Outline of geography review for the first semester of People's Education Edition

2008 senior high school entrance examination review outline (seventh grade part)

The first volume of grade seven, the earth and the map

Earth and globe

1. The average radius of the earth is 637 1 km, the equatorial circumference is about 40000km, and the surface area is about 5 1 100 million square kilometers.

2. The earth's rotation and revolution and their geographical phenomena are shown in the table:

Geographical phenomenon of directional periodic rotation center

A day when the earth rotates from west to east (about 24 hours), the earth's axis changes day and night, and the local time

The earth rotates from west to east, and the sun has four seasons and five zones (the length of day and night changes)

3. The division of longitude and latitude on the earth:

Latitude and longitude division of conceptual shape and length characteristics

A circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth. The circle shortens the equator by 0 from the equator to the pole, increases the south latitude (S) and the north latitude (N), and the maximum degree of the pole is 90.

The meridian connects the north and south poles, the length of the semicircle intersecting vertically is equal to 0, and the west longitude (W) is west of the meridian; East longitude (e) lies east of longitude 0.

In addition: the 0 meridian is also called the prime meridian. Near Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

4. Use the latitude and longitude net to determine the position of any point: as shown on the right, write the latitude and longitude of point A and point B:

A: (10 N, 150 E) B: (40 N, 170 E)

A is in the southwest of B.

(2) Map

5. Use the map to identify the direction and measure the distance and relative height;

Example 1: (1) Huangcun is located in the direction of Yangzhuang in the figure.

(2) The relative height of A and B in the figure is meters.

(3) Measure the actual straight-line distance between A and B in kilometers.

6. Mark the peaks, ridges and valleys on the contour topographic map.

Ab: Valley.

CD: ridge

A steep cliff

7. Five main terrain types: plateau, plain, mountain, hill and basin.

8. Find the geographical information you need in the map mountain and develop the habit of using maps in your daily life.

9. Know the use of electronic maps and remote sensing maps in life and production.

Second, world geography.

(a), the sea and land

1. Use maps and data to tell the global land-sea ratio: three points for land and seven points for ocean.

2. Describe the geographical distribution and general situation of seven continents and four oceans with maps (as shown in figure 1-3). : State name: ① _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Ocean name: A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(1) Seven continents from big to small: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe.

(2) Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

3. Plate tectonic theory: The world is divided into six plates, each of which is constantly moving, with internal stability and active crust at the junction of plates. Tell the relationship between world-famous mountain systems and volcanoes, earthquake distribution and plate movement.

Geographical phenomena: the area of the Red Sea is expanding, the area of the Mediterranean is shrinking, and the formation of the Alps is rising. There are few earthquakes in Britain and frequent earthquakes in Japan.

The plate theory is used to explain the expansion of the African plate and the Indian Ocean plate: the African plate and the Asia-Europe plate press the African plate and the Asia-Europe plate press the Asia-Europe plate and the Indian Ocean plate press the interior of the Asia-Europe plate and the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate.

② Climate

1. The difference between weather and climate, and the correct use of these two terms in life.

Weather: atmospheric conditions (wind and rain, cold and hot, sunny and sunny days, etc. ) in a short time in one place. The weather is short-lived and often changes. Climate: the average weather condition in a place for many years. The climate is long and relatively stable.

2. Know common weather symbols and understand simple weather maps. On the satellite cloud picture, white represents cloud area, blue represents ocean and green represents land.

3. Understand the negative impact of human activities on the atmospheric environment and the importance of protecting the atmospheric environment.

4. The law of world temperature distribution: the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes (the temperature at equatorial poles decreases); At the same latitude, the land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low, while the ocean temperature is high and the land temperature is low in winter. In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the elevation. Daily variation of temperature: the lowest temperature is around sunrise and the highest temperature is around 2 pm (14 pm).

5. Annual variation of temperature: In the northern hemisphere, the highest temperature on land appears in July, the lowest temperature in 65438+ 10, the highest temperature in the ocean in August and the lowest temperature in February. (The southern hemisphere is the opposite)

6. Differences in global precipitation distribution: the precipitation from the equator to the poles is getting less and less; There is more precipitation in coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas; There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

7. Learn to draw and analyze temperature curves and precipitation histograms, and read out the changing rules of temperature and precipitation.

