Can't earthquakes be predicted?

At present, no country in the world can predict the exact time and place of an earthquake before it happens. So the general legend that there will be an earthquake is a rumor. During the Sichuan earthquake, it was spread every day, and almost all of them were rumors. Don't be too alarmed. The following are some methods to predict earthquakes by using other knowledge, which can be used for reference.

Earthquake prediction

Concept of earthquake precursor: under the action of geostress, rock mass will cause a series of abnormal changes in physical, chemical, biological and meteorological conditions in the source and nearby materials during the process of stress and strain accumulation and strengthening. We call these abnormal changes related to earthquake preparation and occurrence as earthquake precursors (also called earthquake anomalies). It includes microscopic earthquake anomalies and macroscopic earthquake anomalies.

I. Macroscopic anomalies of earthquakes

1, groundwater anomaly

Groundwater includes well water, spring water, etc. The main anomalies are turbidity, bubbling, flowering, temperature rise, discoloration, odor change, sudden rise, sudden drop, borehole deformation, sudden exhaustion or spewing of spring water, etc. People summed up the proverbs of well water changes before the earthquake:

Well water is a treasure, and earthquakes have precursors.

When it doesn't rain, the spring water is turbid, and when it dries, well water emerges.

The water level rises and falls, and flowers are bubbling.

Some change color, some change taste.

2. Biological abnormality

Some organs of many animals are particularly sensitive. They can know some disasters ahead of humans, such as jellyfish in the ocean can predict storms, mice can avoid mine disasters or harmful gases in advance, and so on. As for the organs of vision, hearing, touch, vibration and balance, which plays the main role and which plays the role of assisting judgment may be different for different animals. Physical and chemical changes (vibration, electricity, magnetism, meteorology, abnormal radon content in water, etc.). ) The accompanying earthquake can often stimulate some sensory organs of some animals and cause abnormal reactions. If the gravity of an area changes, some animals may be able to feel it through its balance organs; Some animals' hearing organs may be able to detect abnormal vibrations. Before the earthquake, the underground strata have been moving slowly day by day, showing a state of peristalsis, and there is strong friction between fault planes, so some people think that a low-frequency sound wave, which is only a few to ten times per second, is lower than human hearing. People need more than 20 sound waves per second to feel it, but animals don't. Very sensitive animals will be frightened when they feel this sound wave, resulting in abnormal phenomena such as winter snakes coming out of holes, fish jumping out of the water, pigs and cows jumping in circles, dogs barking and wolves growling. There are many kinds of animal anomalies, including large livestock, poultry, cave animals, hibernating animals, fish and so on.

Abnormal behavior of animals before earthquake.

Cows, horses, donkeys and mules panicked, didn't enter the stables, didn't eat, quarreled, fought in groups, broke their reins and ran away, pedaled and planed, and suddenly ran away while walking.

Pigs don't enter the circle, don't eat, make a hullabaloo about, arch and run away in circles.

Sheep don't enter the pen, don't eat, bark, run away and make trouble in the pen.

Dogs bark endlessly, cry, sniff, bite, run around, move around with puppies in their mouths, and police dogs don't listen to instructions.

The cat was so frightened that it climbed up the tree with its cub in its mouth.

Rabbits don't eat grass, make noise in their nests and flee in horror.

Ducks and geese don't go into the water during the day, don't enter the box at night, don't eat, follow their owners, scream and fly high.

Chickens do not enter the frame, collide with the frame, make trouble in the frame, and climb trees.

Pigeons don't go into the nest, live outside, and suddenly jump up and fly.

Rats came out of the cave in droves during the day, stunned like drunk, not afraid of people, running around in panic, with rats in their mouths.

Snakes hibernate. The snake came out of the hole and froze to death in the snow. They increase in number and gather together.

Fish float in groups, swim wildly and jump out of the water. The fish raised in the tank jump around, their heads and tails are stained with blood, and they jump out of the tank, screaming, being sluggish and dying.

Toads (toads) came out of holes in droves and even ran into the street.

The abnormal situation of animals, people also have a few words to sum up well:

Animals have signs before earthquakes, so it is very important to prevent and treat them by groups.

Cattle, sheep, mules and horses don't enter the stables, and pigs don't eat dogs and bite people.

Ducks don't go into the water and make noise on the shore, but chickens fly up the tree and scream loudly.

The snake came out of the hole in the ice and snow, and the mouse ran with the mouse in its mouth.

The rabbit jumped and bumped, and the fish jumped into the water.

Bees are moving noisily, but pigeons are too scared to fly back to their nests.

Every household observes and reports any abnormal situation.

In addition, some plants also had abnormal reactions before the earthquake, such as germination, flowering, fruiting or large-scale withering, abnormal exuberance and so on.

20 earthquake proverbs

1. As soon as the noise came out, the earthquake came.

2. The sound of a big earthquake is heavy, and the sound of a small earthquake is sharp.

3. Loud, far away; Short ring, not far.

Listen to the sound first, then move, and act quickly when you hear the noise.

