Rice wine has a long history or red wine has a long history.

In China, an ancient legend says that Du Kang made this wine by word of mouth. Although its authenticity can't be judged, the origin of China wine is fundamentally the product of farming civilization.

China is one of the earliest agricultural civilization countries in the world, which is confirmed by the archaeological discoveries of Hemudu culture in Hongshan Culture of the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin. As early as 7,000 years ago, Hemudu culture and the ancient tribes on the edge of Paleolithic and Neolithic in Hongshan Culture period five or six thousand years ago had already learned to farm, which can be proved by the large amount of carbonized remains of grain and wheat stored in the house sites of ancient human cultural settlements.

With abundant grain, in the process of storing a large amount of grain, especially for primitive tribes in the Yangtze River basin, a large amount of grain and sufficient water vapor may cause unexpected fermentation of grain.

Fermented grains may produce wine, and the excitement and hallucinogenic effect of alcohol may play a decisive role in primitive religion, so it was deified, sanctified, aristocratic and professional. Finally, a special set of fermentation and brewing technology was summarized in the continuous production time, and a representative oriental rice wine culture was born.

Therefore, it is very likely that the actual birth history of wine is much earlier than our existing written records and archaeological discoveries, and also much earlier than the deification of Du Kang's wine making.

Corresponding to the oriental five-grain wine culture, it is the western fruit wine culture represented by the civilizations of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Babylon and ancient Persia with the Mediterranean as the center.

Although there are still many disputes about the origin and time of wine, it is an indisputable fact that the earliest recorded wine in the world is undoubtedly the history of the Pharaoh era recorded in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and ancient Greece described in the two historical epics of Odyssey and Heriat.

Due to the production of fruits and the unique geographical and climatic factors, the pan-Mediterranean civilization is dominated by meat rather than grains, and fruits seem to be more easily fermented and gradually recognized to form wine.

So in Europe, it is very late to make wine with grain, but making wine with fruit can be traced back to ancient civilization.

It seems that when God created grapes, he had an indissoluble bond with wine. Long before the appearance of wine, wine was widely used as a drink in Mediterranean civilizations because of its juicy, delicious and thin skin. It seems logical that grape juice with high sugar content and easy storage will ferment in the warm season in the Mediterranean.

Although archaeological findings can't prove exactly when wine was produced, there is evidence that wine probably existed in many ancient countries in the Mediterranean civilization area seven thousand years ago.

Mature wine culture is also expanding to other fruits, such as cider, pear wine, orange juice wine and so on.

In a sense, the wine culture in the whole Mediterranean ancient civilization area is fruit wine culture (including ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Babylon, ancient Persia, ancient Israel, ancient Rome, etc.).

There are many ways to classify wine, which can be divided into four categories: still wine, sparkling wine, distilled wine and flavored wine.

The original wine can be divided into red wine and white wine by color. At the same time, grape varieties and producing areas will also have a great impact on the taste of wine, so grape varieties and producing areas have become important classification marks of original wine.

The most famous sparkling wine is champagne named after Champagne Province. Champagne has a strict definition of origin and grape variety, and anything that does not meet this definition cannot be called champagne.

Distilled liquor, also known as brandy.

The distillation process of brandy originated from scotch whisky. After hundreds of years of development, brandy has developed a unique brewing, distillation and cellar storage technology, forming a unique culture.

The most famous brandies are Konnek produced in Konnek province and Armagnac produced in Yayi province.

Grape, the raw material of wine, originated in Transcaucasia between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. With the migration, expansion and colonial occupation of individuals in Mediterranean civilized areas, wine culture has taken root in every corner of the world. You can find a good environment suitable for brewing grapes in the vast area of 40 degrees north and south latitude. At present, grapes have been widely introduced to all parts of the world.

The alcohol content of wine is completely influenced by soil, climate, wine-making techniques and other factors, but the flavor of wine depends entirely on the variety of wine-making grapes.