8. Will tell the distribution areas of major climate types on the map: (Take Eurasia as an example)

Climatic types of distribution areas

The east coast of the mainland has temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and tropical monsoon climate.

Intracontinental temperate continental climate, plateau mountain climate

Temperate maritime climate and Mediterranean climate on the west coast of the mainland

9. Analyze the influence of latitude, land and sea distribution and topography on climate with examples:

Climate characteristics: Singapore is hot and rainy all year round, and the Antarctic continent is covered with snow all year round. The annual precipitation in Tianjin is more than that in Xinjiang. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the lowest temperature in China in summer. Rainfall is abundant on the south side of Himalayas, but scarce on the north side.

The main factors are latitude, land and ocean topography.

10. illustrate the influence of climate on production and life with examples.

(3) Residents

1. The characteristics of world population growth: the growth rate is getting faster and faster, and the population is increasing. Characteristics of population distribution: the population is concentrated in the middle and low latitudes, offshore areas and plain areas.

2. The characteristics of the three major races in the world and their main distribution areas.

White race, black race, yellow race

Mainly distributed in Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (Inuit and Indians)

3. The impact of population problem on the environment and social economy: Overpopulation will lead to environmental deterioration, housing shortage, traffic congestion, hunger and poverty, difficulty in going to school and employment.

You should know that Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and English is the most widely used language.

5. The three major religions in the world and their main distribution areas:

Christianity, Islam and Buddhism

Mainly distributed in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

6. Describe the difference between urban landscape and rural landscape with pictures.

7. Illustrate the relationship between residential area and natural environment with examples:

Southeast Asia Elevated House in Loess Plateau Arctic Ice Room Cave Yunnan Bamboo House

The natural environment is hot and humid, the wood is rich in cold, the local materials are dry, the loess stands upright, the climate is hot and humid, and there are many bamboos.

8. Understand the significance of protecting the world cultural heritage: traditional settlements are the result of the interaction between human activities and the natural environment in the historical period. They recorded the social, economic, political, cultural, folk and other information at that time from different aspects, and they are priceless treasures of mankind. If it is not protected, it will lead to irreparable losses.

(D) regional development differences

1. Differences between developing countries and developed countries-mainly differences in economic development level.

Distribution characteristics: Developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern northern hemisphere. Developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere.

2. Give examples to illustrate the importance of international cooperation, such as automobile production.

The role of the United Nations in international cooperation: As the largest international organization in the world, the United Nations has done a lot of work in safeguarding world peace and promoting international cooperation and development.

(5) Cognitive field-Volume II of Grade 7

1. Understand the mainland

(1) Explain the latitude position and land and sea position of a continent with maps. Geographical location of land and sea in Asia: East of Eurasia, west of the Pacific Ocean, north of the Arctic Ocean, south of the Indian Ocean, and east of North America across the Bering Strait. Latitude position: from the eastern and western hemispheres, most of them are in the eastern hemisphere; From the northern and southern hemisphere, most of them are in the northern hemisphere.

(2) Summarize the topography, climate and river characteristics of a continent and their relationships. Asia: Plateau and mountainous terrain, complex and diverse climate, remarkable monsoon climate and wide continental climate distribution; The distribution of rivers is influenced by the high terrain in the middle and the low terrain around. Most rivers originate in the middle and flow radially around.

(3) Tell the population, environment, development and other problems existing in a certain continent with relevant information. Asia has the largest population, accounting for 6 1% of the world's total population. The huge population has caused heavy pressure on resources and environment. At the same time, Asia's economic development is extremely uneven.

2. Know the region (find the location, scope, major countries and their capitals of a region on the map, and tell the characteristics of the geographical location of the region).

(1) Japan. In the east of China, it is an island country with many volcanic earthquakes. Its territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and other islands and seas, and its capital is Tokyo. Volcanic earthquakes are numerous because they are located at the junction of the Eurasian plate and the Pacific plate. Japan's economy is a developed processing trade economy, with raw materials and fuels imported from abroad and products exported. Industry is mainly distributed in the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea coast. Its ethnic composition is single, Yamato nationality is dominant, and it has a culture that is compatible with the East and the West. The capital is Tokyo.

