South Sudan*** and the Republic of

Security Leaders of political parties in southern Sudan unanimously agreed on February 16, 2011 to name the country to be created in southern Sudan the "South Sudan Democratic Republic". In a referendum held in southern Sudan in January 2011, an overwhelming majority of voters supported the southern region's separation from Sudan. According to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement reached in 2005 by the two parties involved in the civil war between North and South Sudan and the results of this referendum, southern Sudan will officially declare independence at the end of the transition period on July 9, 2011. Flag of the Republic of South Sudan***

South Sudan ***-Background

Southern Sudan covers an area of ??approximately 640,000 square kilometers and has a population of approximately 8.26 million (in 2008), respectively. It accounts for 1/4 and 1/5 of the country's area and population, and its residents are mostly African indigenous black people. On the eve of Sudan's independence in 1955, due to opposition to forming an independent country with northern Sudan, the south launched its first civil war, which lasted until it ended in 1972. In 1983, dissatisfied with the Nimeiri government's implementation of Islamic law across the country, the southern black military officer John Garang established the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to fight against the central government, and the second civil war broke out.

In 1994, under the initiative of the East African Intergovernmental Organization for Development, the Sudanese government launched political negotiations with the SPLM, and achieved a breakthrough with the direct intervention of the United States. In January 2005, the Sudanese government and the SPLM signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), ending the 22-year civil war. According to the agreement, Southern Sudan held a referendum on the issue of North-South reunification from January 9 to 15, 2011. The referendum results showed that 98.83% of voters chose to separate from the North. The referendum results have been accepted and recognized by the northern government and the international community. Currently, the South is in a transitional period and will declare independence on July 9, 2011, becoming the 54th country on the African continent.

Southern Sudan has ten states under its jurisdiction, namely Central Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Western Equatoria, and Western Bahr El Gazal, Northern Bahr El Gazal, Jonglei, Lakes, Warrap, Unity and Upper Nile . According to the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between North and South Sudan, southern Sudan has a high degree of autonomy and has independent legislation, administration, judicial systems and military. A referendum on unification and independence will be held in January 2011.

From west to east, Southern Sudan and Northern Sudan include Southern Darfur, Abeyi, Southern Kordofan, and White Nile State. (White Nile), Sennar (Sennar) and Blue Nile (Blue Nile) states. Clockwise, it borders Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Central Africa and Chad.

Southern Jiangsu has a tropical climate. The year is divided into rainy season (May-October) and dry season (November-April). The rainy season is hot and rainy, and the dry season is hot and dry. The temperature in the rainy season is between 20-40 degrees, and in the dry season the temperature is between 30-50 degrees.

Southern Sudan is located in the landlocked region and has been war-torn for a long time. It is one of the least developed regions in the world. Southern Jiangsu is economically backward, primitive in appearance, lacking in infrastructure, and the people are generally poor. Commodities are basically dependent on imports and are relatively expensive. It is rich in natural resources, with large oil reserves; fertile land and crisscrossing rivers, and has great potential for development in agriculture, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry.

South Sudan has just ended a 22-year war and has suffered a serious loss of civilian weapons. The main security threats at present are inter-tribal conflicts and the Ugandan Lord's Army.

The capital of southern Jiangsu is Juba, located in Central Equatoria.

South Sudan *** Map

South Sudan ***-Politics

The southern government has a constitution, an army and independent administration and legislation and a judicial system with a high degree of autonomy. The jurisdiction covers the ten southern states. At present, southern Jiangsu has basically formed the southern autonomous government, state governments and county governments, as well as matching legislative and judicial institutions.

----The chairman of the self-government, the deputy chairman and the cabinet meeting *** exercise executive power. The chairman of the autonomous government serves as both the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He is currently held by the chairman of the SPLM. Starting from 2010, he will be directly elected for a five-year term and can be re-elected once. The Vice Chairman is nominated by the Chairman and approved by the Parliament. He is responsible to the Chairman and assumes the powers of the Chairman when the Chairman is absent. The cabinet meeting is the highest administrative authority, consisting of the chairman, vice chairman and ministers of various ministries. The autonomous government has 31 departments. Ministers are nominated by the chairman and approved by the parliament. The current chairman is Salva Kiir Mayardit, and the deputy chairman is Rik Martial Teni-Dohon.

----Parliament is the legislative body of the southern self-government. Before 2009, members were appointed by the chairman after consultation with various political forces. There were 170 members in total.

Among them, 110 are from the SPLM, 25 are from the National Congress, and 31 are from other parties and political forces in the south. After 2010, members are elected by direct election or political arrangements and serve five-year terms. The Speaker ranks only after the President and Vice-President among Southern government leaders. The current Speaker is James Yiga, from the SPLA, and the Deputy Speaker, Daniel Avit Akote, is from the SPLA.

----The Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court and other courts all constitute judicial institutions. The Constitution clearly stipulates that executive and legislative agencies at all levels should respect and protect the independence of the judiciary. The Supreme Court is composed of the president, vice-president and five other judges, all of whom are nominated by the president and approved by a two-thirds majority of the parliament. The current dean is John Marchezi, and the vice-president is Qian Madat.

----The ten states in southern Jiangsu have their own constitutions and administrative, legislative, and judicial institutions, and implement the separation of powers according to the model of southern self-government. Before 2009, the governor was appointed by the president of the Southern Self-Government, and thereafter, directly elected by voters in each state. The governor has the power to appoint the lieutenant governor and members of the state cabinet.

