied Chang 'an. Fortunately, he is not a prominent official and has not been valued by the conference semifinals. If other captured officials are taken to Luoyang, they are forced to surrender or work for An Lushan.

During his stay in Chang 'an, Du Fu, a loyal minister, missed his family in Zhangzhou and was extremely anxious. He missed his wife and children on a moonlit night.

In the second year of Su Zong's stay in Germany, Du Fu was 46 years old and still stuck in Chang 'an. After a series of failed news, he felt sad about the world. Du Fu missed his wife in Zhangzhou and his brother in Pingyin, Shandong. He wrote a series of letters, such as "Remembering My Young Son", "One Hundred and Fifty Nights on the Moon" and "Lucky", among which "Spring Hope" is very famous.

This poem is both a feeling of worrying about the country and a feeling of homesickness.

Fortunately, An Lushan was killed by his adopted son An Qingxu in January this year. Su Zong used the thief army to shake the split and went south to Fengxiang. Du Fu began to plan how to escape from Chang 'an and reach Fengxiang. After a thrilling trip, he finally arrived on May 16. Feeling his loyalty, Su Zong ordered the appointment of an official as an admonisher. Du Fu was very happy to become a straight division officer for the first time. He wrote in [Shu Huai], "Tears streamed down his face." But after he came to power, he angered Su Zong by remonstrance. On the first day of leap August, Du Fu was idle and sent to Zhangzhou to have a rest. After returning to Zhangzhou, he wrote a belated slogan, describing his feelings of climbing mountains and mountains at night, watching wild geese fall into the water and thinking of his hometown. When I first got home, I saw a desolate and miserable scene, and my family had mixed feelings. The "Northern Expedition" is to recall all kinds of situations of leaving the Emperor and returning to China.

When Du Fu lived with his family in Qiang Village, the loyalists got the support of the Uighur army, and finally recovered Luoyang on 10 18, and Su Zong returned to Chang 'an on1February 23. Du Fu arrived in Chang 'an with his family, and wrote many patriotic poems, such as Wash All the Soldiers and Horses, Leave Late, Night Tour in the Palace Left Yard and Qujiang Du Yu, but he still couldn't get Su.

In the spring of the second year after Du Fu took office in Huazhou, he went back to his hometown in Luhunzhuang to visit him. He was deeply moved by the thought of his brother's diaspora abroad. In February, I returned to Huazhou from Luhunzhuang, passing through Xin 'an County. At this time, the weather was dry for a long time, famine occurred and society was in chaos. From Xin 'an to Shi Hao and then to Tongguan, what Du Fu saw was old, weak, poor and barren. He wrote what he saw along the way as the famous "Xin 'an official", "Tongguan official" and "Shihao official", which were collectively called "three officials". Coupled with the later "New Marriage", "Farewell to the Old" and "Homelessness", this poem fully expresses the sufferings of the people and understands their sufferings with the mind of a saint.

When Du Fu passed by Xin 'an County, he saw officials ordering troops. There are no able-bodied men in this county. All men over the age of 18 must be soldiers. The rich man was sent away by his parents, and the poor thin boy cried alone. Du Fu saw that they were crying very sadly, so he comforted them that the service would not be too tired and the chief executive was very good. Although it is only a faithful description of what you have seen and heard, it is enough to make your nose sour.

Back in Iowa, it was a dry summer. In autumn, hunger is everywhere, and people feel sad. Du Fu felt overwhelmed and decided to abandon his official position. After much consideration, Du Fu intends to move to Qin Zhou, go to Wanshui Qian Shan and never return to Shanhaiguan again in his life. Going west to Qin Zhou greatly changed Du Fu's poetic style. In addition to being closer to the people and describing ordinary life, he also absorbed southwest ballads and dialects, forming the famous "Wu Style".

Du Fu embarked on the road to Qin Zhou with despair of the imperial court, and his life in Qin Zhou was quite calm and stable. In quiet days, he still attaches great importance to poetry, never forgets to sympathize with the people, exerts his keen observation and sense of justice, and sometimes expresses his feelings of autumn visitors and misses his brothers and friends. Recalling my brother on a moonlit night is my sister-in-law who has missed her hometown for a long time.

Du Fu stayed in Qin Zhou for three meals. After living for less than four months, he received a letter from a close friend of Tonggu, trying to describe the good living environment of Tonggu. Du Fu decided to take his family with him. The journey is rugged and it is difficult to travel far. Strange mountains, strange waters and strange rocks on land make people's lives very miserable, which triggered Du Fu's inner feelings and wrote twelve works in Qin Zhou's Travels.

