Information about all aspects of isolation

The story "Shortcut to the South" takes advantage of all kinds of duplicity of ancient literati's "being an official" and "retiring", and reflects the contradictory psychology of ancient literati's ideological and moral pursuit. The "recluse" culture is enough to reflect the disadvantages of China's feudal cultural history for thousands of years.

If Confucianism provides a set of skills for individuals to actively join the WTO and manage the world, and being born is only a way to get rid of it after being blocked from joining the WTO, then Taoism provides a set of ways for individuals to get rid of it, that is, to make people feel at ease. In this way, there are two ways to realize the value of reading life, which seem completely different, but in fact complement each other. Entering WTO, self-cultivation and governing the country have priority legitimacy; It is also reasonable to think that "Tao is the way to govern the monarch, and it is impossible to stop" and "the country has no Tao". In this way, China culture provides a unified basis for the original opposing concepts and constructs a set of cunning and selfish survival philosophy and value ethics for individuals.

Although Confucius said, "If there is a way in the world, you will see it, but if there is no way, it will be hidden", Boyi Shu Qi refused to eat Zhou Su, and Lao Zi Li Erqing Niu went through the customs, giving people the feeling of being noble and ambitious. However, "learning to be an excellent official" is, after all, the right path that scholars dream of. In the bones of China literati, what they yearn for more is being an official. On the surface, "being an official" and "seclusion" are the two major outlets for ancient literati in China, while seclusion is "independent", according to the commanding heights of morality; Officials are "helping the world at the same time", showing their great talents and great strategies to help the world. In fact, concealment is empty, which is the art of seeking an official and the helplessness of not being an official; Honesty is the road to the goal, and it is the life pursuit of helping the world, displaying talents and gaining fame and fortune.

Like the famous hermit Mr. Tao Yuanming, he became a monk six times and lived in seclusion several times. Once he claimed to be an honest official, and once he quit his job because of alcohol. In his poems, he repeatedly defended his official position and retirement, and he wanted to return his fame and fortune. In fact, the old gentleman is still advocating "learning to be an excellent official" or clinging to the ambition of "escaping from the world and loving Philip Burkart". However, in official career, there is no choice but to be hypocritical, bitter and boring in officialdom. I can't drink wine casually, but my waist is often "folded", which is really contrary to my arrogant and extravagant nature, so that although I am in the imperial court, my heart is wild. Finally, in the difficult choice between fish and bear's paw, I finally chose to retire and completely forgot the scenery.

If Tao Yuanming's seclusion is still true, then more hermits are playing the trick of seeking "official position" by "seclusion" and want to give up first and sell it at a price. For them, "concealment" has become a means, bait and capital to raise their social status; And "being an official" is the purpose, and it is the fruit that I dream of day and night. However, there are also many ignorant people in history who hide for official positions, put on airs and pretend to be lofty in front of others; Regardless of personality, people flatter officials and seek titles-for example, Chen Meigong of the Ming Dynasty, "flying like a crane to the Prime Minister's Office". In fact, some people have already seen through it, mocking it as "the shortcut to fame is in the clouds". Lu Fangweng even said in his poem: "People with lofty ideals don't hate mountains deeply, but people know that they have lost; Needless to say, Yan Guang's generation, from the lair until now. It seems that all hermits have been questioned, which may be one of the reasons why seclusion died out and was abandoned?

Looking back on the "recluse" tradition of China culture seems to be a unique phenomenon in feudal society. Today, with the variation of political, economic and cultural environment, the traditional concept of seclusion is completely out of date. In today's China, the competitive consciousness of western culture has penetrated into all intellectual classes, and it is difficult for those who pretend to be lofty but don't show their abilities to have a chance. Nowadays, people attach importance to competition and the laws of the market. Only competition can survive, and only competition can reflect personal value. And competition must show its ability and charm like a beautiful flower.

References:

Echo Wall: How the Hermit Tradition of China Culture Died?