Most of the best and most famous wines in the world are produced in France, and the brewing history of French wines can be traced back to the Roman Empire.

Due to the mild climate in France, high-quality grapes can be produced all over the country except in parts of northern Normandy.

1996, there were more than 818,000 hectares of vineyards and 13 wine producing areas in China, and the wine output exceeded 4.6 billion liters.

France can be said to be one of the countries rich in wine.

Zhang Qian introduced wine to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, which opened the ancient Silk Road. Only then did the grapes reach China and the wine spread to China.

However, because distillation technology did not appear at that time, the quality control and maintenance of wine was a big problem, so good wine has always been a very precious palace luxury.

Modern Chinese wine originated from the Opium War. During the century-long semi-colonial rule of China, the European powers also brought the mature wine culture to China, and now the Yantai generation has started to grow grapes on a large scale.

At present, the two winemaking areas with the largest planting area and the best quality in China are Yantai, Shandong Province and Sangyang Valley, Hebei Province.

Not all varieties of grapes are suitable for wine making. Grapes that are usually suitable for wine-making need high sugar content and good taste.

Although Xinjiang's grape production ranks first in the country, accounting for about 38% of the national grape production, Xinjiang's grapes have nothing to do with brewing high-quality wine.

The following are some common grape varieties:

Variety usually used to brew red wine.

(Source: red wine appreciation handbook, white wine appreciation handbook)

Cabo Sauvignon

Cabernet Sauvignon is a kind of red grape mainly used for brewing wine. Together with Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon is the most widely planted grape variety in the world. It is also known as Cabernet Sauvignon, which originated in Bordeaux, France.

Despite its long ripening time and low yield, Cabernet Sauvignon, as the main type of Bordeaux wine, is widely cultivated all over the world. It is the most popular black wine grape in the world and the oldest grape variety. As early as ancient Rome (AD 23-79), there were records of cultivating Cabernet Sauvignon.

Black dot

Black Pi Nuo is the queen of grapes in precious red wine.

It is characterized by elegance and richness, fruit and complexity.

Black Pi Nuo can produce the most exciting red wine in the world, especially in the limestone soil of Cordoba province in Burgundy.

However, Meiyu has leisure time. Black Pi Nuo is recognized as a grape variety that is difficult to grow. Although its fruit ripens earlier, it is fragile, thin-skinned and perishable.

Black Pi Nuo thrives in a mild climate. Proper heat can make fruits ripen quickly and control excessive natural acidity. Proper cooling can also prevent excessive sunlight from causing excessive alcohol content and losing the excellent fragrance of grass buds/cherries.

These factors explain, to some extent, why Burgundy, where the climate is changeable, the wine with bad vintage is tasteless, and the wine with good vintage is unparalleled.

It is also for this reason that Pinot Noir is planted in high temperature areas outside the northern part of Burgundy, and the wine is sweet and uneven if it is sauce.

However, the difference between this fine Burgundy red wine and other black Pi Nuo may be exaggerated.

In Canos and Santa Barbara, California, Willamette Valley, Oregon, Walker Bay, South Africa and Yala, Australia, the temperature is low, and winemakers cultivate mature and elegant black Pi Nuo, which attracts people, especially Burgundy people.

Martin Burroughs in New Zealand and Pi Nuo grapes in Canterbury, with cool climate, may become the stars of tomorrow.

The necessary conditions for the best Pinot Noir are low yield and the imagination and talent of the winemaker.

Sheila (or Sheila)

Sheila is the prince in the classic grape of red wine.

It's more powerful than Beni Chauvian and more valuable for brewing. When it is fully mature, it is as smooth and rich as the top black Pi Nuo.

In North Rona, the country of origin, this generalization is absolutely correct. There are many famous red wines such as Elmy Tashi, Rorty Valley and Kornas, which are strong, persistent and long.

In the south of Rhone, especially in the Pope's new castle, Sheila was added to the classic mixed wine, which made Granesh richer in ingredients and higher in quality.