After going through all kinds of hardships to reach the same valley, life is still very difficult. I cried and sang [Seven Songs of Gan Yuan in Tonggu County]. From these poems, we can see Du Fu walking in the barren hills, his children groaning, his brothers separated, and the white fox, yellow fox and poisonous snake in the mountains were frightened. When we read the first poem, we can feel his sadness.

Forced by poverty in the same valley, Du Fu really couldn't stay any longer. He went to Chengdu in1February, and along the way, he continued to travel with his poems, forming twelve groups of poems similar to Qin Zhou's. 1came to Chengdu with rich products at the end of February, and life gradually stabilized.

Du Fu's family arrived in Chengdu and temporarily settled in Caotang Temple in the western suburbs. The following year, in the first year of Shangyuan (AD 760), Du Fu reclaimed an acre of land by the Huanhua River in the west of the city, built a thatched cottage, and asked his friends for many saplings to plant around his home. After the completion of the church, a talented person really lived a quiet life, without the desperate resentment of Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and gradually became open-minded. In Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, you can feel the natural favor of raising everything.

At this time, Du Fu still missed his hometown and was concerned about the life of his younger siblings and the future of the country, but in the natural peace and deep human feelings, his mind gradually recovered.

In April last year, Xuanzong and Su Zong passed away one after another, Du Fu's friends were transferred back to Chang 'an, and Du Fu was sent to Mianzhou Post Station, where he repeatedly wrote poems after parting.

There are many reluctant feelings in the poem, lamenting that I have to go back to the thatched cottage alone and live a lonely life. Unexpectedly, just after they broke up, Sichuan Xu knew that they were going to rebel and Chengdu was in chaos. Du Fu's return trip was blocked, and he temporarily went to Zizhou, and then he took his wife and children to Zizhou, where the family temporarily lived.

In the first year of Dade, Du Fu was 52 years old. Yu Zizhou was very excited when he heard that Tang Jun had recovered Henan and Hebei, and wrote "Both sides of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army".

This poem is full of tears and tears of joy. It's time to leave home in troubled times, the world is at peace, and you can bring your family back to your hometown. However, Du Fu's wish to return to Luoyang has not been realized so far, because although the Central Plains was restored at that time, in Chang 'an, Luoyang, the arrogance of Uighurs was rising.

I can't go back to my hometown, and there is nothing to rely on after the chaos in Chengdu, so I have to stay in Zizhou. At that time, Zizhou was the residence of our envoys in eastern and western Sichuan, and it was also the only place for officials to communicate. Du Fu had to send them to meet each other, so he had many rewarding poems. After a long time, the family finally returned to Chengdu Caotang in Zongguangde for two years. At this time, Du Fu got the advice of his good friend Yan Wu, joined the official career, and recommended it to the court, so that he could return to work in Chengdu yamen and start his adjutant life. But after all, he couldn't stand the tense and stiff work, and asked Yanwu several times to let him resign and return to the thatched cottage. After that, he wrote a poem to Yanwu [I sent Xing Feng to send Gong Yan].

Du Fu repaid his satisfaction with his life in the wild and hoped that Yanwu would come to drink and write poems. Soon, as the pillar of Du Fu, Yanwu died suddenly, and his heart was more eager to go home. In May, he left Shu for five and a half years, and his mood was recorded in [Going to Shu].

Seeing Du Fu, who had been worried about the country and the people, suddenly looked back on his deathbed, but he was full of boredom and emotion about life.

Yanwu's death made Du Fu's family lose their dependence and get into trouble, so they had to pack their bags and set foot on the road of wandering and migration again. They sailed into the Yangtze River and wrote A Night Out on their way to Yun 'an.

It is about the mood of traveling abroad. The night scene is vigorous and surging, but I am suffering from chronic diseases, and my life floats between heaven and earth like little Sha Ou.

When Du Fu arrived in Yun 'an, he was seriously ill and began to recuperate. It was not until the first year of Daizong Dali (AD 766) that his health gradually improved that he left Yun 'an, where he had lived for half a year, for Kuizhou. Kuizhou is located near Qutang Gorge, which is connected with Baidi City built by Gongsun Shu in the early Han Dynasty. Du Fu's family settled in a house halfway up the mountain. The scenery here is magnificent and breathtaking. Wuhou Temple in the western suburbs is a tireless place for Du Fu, who wrote [Eight Arrays].

In this issue, Du Fu also wrote poems about Kuizhou's special exotic customs: negative salary, thunder, fire and so on.

