What is the present past tense of verbs? Past participle? And present participles?

An act or event that indicates the past.

I met him yesterday. I met him yesterday.

Verbs that express the general past tense are usually expressed in the form of the past tense of verbs, and the past tense of verbs is changed on the basis of the prototype of verbs. The past tense of verbs can be divided into regular verbs and irregular verbs. The past tense changes of regular verbs are as follows:

In general, add -ed at the end of the verb, such as:

Work, play, be wanted, perform.

Verbs ending in the silent -e and verbs ending in -d, for example:

Life moved, decided to refuse, hoped that judgment would be improved and erased.

For verbs ending in consonant +y, change -y to -i and then add -ed, for example:

Studied, tried, copied, justified, shouted, carried, embodied and emptied.

A stressed closed syllable verb ending in a consonant, a double suffix consonant, and -ed, such as:

Stop begging, fidgeting, procrastinating, giving up, planning, dribs and drabs.

Note: The past tense changes of irregular verbs are irregular, so more memory is needed.

go-go make-make-get-buy-buy-come-come fly-fly is/am-was are-see-saw-bring-brough

past participle

There was only one form of participle in the past. In general, -ed is added to the end of verbs. Irregular past participles of verbs must be recited one by one. Usually used as attribute, predicative, object complement and adverbial in sentences.

1. past participle as attribute

(1) The past participle is used as an attribute to express the passive voice; In time, it means that the action has occurred or been completed, and it has a logical verb-object relationship with the modified noun. When the past participle is used as an attribute, the modified noun is logically equivalent to the subject in the passive sentence, and the past participle is equivalent to the predicate. The past participle indicates that the action occurred before the predicate action and has been completed, which has passive significance. In the past, participles as attributes were generally changed from transitive verbs, because only transitive verbs had passive meanings.

(2) The past participle of intransitive verbs can also be used as an attribute, usually placed in front of the modified noun, which only indicates the active meaning and emphasizes the completion of the action, not the passive meaning.

The rising sun looks beautiful. The rising sun looks beautiful.

(3) When a single past participle is used as an attribute, it is usually placed in front of the noun it modifies.

Polluted water is harmful to people's health. Polluted water is harmful to people's health.

(4) As an attribute, you can put a past participle after the modified noun when you emphasize the action.

He decided to change the materials used. He decided to change the materials used.

(5) When a single past participle is used as an attribute to modify indefinite pronouns, it is placed after the modified pronoun.

Nothing has changed here since I left this school. Little has changed since I left this school.

(6) In the past, when a participle phrase is used as an attribute, it must be placed after the noun it modifies, and its function is equivalent to an attributive clause.

Most of the students invited to the garden party are from our school. Most of the students invited to the garden party come from our school. Most of the students invited to the garden party are from our school.

2. The past participle is placed behind the copula as a predicate, indicating the state of the subject. Its relationship with the subject is passive, but when the past participle of the intransitive verb is used as a predicative, it does not mean passive, but only indicates the completion of the action. When past participle is used as predicative, the subject mostly refers to people's nouns or pronouns, and usually a single past participle is used as predicative.

You seem interested in that book. You seem interested in that book.

3. Past participles can be adverbials of time, reason, condition, result, companion, way and concession. The past participle forms a verb-object relationship with the subject of the sentence, and the action indicated generally occurs before the predicate action of the sentence. Can be converted into the corresponding adverbial clause, the predicate is passive voice.

Seen from the top of the mountain, Chongqing with lights on at night looks very beautiful. Seen from the top of the mountain, Chongqing with lights on at night looks very beautiful. From the top of the mountain, Chongqing looks very beautiful when the lights are on at night.

4. Past participles can be used after conjunctions when, while, as once, when never, if, never, through, while, evenif, even through, as through, if, as, cause, etc. Do adverbial together.

When heated, water turns into steam. Water will turn into steam when heated.

5. When the past participle is used as the object complement, it means "passive" and "complete".

You must finish your article before you go home. You must finish your article before you go home.

The present participle (also called -ing and present continuous tense) is a kind of participle, which can be divided into present participle and past participle. They are all non-predicate verbs, that is, they can not act as predicates alone in a sentence, but can act as other components (attributes, predicates, complements, adverbials), which have the nature of verbs, so they are also a kind of verbs.