Sheila is a late-maturing variety with dark color and grows best in warm soil such as granite soil.

However, if it is planted too densely, its unique taste of mulberry fruit and black pepper will fade, which is a pity in Australia.

There Sheila's name evolved into Silas, and winemakers regarded it as a cash cow and planted it in large quantities.

However, Shiraz grapes with low yield and old plants can become the best red wine in Australia in famous producing areas such as Hermitage and Henschke in Barosa and Chateau Tahbilk in goulburn Valley in Victoria.

Sheila of Valais, Switzerland, is rich and Rona-style; But under the best owners of Paarl and Stellenbosch in Cape Province, it is very tender.

Merlot (Merlot)

Merlot is the most popular red grape variety in Bordeaux, and its planting area exceeds the sum of two Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.

Merlot is popular because it is precocious, smooth and prolific, and can be used to brew delicious and smooth wine in large quantities.

Merlot grows well in cooler places, producing the richest and highest quality wines in Pomeroy, including the famous Petrus Castle.

Merlot's disadvantage is that too much rain is perishable.

In languedoc-Roussilon Vineyard with high temperature, Merlot has become the most successful "improved grape" since it was introduced in 1980s, and its quality has been greatly improved.

On the west coast of the United States, because Merlot does not contain coarse tannins, the brewed wine has become a fashionable wine for beautiful women to drink.

Matanzas Creek and Stag's Leap in Sonoma are also good.

Grenner (Grenner)

Grannas is the second largest grape variety in the world.

Hagelian Nash or Garnacha is grown in Spain (its famous place of origin) and southern France. It increases the flavor and taste of Tempranillo, is a high-quality wine produced in rioja, and is also a powerful promoter of wines from Pope Newcastle and Yoshioka Tian.

In tropical areas, the red wine brewed by Granesh has a rich aroma of juicy black plums and a Providence vanilla flavor, and its natural alcohol content reaches 14 degrees.

If it is planted too densely, the taste of Granesh will become thick and rough; However, if the output is kept at a low level, take Rajas Rayas and Domaine St-Gayan in Rh? ne as examples, and their wines are exquisite and moving.

Among Australian producers, such as TimGramp in McLaren Valley and Catalan in Priorato, Leto (Prio Leto is located in the mountain behind Panades), winemakers are increasingly using Haig Lian Nash to create wonderful effects.

Entering France along the coast of Catland, Banjul's Granesh dim sum wine tastes extraordinary, which is the best match with the local Mokuli.

Muvdre

Murvè dre was the main grape variety before the grape aphid disaster. Now, although the status of grapes such as Granesh and Zinso is more important, Murvè dre with small skin and thick skin is still the core and characteristic variety of Bandor wine.

Bandor is the top wine in Providence, produced by many vineyards near the coast of Toulon.

Marvido wine has a strong flavor of black grapes and tannins, but it needs a warm environment close to the sea and summer to fully mature, so Bandor has become the natural home of Marvido.

Marvido performed well in the mixed wine of the new Pope Castle; Nowadays, in Midi and California, mur vedo[ locally known as Mata] has also become fashionable; Ridge Vineyard, a mountain vineyard in Santa Cruz, is an example of this variety, which is particularly rich in Murverdu black fruit flavor.

In Spain, Murvedo, known as Monastrell, is the main force of local brewing high-quality spirits.

Tan Planus Lo (Tan Planus Lo)

Tempranillo is a kind of grape with relatively early maturity and thick skin, which is a rare grape variety in Spain.

The brewed red wine is dark in color, good in composition and not too high in alcohol content.

Because of these characteristics, it has become an ideal seed selection target for high-altitude vineyards in Alta and Alavesa, rioja, accounting for 70% of the local planting area, and it is also the best fruit in the local area.

It blends very well with Rioja Baja in rioja and Glennash in Navarra, and it is also the main variety of Ribeiradel Duero red wine which is becoming more and more popular in Upper Castilla.