Du Fu, who is in poor health, is very easy to fall into memories when he lies down and closes his eyes. Except for some works expressing feelings about the current situation, most of them are poems recalling past experiences, such as "The Book of Kuifu with Forty Rhymes" dating back to the Anshi Rebellion. Farewell and Travel in the Past are memories of Li Bai's experiences in Liang and Song Dynasties when he was young. Zhuang You began to learn poetry at the age of seven. This is an autobiography, which tells the story of roaming Zhao Qi in wuyue, staying in Chang 'an, the Anshi Rebellion and staying in Bashu.

This autumn, Du Fu moved to Xige, Kuizhou. At first, he felt that the scenery was novel, and he wrote many famous works, such as [Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity], [Five Poems of General] and [Five Poems of Ode to Historic Sites]. "Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity" mainly describes the feeling of living in the gorge and missing Chang 'an. Its eight seven-meter poems are combined into a group, and each poem has a mutual organizational relationship. This kind of poem with chapters is original in Du Fu's poems. During his two years in Kuizhou, Du Fu wrote about 430 poems, accounting for three-seventh of his existing works, and his poems reached a mature level.

It was not until the third year of Dali (AD 768) that Du Fu, 57, decided to leave Kuizhou, take a boat from Baidicheng to Qutangxia with his family, and meet his younger brother Du Guan in Jiangling. However, due to the fickle feelings of Jiangling officials, he could not stay long, returned to Tanzhou, took the boat as his home, and made a living by collecting herbs and selling them in the fish market. Jianghan shows the lonely and cold life at that time.

Du Fu spent the New Year in Tanzhou. In the fifth year of Dali (AD 770), he was killed because of the chaos of Tanzhou secretariat, so he had to take refuge in Hengzhou. Du Fu has lived on the water for a long time, and his wind arthralgia is getting more and more serious. Finally, he fell on the boat and wrote a long poem with 36 rhymes [on a boat with wind disease, pillow book with 36 rhymes for friends and relatives in Hunan], describing his embarrassment and the danger of illness. After the poem was written, Du Fu suddenly died on a boat in Xiangjiang River. It was the winter of five years in Dali, and Du Fu was fifty-nine.

Du Fu's family had no money to transport Du Fu's coffin back to their hometown, so they had to settle in Yueyang. 43 years later, Du Fu's grandson Du Yesi took it back to Yanshi near Luoyang and buried it next to the tomb of Shen Yan, the capital of shouyangshan. A generation of great poets have accomplished nothing in their lives, and their careers are lonely. When they are old, they still drift on the river and end their lives. These bleak situations are getting more and more sad.

Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in a declining bureaucratic landlord family in Gong County, Henan Province. Du Fu is a great realistic poet in the history of China literature. He wrote more than 1400 poems in his life, which won wide acclaim from later generations. His poems are not only rich in social content, distinctive colors of the times and strong political inclination, but also full of lofty spirit of loving the motherland and people. His poems reflect the social outlook of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and become a mirror of class struggle, national struggle and internal struggle of the ruling class at that time. He has many famous poems. The military vehicle shop reflects the sufferings brought to the people by the imperial court's border expansion war. The two offerings reflect the luxury and debauchery of the ruling group; "From Beijing to Fengxian 500 Words" profoundly pointed out the reality of the disparity between the rich and the poor at that time: "The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road has frozen bones." This is also a summary of the class opposition of the whole feudal society. Another example is the poem "Spring Hope", which shows the poet's jealousy of the war and his grief over the destruction of his family. Poems such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" reflect the harm of An Shi Rebellion to the vast rural areas.

A large number of Du Fu's poems are highly ideological and artistic. Du Fu is good at extracting themes from rich social life, summarizing essence from common phenomena, shaping many typical images with the characteristics of the times and expressing his love and hate. In his works, the capital city, mountain village, battlefield, journey and other environments are lifelike. He is good at using detail description, atmosphere rendering and dialogue to organically combine narrative, description, discussion and lyric. The poet's language use has reached a perfect level, and elegant literary language and simple folk spoken language have been properly used. In terms of poetic genre, he is good at all aspects, especially metrical poetry. In a word, Du Fu's poetry creation not only shows obvious progressive tendency, but also is the artistic epitome of China's ancient realistic poetry, which has a great influence on later literature. People call Du Fu's poems "the history of poetry" and "the masterpiece of the ages", and praise Du Fu as "the poet saint" and "the poet saint". Du Fu's high praise is well deserved.

A Portrait of Suffering Life —— "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells"

"Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" refer to Du Fu's representative works of realism: Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan, Tongguan official, newly married, resigned and homeless.