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The so-called big hidden in the city, small hidden in the forest. In ancient times, there was no current hukou, complicated social relations and laws and regulations, so when a person was tired of society and life, he lived in seclusion in the mountains. This is a common phenomenon in ancient times.

There are many reasons for seclusion in ancient times, but what we see and hear most is the seclusion from officialdom and the seclusion of celebrities.

In ancient times, hermits in officialdom can be divided into two categories: those who returned to the fields and those who were tired of the darkness of officialdom.

Tao Yuanming is a representative who is tired of the darkness of officialdom, but there is a strange phenomenon. After he lived in seclusion in the mountains, more and more people came to visit him and he became more and more famous.

In history, countless people have retired from the mountains and disappeared. Why is Tao Yuanming famous in history and admired by everyone? I feel that this is mainly inseparable from his grades. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry is definitely a wonderful flower in the history of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. They are unique, fresh and refined, like running water, fragrant, refreshing and deep into the bone marrow. However, Tao Yuanming's outstanding achievements and talents were not recognized by the general public at that time, but were accepted and respected by people after his death, and have been passed down to this day. Therefore, wine is not afraid of the depth of the alley, and gold will always shine. This is not a show, this is a personality, this is the choice of the soul.

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A representative figure of seclusion

Liu Bowen

In A.D. 1368, Ming Taizu ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, and formally established the Ming Dynasty, renamed as "Hongwu". As one of the founding fathers, Liu Ji made great contributions to Zhu's final pacification of the world and the establishment of the dynasty, and was appointed as an imperial envoy. In recognition of Liu Bowen's special contribution and great achievements, Ming Taizu also issued a letter to exempt Liu Bowen's hometown of qingtian county from taxes. This is the only county in Chuzhou that does not increase taxes. Soon after, Liu Bowen's grandfather and father were made Duke of Yongxi.

In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Liu Bowen was appointed as a bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion, and was awarded the positions of "founding the country, keeping the culture, being a minister, being a good doctor and protecting the army", and was awarded the title of Zhicheng Bo with a salary of 24 1 stone. At this time, Liu Bowen's own career and the development of the Liu family in Qingtian were in full swing, reaching the most brilliant heyday.

As a generation of strategist and wise man, Liu Bowen knew that he hated evil at ordinary times and offended many colleagues and dignitaries. At the same time, he knows the truth that "a companion is like a tiger". Therefore, after his success, he resolutely chose to retire from the torrent. Hongwu four years (137 1), voluntarily resigned from all posts, retired to his hometown, and returned to Qingtian for seclusion.

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Tao Yuanming of Jin Dynasty (365-427), alias Mr. Wu Liu, was renamed Qian in his later years. After his death, relatives and friends celebrated Jingjie privately. Chaisang people in Xunyang (now Jiujiang City) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Tao Yuanming was born in a ruined official family. Great-grandfather Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made outstanding military achievements. He was an official of Fu, the commander-in-chief of the military affairs of the eight countries, and Jing and Jiang were the secretariat of Changsha. Grandfather Tao Mao and father Tao Yi are both governors.

When I was a child, my family declined, my father died at the age of eight, my mother died of illness at the age of twelve, and my mother and sister lived alone. Most orphans and widows live in their grandfather Meng Jia's house. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. "("Biography of Meng Fujun, General of the Western Expedition in the Jin Dynasty ") In the late Yuan and Ming Dynasties," deliberately lived in the world, and many people imitated their ancestors. "In the future, his personality and accomplishment are largely the legacy of his grandfather. Grandfather's family has a lot of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Lao Zi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "loving the mountains".