In Portugal, Tempranillo's name was changed to red Lorenz TintoRorez, which is one of the main grape varieties of Duero Porter.

Nie Bihoro (Nebiolo)

Niebihono is undoubtedly one of the best grape varieties, producing super long-lasting red wine.

However, it is very particular about its geographical location and soil quality, so it is not planted in other areas except the northeast of Italy and Piedimonte.

The word "Niebiro" comes from the Italian word "nebbia", which refers to the fog that hangs over the slopes of barolo and Baba Leiskow in autumn, which prolongs the growing period of grapes.

Niebio rotten is usually picked after the middle of 5438+ 10. At the beginning, the wine is sour and strong, and it needs to be aged in a bottle for several years before drinking.

It is worthwhile to spend time, because the excellent barolo and Barbales can wonderfully combine the rose fragrance with the strong tar wine.

Nowadays, people prefer the friendly Piedimonte Nie Bihoreau wine, which is stored in old barrels for a short time to avoid losing the quality of the wine.

Nie Bihoreau is also planted in Brescia as one of the ingredients for brewing Franciacorta and Val d'Aosta.

In California, some owners have also tried to plant Niebihoro, but they have not achieved remarkable results.

Sangiovese (Sangiovese)

Sangiovese is a grape variety widely planted in central Italy, and the quality of wine brewed with it may vary greatly.

Sangiovese, like Black Pi Nuo, is easy to ripen and has many plant varieties, which can be roughly divided into Sangiovese and Piccolo.

The best Sanjiao Xie Wei wines are produced in Grosso, Tuscany, and are brewed in pure rather than mixed form, such as the slow-brewed famous red wine Thomas di Montalcino and the low-key but friendly wine Morellino di Scansano.

Sangio Xie Wei is the main wine of Chianti wine, which plays an important role in grape blending together with more friendly new wines.

Sancho Xie Wei is a late-maturing variety, and likes the calcareous soil of classic Chianti wine between Florence and Siena.

It is rich in sour and tannic acid, and has a clear and elegant ruby color. It needs to be stored in a bottle for several years to truly reflect the smell of iris and the taste of cherry and plum.

The sense of balance and long-term persistence in the mouth make it a real high-quality red wine.

The best Sangio Xie Wei, like the high-quality Black Pi Nuo, won people's favor with elegance rather than strength.

In Argentina, Italian descendants also successfully planted Sangiovese, and Italians blended promising Sangiovese wine with NAPA and Cabernet Sauvignon on the central coast of California.

Variety usually used to brew white wine.

Chardonnay (Chardonnay)

Chardonnay is the most famous grape variety in the world. No matter where it grows and what its value is, as long as the word "Chardonnay" is on the label, this wine will sell well.

Chardonnay grapes are highly adaptable. Whether in vineyards or wineries, it is easy to grow and process, and its sales are also very good-this is a perfect combination.

Chardonnay grapes do not require high climate.

In the cold, dark and humid climate in the northernmost part of France, it can also grow in barren and slightly acidic soil where other crops are difficult to survive, and finally champagne and Chablis are brewed.

Chardonnay grapes are sour and light when they are immature, but the aroma increases surprisingly after they are ripe in Tibet.

It also grows well in well-irrigated vineyards in the hottest areas of Australia, producing something full of tropical fruit fragrance and butter-like, and the alcohol content often reaches 15 degrees.

Riesling grape

Riesling grape is the best white grape in the world.

No white grape is as diverse as Riesling grape: it has a series of varieties, from unsweetened to sweet, light and fragrant, fruity to oily and waxy, depending on the origin and brewing.

It can be stored in an amazing way.

Of all the white grapes, only Riesling grapes can be stored for decades.

Riesling grapes are very picky about where they are planted.

It is best to be in a sunny place, but paradoxically, Riesling grapes grow better in cold places than in warm places.

It is best to get enough sunshine for a long time.

In the long and dry autumn, if there is enough sunshine time, the best quality white wine will be brewed.