I. Form of composition

Doing (special abbreviation) The present participle indicates an active or ongoing action.

2. Tense and voice

Generally, do generally passively, do perfectly and do completely passively.

All negative forms begin with-ing, excluding the independent nominative form.

3. It can be used as ingredients

Attributive adverbial complement predicative

1. property

When a single participle is used as an attribute, it is placed before the noun it modifies.

When the participle phrase is used as an attribute, it is placed after it, and there is a logical subject-predicate relationship between the noun and the present participle. This is one of the ways to distinguish the present participle from the gerund as an attribute.

For example, a running boy.

The girl standing there

And can generally be converted into continuous attributive clauses.

A boy is running.

A girl standing there

Note 1: After the word segmentation is completed, it cannot be used as an attribute.

Note 2: Use the present participle as the attributive after the words such as message letter sign news notice, and don't use the past participle, which is the error-prone point in the exam.

Note 3: When some present participles are used as attributes, it no longer means that the action has changed from participles to adjectives. Eg. An interesting story and a wonderful game. These can also belong to the present participle as attributive, but they can't be converted into corresponding attributive clauses, but they can have three-level changes (the highest comparative degree) and can be modified by some adverbs such as very.

supplement

Senior high school only studies participles as object complements, not subject complements.

Only two verbs can be added to present participles as object complements.

Sensory verbs: look, listen, feel, pay attention, observe, keep looking and listen.

2) causative verb: have get catch leave set

It is worth noting that if you want to use the present participle as an object complement, you can only use it after these words, but it does not mean that all the object complement forms after these verbs should use the present participle (some infinitives without to can be added as object complements)

I saw him singing.

Don't let students study all day.

Note: there is a logical subject-predicate relationship between the object and the present participle as the object complement, that is, the object is the sender of the present participle action.

As for the present participle as the subject complement, you only need to know that the present participle in the passive voice form of the above verbs is the subject complement, and you don't need to delve into it.

Make a prediction

The present participle as the predicative only applies to the above-mentioned present participle as the attributive part. Note 3: There are three levels of changes that adverbs can modify.

This story is very interesting.

This game is exciting.

Note: the present participle of an action cannot be used as a predicate, such as the variant of the above example, where a boy is running. This is not a cardinal table, but a subject-predicate table (in which the auxiliary verb is and the present participle running are combined into a predicate). When I have time, I will supplement the grammatical content of sentence elements for you.

Make adverbial

Adverbial concessions due to time conditions should be located at the beginning of the sentence, separated from the back by commas, and can be converted into corresponding adverbial clauses.

Adverbials should be located at the end of the sentence and separated from the front by commas when accompanied by the result mode. Sometimes it's unnecessary.

When a participle is used as an adverbial, we should pay attention to the logical subject (that is, the sender of the participle action), which should generally be consistent with the subject in the sentence.

Personal experience adverbial clauses are omnipotent, but participles as adverbials have limitations. When the participle can't be expressed, it can be completed with clauses.

1) as an adverbial of time

I saw him when I was walking in the street. I saw him when I was walking in the street.

I saw him when I was walking in the street.

When I want to express the ongoing action, we can add when/while before the participle.

Then the above example can be rewritten as when/ I saw him when I was walking in the street.

Pay attention to the example given again.

I saw him when I was walking in the street. I translated it into "I saw him when I was walking in the street", but I couldn't translate it into "He saw me when he was walking in the street" (this is because the logical subject of participle as adverbial is generally consistent with the subject in the sentence).

But some students asked me what to do if I want to translate it into "I saw him when he was walking in the street".

You can also use adverbial clauses, because clauses are omnipotent.

I saw him when he was walking in the street.

Here's another way to tell you.

He was walking in the street, and I saw him.

This is an independent nominative form of participle, which we will introduce below, and we don't need to understand it here.

2) as a conditional adverbial

Work hard and you will succeed.

3) As an adverbial of reason

She stayed at home because of illness.

Note that being is often used as an adverbial of reason.

4) Make concession adverbial

Although he failed many times, he didn't lose heart.

5) As an adverbial of result

His friend died and left him a lot of money.

6) adverbial of manner

Please answer this question in another way.

7) As an adverbial partner

Can be converted into complex sentences.

He stood there singing.