In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the "An Shi Rebellion" broke out, and An Lushan led troops to rebel against the imperial court and captured Luoyang from Fanyang. He proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang the following year and soon captured Chang 'an. In the 16th year of Tianbao, Tang Jun recovered Chang 'an and Luoyang. Tang Jun also suffered heavy losses in the battle with the defeated rebels. In order to continue fighting against the rebels, the army replenished its troops all over Latin America, and Xin 'an and Shi Hao, which are close to the front line, suffered the most. At that time, Du Fu angered Su Zong because of his suggestion, and was demoted from left to four public figures in Huazhou. He returned to Huazhou from Luoyang, passing through Xin 'an, Shi Hao, Tongguan and other places, and wrote his story as Three Officials and Three Farewells.

"Xin 'an Official" wrote that officials in Xin 'an county were ordered to join the army, because the able-bodied men had already been recruited, so they had to use "middle-aged men" (untrained underage men) to make up for it. This poem describes the bleak scene of her husband's departure. Li Shihao wrote that officials went to Shihao Village at night to arrest people and serve as soldiers, and all three sons of an old woman became soldiers. This time, the old woman was taken to the service in an emergency. "Tongguan Officials" is a scene in which soldiers in Tongguan build a city to defend against the enemy. "Wedding Farewell" wrote that a newly married couple had to "say goodbye at dusk" because of conscription. The bride said bitterly, "It is better to abandon the roadside than to marry a woman and ask for a husband." He wants to go out with her husband, but he can't, so he has to encourage him to "don't worry about his wedding and try to protect himself." "Farewell the old year and welcome the new year" describes the tragic scene of an elderly descendant being killed and applying for another wife. Homeless is about a defeated soldier who returns to a desolate hometown, and all his family members are dead. Just when he wanted to farm and settle down, the county officials came to apply to him again. This time, he was homeless.

Three Officials and Three Farewells are the representative works of Du Fu's realistic poems. It truly describes the thoughts, feelings, actions and language of county officials, customs officials, old women, old people, brides, husbands and others in a specific environment, vividly reflects the social reality of that period and the profound disasters and pains of working people, and shows people tragic life tragedies. In these descriptions of life sufferings, on the one hand, the poet has deep sympathy for the people who have suffered greatly, and hates the enslavement and persecution of the people by officials; On the other hand, he supported the counter-insurgency war of the dynasty and hoped that the people would suffer hardships and cooperate with the dynasty to put down the rebellion. This complex and contradictory thought accords with the poet's thought of worrying about the country and the people.

Du Fu (I)

Du Fu is one of the greatest poets in the history of China. His poems are called "the history of poetry" and he himself is called "the sage of poetry". Du Fu was born in Yaowan Village, Gongxian County, Henan Province in 7 12. He comes from a bureaucratic family that believes in Confucianism. Du Fu was able to write poetry at the age of seven, and he loved reading and was well informed when he was a teenager.

Du Fu's ambition was to help the emperor govern the country, but it backfired. He was in Chang 'an for ten years, took the imperial examination, and even gave gifts directly to Tang, but there was no result. Du Fu not only failed to realize his great ambition, but also lived in poverty. Being relegated to the lower class, Du Fu began to have a clear understanding of the social crisis lurking under the surface prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, which gradually made him a poet who was concerned about the country and the people.

Du Fu's famous phrase "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones freeze to death on the road" shows the sharp opposition between the rich and the poor. At the age of forty-five, he got the position that the right guard led the government soldier Cao to join the army. He is a small official in charge of the arsenal. During the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu witnessed the tragic scene of the people being deeply affected by the war. He pinned his country's hopes on the later emperor Su Zong. Du Fu risked his life to get to Fengxiang, where Su Zong was located. Su Zong gave him an official position, but not long after, he was demoted to Iowa to join the army because he was involved in the factional struggle in the imperial court. During this period, Du Fu wrote many poems reflecting the reality of war, such as Sadness, Sadness for Youth, Sadness for the Head of the River, Mourning for the King's Sun, Three Officials and Three Farewells.

In 759 AD, Du Fu decided to give up his official position, took his family through hardships and came to Chengdu from Huazhou, and began a wandering life. In the suburb of Chengdu, he built a thatched cottage with the help of an old friend and lived there. When Du Fu's hut was broken by the autumn wind, he thought that the displaced people were willing to sacrifice themselves to save the hungry and cold poor in the world. Later, Du Fu lost his dependence in Sichuan, left Sichuan with his family and returned to Luoyang via Xiangyang. However, during the journey, he was poor and ill, and almost became a beggar. In 770 AD, on a night when the north wind was howling, Du Fu, who was ill, struggled to lie on the pillow on the boat from Changsha to Yueyang, and wrote the last poem "Sleeping on a pillow on a boat with a wind disease, with 36 rhymes". Until the last moment of his life, all he remembered were the people who died in the war and the turbulent motherland. Shortly after writing this poem, Du Fu, a great poet, went through a hard life at the age of 58.