If the climate is suitable and there is a rare wilting phenomenon, wine with the best style of late-maturing berries and the best style of non-sweet berries can be obtained.

Riesling grapes can grow in warm places, but they ripen too quickly, which will reduce the aroma.

In contrast to Chardonnay, Riesling is very attractive in its simple form.

Chardonnay grape is a sister, not unattractive, but too shallow. People only pay attention to her because of her lively makeup and attractive clothes with oak fragrance.

On the contrary, Riesling grapes are like a mature countess. It takes time to appreciate her, but it's worth spending.

Semillon grape (Semillon)

Like Chardonnay grapes, Semillon grapes can also produce a series of wines with different qualities from "very ordinary" to "excellent".

With the same fragrance, it can brew wine with low acidity and high alcohol content, which is very suitable for fermentation and barrel storage.

Its dry wine is characterized by its unique waxy aroma and lemon flavor.

Few grapes have such ups and downs in quality.

Most Semillon grapes in the world are tasteless, but there are also a few areas that can have wonderful results.

Hunter Valley in New South Wales is one of them, and Bordeaux is another. In Bordeaux, both sweet wine and white wine without sweetness are usually mixed with Sauvignon Blanc wine, which is mainly due to the special aroma and remarkable acidity of the latter.

One of the reasons why Semillon grapes must be included in the list of precious grapes is that when the weather permits, it has an obvious tendency to wither.

Some people think that Fort Eugene, in the Chautani community in the southeast of Bordeaux, produces the best liqueur in the world.

Bai shining

Shunian brown (also known as white brown) grape is a kind of grape that can evolve into many different styles.

In South Africa, it is like a hardworking person, constantly brewing neutral, slightly sweet, sugar-free daily cheap wine.

In Valli, Loiret, this time-honored variety produces some of the most enduring sweet wines, such as Quartsde Chaume and Bonnezeaux. In the good harvest years, it can also produce the famous wine Coteaux du Layon and some intoxicating white wines, such as Savennieres.

High-yield Shunian grapes smell almost tasteless, but high-quality Shunian grapes are full of fragrance, and when they are tender, they are full of flowers. With storage and brewing, it gradually produces lanolin and waxy flavor, which makes it sometimes confused with Riesling wine.

Cabernet Sauvignon (Cabernet Sauvignon)

PouillyFume grape and Sancerre grape are like twin brothers, located on both sides of the Loire River in northern France. Before 10 or 12, there was a prototype of Xiaovian wine, which was light in color and contained pungent grass flavor, and was often called "cat".

But that was before the grape revolution in Sauvignon Blanc, New Zealand.

New Zealand winemakers have created a variety of white Shovell grapes with unique styles and adapted to the local cold climate, so that New Zealand Shovell grapes are now regarded as the standard of Shovell grapes.

Whether the white Shovell grape is related to the rare Shovell grape remains to be verified, but their geographical origins are definitely similar. The "hometown" of Shovell grapes is in Bordeaux and also in the vineyards in the center of the Loire River.

Chauvian grapes are widely planted all over the world, mainly because of its aromatic smell.

Words describing it include gooseberry, aging, grass, asparagus and green bell pepper, rather than the extra oak smell.

However, some winemakers do use wooden barrels, such as Yunwan in New Zealand, some use wooden barrels to get there, and some are bold, so that the wine will have a strong oak flavor when it is light and smooth.

Gewurztraminer (Gewurztraminer)

If you close your eyes, one of the grapes that novices who have just been trained most want to appear is Gouztlemina grape.

The wine it makes has a strong floral, spicy and some litchi aromas, which is completely different from other wines, so it is always safe to guess.

This was originally a natural variety of Traminier grape in Termeno, Tyrol, Italy, and was born and raised in Tramin village. Now, the best of this variety comes from Alsace, the northernmost part of France.

If you can afford the Grand Cru, you might as well find the most fragrant version. This version is usually low in acidity, which makes them taste not sweet at all, but the amazing alcohol content is masked by the rich aroma.