Become an independent component

Generally speaking, judging from/by is determined by [only remember these two in high school]

6. Independent nominative case of present participle

This grammatical point is unfamiliar to everyone. Let me briefly introduce the content of "independent nominative case".

Independent nominative, also known as independent structure. It has no subject and predicate, only a logical subject. Therefore, it is not a sentence in syntax, but a unique structural form independent of sentence components.

Absolute structure can be placed at the beginning and end of a sentence, separated from the main sentence by commas.

Absolute construction can be divided into two parts, one is a noun or pronoun (nominative), which plays the role of logical subject; The other part consists of adjectives, adverbs, nouns, participles, infinitives and prepositional phrases. A that indicates the state, situation or action of the preceding noun or pronoun.

As an adverbial in a sentence, you should pay attention that it is not a sentence.

In fact, the "complex structure of with" we have learned is similar, except that it uses with more than the independent nominative.

High school only needs to know the logical nominative case of present participle and past participle.

My personal understanding of the independent nominative nature of word segmentation is that word segmentation is an adverbial, but it doesn't conform to the article we said. When a participle is used as an adverbial, its logical subject should generally be consistent with the subject in the sentence. It is not difficult to find that I always add the word "general" when describing this sentence, indicating the special time when the logical subject of the participle is inconsistent with the subject in the sentence, that is, it is time to use the independent nominative case.

Winter is coming, and the weather is getting colder and colder. ..

Pay attention to this sentence, we can easily find that it refers to "weather" in the sentence.

So I removed winter, which is a pure participle adverbial in form, so we also acquiesced that the upcoming action was made by it (weather), but we might as well translate it into "the weather is coming, and it is getting colder and colder." Obviously, the sentence is meaningless, which means that the logical subject of Lai is not it (weather), which means that Lai has its own logical subject, which means that the action of Lai is sent in winter.

Note that when the logical subject is human body parts, if the verb behind it is vt, we will use the past participle. If it is vi, we use the present participle. In fact, the past participle is used because the body part is its object.

If the action is made by the body part itself, use the present participle. If you can't understand, please write it down.

The boy was lying on the ground with his eyes closed and his hands shaking. The boy was lying on the ground with his eyes closed and his hands shaking.

The present participle consists of verb plus ing.

The present participle in non-predicate verbs mainly plays the role of adjectives and adverbs, and is used as attribute, predicate, complement or adverbial in sentences.

First of all, two basic characteristics of present participle.

1. Time indicates that the operation is in progress. For example: a developing country. A developing country, boiling water, rising sun, rising sun in Ran Ran. (try to compare: a developed country, boiled water, rising sun)

2. Active voice. For example: the ruling class and the exploiting class. (try to compare: the ruled class, the exploited class)

Second, master the basic functions of the present participle.

1. The present participle is used as an attribute to indicate an ongoing or active action. It can also explain the nature and characteristics of the modified words and can be replaced by corresponding attributive clauses. For example:

With the sudden burst of light, there was a terrible noise.

He saw a bird and raised his bow.

I am satisfied with the exciting speech.

2. When the present participle is used as an adverbial, it can be used as time, condition, result, reason and accompanying adverbial to indicate an ongoing or active action. At this time, the logical subject of the participle is the subject of the main sentence, so we should pay attention to the consistency of person, tense and voice. For example:

The visiting minister expressed satisfaction with the talks and added that he had a good time here.

European football is played in more than 80 countries and is the most popular sport in the world.

Seen from the top of the mountain, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.

3. The present participle is used as a complement to indicate an ongoing or active action. For example:

Soon they can see steam coming out of wet clothes.

The missing boy was last seen playing by the river.

4. The absolute structure of present participle is used as adverbial. For example:

His lips are still trembling and he can't say a word.

2 "Mom!" He burst into tears and tears rolled down his cheers. "Mom!" He suddenly cried and cried, tears streaming down his face. Tears rolling down your cheeks in the present participle absolute construction are needed as adverbials. )

We will go to the Great Wall. Weather permitting, we will go to the Great Wall. Here we need to use the present participle absolute construction Weather permitting as an adverbial. )

Jogging, jogging, skating, swimming, swimming, playing basketball, drawing (picture), singing, shopping, shopping and reading

Generally speakING, the present participle is the ing form of verbs.