Tao Yuanming rarely has the ambition to "escape from the four seas" ("Miscellaneous Poems"). He was filial to Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "great help for life", he served as a wine sacrifice in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict. He came from a civilian family and was looked down upon. He felt that he couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days. (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin) After he resigned from his post and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he also declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people. In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his name to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Looking around, who knows, Fei Jing is usually closed during the day. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under the protection of Emperor Wu of Song. Tao Yuanming was put into the shogunate after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang. When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and took Huan Xuan hostage to Andi to Jiangling, and returned to Emperor Wu of Song, realizing his desire to fight for the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am famous for my car, and I want to be famous, too. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Mr. Murong" Chapter 4) After Emperor Wu of Song entered health, his style was quite extraordinary. The politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has long been corrupted by the "abolition of all schools". After Emperor Wu of Song "set an example", he was banned by force (banned in advance). "Officials at home and abroad are all in awe and change customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. But soon after the curtain rises, Emperor Wu of Song killed Diao Kui and the innocent Wang Yu and his son in order to cut off the dissidents. And with an affair, Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, was appointed as an important official such as Shangshulu and Yangzhou Secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. In the poem "A Qubo, the Song of the First Town Army Joining the Army", I wrote: "My eyes are tired of mountains and rivers, and my heart is full of mountains and rivers." "Words and deeds will eventually return to the class and live in Lu." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. After taking office for 8 1 day, I met a post sent by Xunyang County, and the official said, "Welcome him as a leash." He sighed: "I can't bend back to the village for fifty dou meters." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years were thirteen years in which he tried, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not do as the Romans do.

Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "self-cultivation and self-financing". His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, the back eaves of Liu Yin and the front of peaches and plums." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" ("Self-Miscellaneous Poems") has always been the population of moxibustion. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first. He said to the guest, "I'm drunk, so I can go." For four years, Yixi lived in underground Beijing (now at the foot of Xiyujing Mountain in Xing Zi County) and moved to Lili (now Tao Lili Village, a hot spring in Xing Zi), making life even more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." Fiber (enter) can be learned honestly, but it is not a mystery? And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking ") declined the old farmer's advice in a tone of" harmony but difference ". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer, and some friends offered to give him money to help him. Sometimes, he can't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child (you) was born in the civilized world, why should he suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the middle of September in the fourth year of Yuan Jia (427), when he was still conscious, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What if I die?" This shows that he views death so naturally.

Tao Yuanming's works are sincere, simple and natural, sometimes revealing escapism. The thought of Lotte know life made Lao Zi and Zhuangzi known as "pastoral poets".

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isolate oneself from society

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Hermit poetry

Willow trees are soft, the sand is thin, and there are some red apricots, which make a wall. The courtyard is deep, the swing is fine, and it rains in the eastern suburbs of Chuqing.

Watching children and grandchildren plow the fields under the moon. Huang Chen's accident, in the eyes of castle peak, comes and goes.

-Teng Bin [Zhong Lu? Pu Tianle's Four Seasons Speech (1)

[He Xinlang] A slave plowed a maid and knitted a complete career. With the feelings of the villagers, the game is stronger than the constitution. Take advantage of water flow

Float gulls and wild ducks, the bridge is shaded by cockroaches. Reed flowers are covered with thousands of hectares of snow, and mangrove clouds cover them. Cattle and sheep in the sunset of the Yangtze River. Prime Minister of shinya yamanaka,

Savages outside the forest. [each tail] reciting poems and endorsing godsons has no leisure, and is willing to make a white statement. Talk to Mr. Pullman for a while.

Just say it. Laugh at us in our leisure time and sleep with us when we are drunk. Today, there is nothing but happiness.

-Boluo Shi Yu [Lu Nan? A Flower] Resignation Suite (Excerpt)

Teng Bin's Poems of the Four Seasons (1) uses ordinary scenery such as green willows, green grass, red flowers and tourists to write a humanistic rural life and set off the inner desire for seclusion. In these works, the author describes rural life so beautifully and so desirable. Boluo Shi Yu's book Resignation is about his imaginary rural life, where he can be a slave and a servant without worrying about food and clothing. He enjoyed the beautiful scenery, recited poems, taught his children and grandchildren, and talked with the villagers in the living environment where small bridges were flowing, reeds were like snow, red flowers reflected clouds, and cattle and sheep entered the circle. It reveals the author's aversion to officialdom and envy of the countryside. The latter such as:

Old wine is thrown away, new wine is poured, and old pottery pots laugh. * * * Monks are idle, singing. He gave a pair of chickens and I gave one.