Du Fu (Ⅱ)

Du Fu is very strict with himself in his poetry creation. He said, "I don't regret it at all" and "I can't stop talking". Du Fu is an outstanding language master. His poetry collection is the masterpiece of the previous generation of poetry art, which has formed the basic characteristics of deep depression.

"Although a country is divided, mountains and rivers still exist, and trees and grass turn green again in spring. Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sadness. "

This poem reflects the poet's strong feelings of worrying about his country and family when he was trapped in Chang 'an. It is an immortal work for thousands of years.

On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . "

This seven-rhythm, with rigorous meter, is accomplished in one go, with smooth rhythm and natural language like spoken language. He wrote the story of the poet vividly, and when he heard the good news, he burst into tears with excitement. Five-character poems and seven-character poems in Tang Dynasty reached a peak in Du Fu's period. He accurately and vividly described and summarized life, natural scenery and inner world with five-character and seven-character poems. In addition, he paid special attention to the moral of poetry to make it clear and meaningful.

"From the vast sky, the sharp wind apes whimper, the clear lake where birds fly home and the spray of white sand and leaves like waterfalls, not only the Yangtze River rolls in. I came from three thousand miles away. This autumn is sad and bitter, and I have climbed this high alone. Bad luck has frosted my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. "

This poem, in the melody of flying all over the sky and echoing from afar, sets off an image of a haggard and lonely poet who is independent of the autumn atmosphere. The realm is grand and lofty, the antithesis is accurate and the temperament is rigorous. The syntax of Chinese characters is praised by later generations as "the first of the seven ancient and modern laws"

I had always heard of Lake Dongting, who climbed this tower today, has the kingdom of Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and can see the world endlessly. But no news of my relatives or friends has reached me. I am old and ill, alone with my boat. There are wars and mountains to the north of the Great Wall. How can I not cry here against the railing? . "

This poem is full of great weather and profound emotion, and has always been regarded as the swan song of Yueyang Tower.

Du Fu is good at all kinds of poetic styles, and his style is changeable. He broke through the traditional aesthetic taste and conventional expression of poetry at that time. Du Fu's innovation in poetic art greatly expanded the realm of poetic expression. And opened the source of various styles and schools in later generations, and poets of all ages were deeply influenced by him.

Du Fu, with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province in the first year of the Tang Dynasty (7 12). Father's name is leisure, which is the magistrate of Fengtian County. Grandfather was named as a member of the Food Department in the era of Wu Zetian. Great-grandfather in accordance with the arts, and finally worked as Gongxian county magistrate. Du Zu was born in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, and later moved to Gong County.

Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor of Du Fu, is the most outstanding ancestor of Du Fu, who is good at all kinds of knowledge. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo's Family Letter was written. Wei, Wu and Shu were great generals when they were in a tripartite confrontation, and they conquered the State of Wu, which was called "Duwuku" in history. Du Fu inherited the tradition laid by his distant ancestors, and deeply regarded the Confucian thought of governing the country and calming the world as his lifelong principle.

Grandfather Du Shen Yan left the tradition of Du Fu's poetry. In the early Tang literary world, Shen Yan, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao were called "Four Friends of Articles". They are not only well written, but also famous for their five-character poems. Du Fu has always been proud of his grandfather, and later praised him in Shu's To Qiu Ge, a monk in Shu.

Du Fu was born in the year when Xuanzong ascended the throne. His father Du Fu was an official outside, his mother died when Du Fu was young, and several siblings were born to his stepmother Lu. Du Fu was ill when he was a child and had no mother. When he was four years old, he lived in the aunt's house of Renfeng in Jianchunmen, Luoyang. Once Du Fu and his aunt's son were seriously ill at the same time, and her aunt went all out to take care of him at the expense of her son. This great and loving affection was deeply branded in Du Fu's heart, which cultivated his upright temperament.

Du Fu wrote his first poem when he was seven years old. He said in the poem "Zhuangyou":

At the age of seven, I thought I was strong. I sang Phoenix.

Nine-year-old books have big characters, and some of them have been made into schoolbags.

When he was fourteen or fifteen years old, he had the demeanor of a scholar, and he was in high spirits with some scholars.

Du Fu opened at the age of twenty in the nineteenth year of Kaiyuan.