Political parties: There are currently 9 political parties registered in southern Jiangsu and represented in the autonomous government, namely: Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), National Congress Party (NCP), Sudan African Union ( SANU), United Democratic Front (UDF), Sudan African Party Alliance 1 (USAP 1), Sudan African Party Alliance 2 (USAP 2), United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF), South Sudan Democratic Forum (SSDF), African National Congress Party (ANCP). SPLM is the ruling party.

South Sudan***-Geographical location

South Sudan borders Ethiopia to the east, Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the south, and Central Africa to the west. *Heguo. Area: 650,000 square kilometers Population: 8.26 million (the fifth national census in 2008)

Currency: Sudanese pound (1 Sudanese pound is equivalent to 0.38 US dollars)

Government expenditure : 3.6063 billion Sudanese pounds (2009)

Mineral resources: oil, iron, gold, limestone, timber

Land resources: about 25 million hectares of arable land

Livestock resources: 15 million large livestock, 20 million sheep

Forest resources: 121 sites, with a total area of ??1.205 million hectares

Wildlife reserves: 7, total Area: 1.75 million hectares

Inland navigation mileage: 1,000 kilometers from Khartoum to Juba on the White Nile in Southern Sudan

Power supply facilities: No national or regional power grid, only local power supply in sporadic towns , generate electricity with diesel unit.

Water supply and drainage facilities: There is no unified urban water supply and drainage system. Drinking water is obtained from rivers, lakes or wells.

Airport: An international airport in Juba that can take off and land aircraft with less than 200 seats. There are 12 small airports scattered in important cities in various states.

The Republic of South Sudan - History

The British occupied South Sudan at the end of the 19th century. In 1899, the British and the Egyptians jointly ruled Sudan. Due to racial, religious, cultural and other differences, the British originally hoped to unify South Sudan and Uganda, but the Juba Conference in 1947 decided to unify South and North Sudan.

In 1955, the conflict between South and North Sudan broke out, and the first Sudanese Civil War broke out. The Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972 gave the south limited autonomy, and the civil war temporarily ended. In 1983, Sudanese President Jaafar Nimeiry announced the implementation of Islamic law (Sharia) across the country, causing dissatisfaction in the south. The southern rebel army, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), began to fight against the government, and the second Sudanese Civil War broke out. In 2005, the North and the South signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, ending the 21-year civil war. The agreement gave the south autonomy, the Islamic laws implemented in the north did not apply in the south, and most importantly, a referendum on South Sudan's independence was held in 2011.

South Sudan’s Democratic Republic - Population South Sudan is dominated by black people, with a population of 8.25 million. In the referendum on self-determination, 3.75 million people participated. Since after the referendum on self-determination, some black people living in the original northern Sudan may return or become South Sudanese citizens, the final population may be between 8.5 million and 8.8 million. The largest ethnic group is the Dinka, followed by the Nuba. The majority believe in animism and Christianity, which is different from Sudan, which believes in Islam and is dominated by Arabs.

South Sudan *** - Administrative Regions

South Sudan consists of 10 provinces in southern Sudan:

1. Central Equatoria Province

< p>2. Eastern Equatoria Province

3. Jonglei Province

4. Lakes Province

5. Northern Bahr el Ghazal Province

< p>6. Al-Wada Province

7. Western Equatoria Province

8. Western Bahr el-Ghazal Province

9. Upper Nile Province

10. Warrap Province

South Sudan ***-President

John Garang (July 9, 2005 - July 30, 2005 Japan)

Salva Kiir Mayardit (July 30, 2005 -) Independence in 2011

South Sudan *** - Economic and Resources: Due to the long-term civil war, southern Jiangsu lacks infrastructure such as highways and lacks public services such as medical, water and electricity. Commodities are basically dependent on imports and prices are high. It is one of the least developed regions in Africa. Since the end of the civil war in 2005, the international community has implemented large-scale assistance operations to southern Jiangsu, focusing on humanitarianism, capacity building, infrastructure, public services, etc.; according to the peace agreement, southern Jiangsu will be allocated the southern oil area every year. 50% of revenue from oil produced. Southern Jiangsu is rich in oil reserves and has great potential in agriculture, forestry, fishery, animal husbandry and other industries.

South Sudan *** - Security At present, the main security threats in southern Sudan come from tribal conflicts and the Ugandan Lord's Army. In 2009, the two killed 2,500 people and displaced 350,000 people. Areas with serious tribal conflicts include Jonglei, Lakes, Warrab, Upper Nile, Unity, Central Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria states. The Ugandan Lord's Army is active in Western Equatoria and Western Bahr el Ghazal states. The southern Jiangsu government attaches great importance to this and has taken various measures, including strengthening the army, police and other law enforcement forces, disarming tribes, and mediating conflicts between hostile tribes.

South Sudan *** - Foreign Exchanges

Southern Jiangsu is relatively active in foreign exchanges. Kiir, Chairman of the Southern Government, often travels abroad or participates in international conferences as the First Vice President of the Soviet Union, and senior Southern officials frequently visit other countries in Europe, the United States, and Africa.

At present, the southern government has set up offices in Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, the United States, Canada and other countries, and issues visas to enter the south on its own. There are consulates general in 13 countries including China, the United States, Norway, the Netherlands, Egypt, India, Libya, Kenya, Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Africa, and France. The embassies of two countries, including the United Kingdom and Germany, have offices in Juba. Six countries, including Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom, established the "Joint Working Group on Assistance to Southern Sudan" in Juba to coordinate and implement the six countries' aid to the south. The Swiss Ministry for Development and Cooperation has an office. The Japan International Cooperation Agency's representative office in Sudan has sent several project working groups as non-permanent agencies. Türkiye has an honorary consul.