A goose. Idle and happy.

-Guan Hanqing [Lu Nan? Four pieces of jade] "Yi Yi"

The guests are drunk, and the host is drunk, singing, dancing and laughing. Who cares about thirty, fifty, eighty, you

Kneel down, too. He also knelt down. Kneel down, too. There's nothing to worry about, and when the red wheel went west, the plate it hit was broken and the bowl was broken.

It's broken

-Anonymous [Main Palace? Sai Qiu Hong] "Village Man Drink"

Cattle are herded in leisure time, even weeds in the sky and in the water. In the end, I will make a show of my country and forget my worries. Green bamboo hat west wind

Ferry, green hemp fiber dusk rain Cangzhou. After dusk, the flute is in hand, playing Chu Qiu Tian.

-Zhao Xianhong [Zhong Lu? Man Fang Ting: Grazing.

Guan Hanqing's Yi Yi and Wu Ming's Village Drink both describe the author's imagined comfortable and affectionate rural life by drinking as much as possible. This kind of life, there is no hypocrisy of officialdom, no gentleness of literati, no secular etiquette. Everything is stripped of its disguise, and some are just free and frank, revealing the author's yearning and envy for this kind of life, thus vaguely conveying their reclusive outlook on life. Zhao Xianhong's "Pastoral" shows the shepherd's natural and unrestrained attitude towards life by writing about his "carefree life". Among them, the phrase "the green bamboo hat crosses the west wind, and the green bamboo hat rains in Cangzhou at dusk" ostensibly describes the shepherd's freedom and happiness, but in fact it shapes the image of a hermit. The word "Cangzhou" was often used to refer to the residence of hermits in ancient times. Du Fu wrote a poem, "The official feeling is farther away from Cangzhou, and the boss is sad and has not brushed his clothes" (Qujiang Dujiu). His works implicitly express the meaning of seclusion with its sentence meaning.

Abandon an official, resign from the DPRK, and return home.

The third way to express reclusive Sanqu is to describe the sinister officialdom, bluntly say that the official career is bumpy and express the sigh of seclusion. Because there is no experience of officialdom life, the works of Sanqu writers who are "gifted scholars in book clubs" describe the officialdom situation in their works and are the products of their subjective imagination. They just use the imaginary officialdom to express their attitude towards life and the pleasure of seclusion. For example, George's Lu Nan? Jade branch 】 "Lost":

Youth is empty, and there are more and more autumn creams on the sideburns. Planning and writing is a piece of cake. Yellow dust and black sea are boundless.

Bo, there are millions of goods in the green robe. It is difficult for the world to get rid of this golden lock and jade lock. Ask little brother, do you save it? clap one's hands and laugh aloud

oh Put on a sleeve shirt and adjust the puppet, and push a set of items into the sink. I am very busy now, and leisure is me.

George was down and out all his life and had no chance to be an official. The work vividly describes the official as a "golden lock and jade lock", and the official is like a puppet manipulated by people and a driven animal. These understandings are completely emotional, and the infighting and treading on thin ice in officialdom are obviously not as profound as those written by bureaucrats and scholars. It is through the description of officialdom sensibility that the author denies the pursuit of fame and expresses his ambition of Lin Quan.

An autumn night in the mountains? Wang Wei

The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.

The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.

About seclusion (1) _ Poetry _ Reading Channel _ Tea Reading

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Zheng Banqiao retired in his later years and returned to his hometown.

Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty

Wang Wei

Seven sages of bamboo forest refer to seven celebrities in Jin Dynasty: Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu and Wang Rong. Never be an official.