(2) Southeast Asia. In the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, it is at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The Malacca Strait in this region is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The hot and rainy tropical climate in Southeast Asia makes rice the main food crop here. The mountains and rivers in Indochina Peninsula extend alternately from north to south and are distributed in columns. Big cities are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta. At the same time, Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area for overseas Chinese. This area is rich in tourism resources, such as the Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Vietnam.

Halong Bay, Borobudur, Indonesia, Garden City Singapore.

(3) India. India is the second most populous country in the world and the largest country in South Asia. Affected by the tropical monsoon climate, floods and droughts are frequent. In the 1960s, the "Green Revolution" was implemented, and the production technology was improved, so that food was more than self-sufficient. The main food crops are rice and wheat. India's nuclear technology, software industry and satellite launching technology are among the best in the world. The capital, New Delhi. The famous Indian building Taj Mahal.

(4) Russia. The largest country in the world spans Asia and Europe, with flat terrain in most areas, mainly temperate continental climate, short and warm summer and long and cold winter. Rich in natural resources, developed in heavy industry and weak in light industry. The transportation departments are complete, with pipelines and railways as the main freight transportation and railways and highways as the main passenger transportation. The capital Moscow is the largest city, and St. Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port.

(5) Middle East. In southwest Asia and northeast Africa, it is an important place to connect Asia, Africa and Europe and communicate with the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world, mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, and the oil produced is exported to Western Europe, the United States, Japan and other places; The tropical desert climate here leads to the shortage of water resources here and becomes the fuse of war; The main race in the Middle East is white. Most residents believe in Islam, and a few residents believe in Christianity, Judaism and other religions. Islam, Judaism and Christianity all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

(6) Western Europe. Refers to the western half of Europe, mostly developed countries. A regional international organization in this region is called the European Union. At present, there are 27 member countries, and the unified currency is the euro. Western Europe's industry is dominated by manufacturing, and the proportion of people engaged in manufacturing is very high; Influenced by the geographical location of the west coast of the mid-latitude mainland, the terrain dominated by plains and the temperate maritime climate with mild and rainy weather all the year round, animal husbandry is developed here, and people call the pasture "green gold". Tourism resources in this area are very rich, such as the Parthenon in Athens, the bullfighting in Spain, the windmill in the Netherlands, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, the tower bridge in London, England, and the fjord scenery in Norway.

(7) Sub-Saharan Africa. Located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer, it is dominated by tropical climate and distributed symmetrically in the north and south. Mainly black, it is called "the hometown of black people". Affected by long-term colonial rule, the economy of this area is dominated by a single commodity. The natural population growth rate in this area ranks first in the world. Coupled with the influence of natural conditions, food shortage has become a common problem for all countries in this region.

(8) Australia in the southern hemisphere, three countries known as "World Museum of Living Fossils", "Country on Sheep's Back" and "Country on Harvester". The two animals on the national emblem are kangaroos and emus. Canberra, the capital, is the largest industrial center and port city, and Melbourne is the second largest city.

(9) the United States. In the countries of the western hemisphere, Indians are their aborigines, and at present they are mainly white. American agriculture has realized regional specialization; Located in the southeast of San Francisco, Silicon Valley is the earliest and largest high-tech industrial center in the United States. The developed economy of the United States is based on the massive consumption of global resources and the destruction of the earth's environment, and it is the largest resource consumer and waste discharger in the world. Washington, the capital, and new york, the largest city.

(10) Brazil. It is the largest and most populous country in the western hemisphere of Latin America. Indians are their indigenous people, and at present they are mainly white, which is a melting pot of a nation. There are the world's largest rivers, the Amazon River, the Amazon Plain, the world's largest hydropower station and the largest Itaipu hydropower station, as well as the world's largest tropical rain forest area. Is a developing country of industry and agriculture, with the reputation of "coffee kingdom". Brasilia, the capital, and Sao Paulo, the largest city.

(1 1) polar regions. Antarctica is the coldest region on the earth, with the titles of "snowy plateau", "windy shore" and "white desert". The Antarctic is represented by penguins, and the Arctic is represented by polar bears. China established the Great Wall Station in Antarctica in February 1985, and Zhongshan Station in Antarctica in February 1989.