5. Jump up and down and sway back and forth for half a day.

6. Follow closely and jump up and down; Far away, swinging from side to side.

7. Up and down, in front of you; Wandering in the sky.

8. The house is in the east, and the earthquake is coming; If it swings north and south, it will come north and south.

9. Sand and water blow along the road, and the old river is underground.

10. What is the most water and sand sprayed? Needless to say, it's wet and alkaline.

1 1. When tofu is extruded, water comes out and slag comes out; When the earthquake broke out, water and sand were ejected.

12. The depression is heavy and the flat land is light; The sand is heavy and the land is light.

13. Brick-wrapped adobe walls have the worst seismic capacity.

14. Brittle in bumps, but in swings.

15. parapets, eaves and earthquakes are the most unlucky.

16. The foundation is relatively solid and far from the river; The wall is better and the connection is closer; The house is shorter and the roof is lighter; Reasonable layout and simple appearance. If you want to be better, learn more from each other.

17. Earthquakes often bring rainfall, either suddenly or violently.

18. Pay more attention to your work at home on the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar.

19. Well water is a treasure, and the precursor comes early.

20. Groundwater has a precursor: it is either rising or falling; Sweet becomes bitter, bitter becomes sweet; Muddy, muddy Yes, I want to report it. Why? Make a prediction

3. Meteorological anomalies

People often describe earthquake prediction scientists and technicians as "managing the sky, the ground and the hollow", which is indeed reasonable. Before the earthquake, the weather often appeared abnormal. There are mainly sultry before the earthquake, anxiety and irritability, long drought without rain or heavy rain, yellow fog, dark sunshine, strange wind, hail in June and so on. For example, the clouds in the sky are extremely long rays, and the position where the center of the ray points is the position of the central earthquake. Such a Lei Yun is easily observed by people.

4. Abnormal ground sound

Geosound anomaly refers to the sound emitted underground before the earthquake. Its sound is as changeable as cannon and thunder, like the driving of heavy vehicles and the surge of strong winds. When an earthquake occurs, longitudinal waves radiate from the source and propagate along the ground, making the air vibrate and sound. Because of the high speed but weak potential of longitudinal wave, people only smell its sound, but don't feel it unconsciously until the arrival of shear wave. Therefore, there is often a record in the epicenter that "before every earthquake, the underground sound expands like gas, like boiling water in a tripod". If you are in the epicenter, you can often hear the sound of a magnitude 3 earthquake. Geosound is the result of the structure and structure of underground rocks and the movement of liquid and gas contained in them, and a considerable part of it is a sign of impending earthquake. Mastering the knowledge of geosound may have a good effect on earthquake prediction and prevention.

5, abnormal grounding light

Geophysical anomalies refer to the light emitted underground before the earthquake, which has various colors, such as silver blue, white purple, etc., which are rare in daily life, but mainly red and white; Its forms are also different, such as ribbon, sphere, column, diffusion and so on. Generally speaking, the earth's light appears in a wide range, mostly within a few hours to a few minutes before the earthquake and lasts for a few seconds. In China, colorful luminous phenomena appeared during and before the Haicheng, Longling, Tangshan and Songpan earthquakes. Terrestrial light is often accompanied by natural phenomena such as earthquakes, landslides, landslides, collapses, sand blasting, water spraying and air jetting, and often moves regularly along a fault zone or an area, and is synchronized with other macro and micro anomalies, and its causes are always closely related to crustal movement. And controlled by geological conditions and the state of the surface and atmosphere, it can cause different degrees of harm to people, animals and plants.

At present, all the geomagnetic anomaly reports we have are from a few seconds before the earthquake to 1 minute. Such as Haicheng earthquake, Lancang earthquake and Gengma earthquake, similar reports have been collected.

6. Abnormal ground gas

Geo-atmospheric anomaly refers to the fog generated underground before the earthquake, also known as geo-aerosol or geo-fog. This kind of fog, with white, black and yellow colors, sometimes colorless, often appears in the days to minutes before the earthquake, often accompanied by strange smell, sometimes accompanied by noise or high temperature.

7. Abnormal ground movement

Abnormal ground motion refers to the ground shaking before the earthquake. It is a well-known phenomenon that the ground vibrates violently during an earthquake. But before the earthquake, sometimes I feel the ground shaking. This kind of shaking is different from an earthquake, and it swings very slowly. Seismographs often can't record it, but many people can feel it. The most obvious ground motion anomaly occurred before the Haicheng earthquake of magnitude 7.3 on February 4th, 1975. From the end of February to the end of June, there were 65438+ anomalies in Dandong, Kuandian, Fengcheng, Shenyang and Xiuyan.

8. Abnormal grounding drum

The ground uplift anomaly refers to the uplift on the ground before the earthquake. 1973 About half a year before the magnitude 7.9 earthquake in Luhuo, Sichuan, a drum appeared on a lawn in Tuoba District, Ganzi County. It was shaped like an inverted iron pot, about 20 cm high, and cracks appeared intermittently around it. The swelling disappeared after a few days, and it was repeated many times until the earthquake occurred. Anomalies similar to ground heave include ground fissures and subsidence.

9. Electromagnetic anomalies

Electromagnetic anomalies refer to the anomalies of household appliances such as radios, televisions and fluorescent lamps before the earthquake. The most common electromagnetic anomaly is radio failure, and fluorescent lamps were also common before the North China earthquake. 1a few days before the Tangshan earthquake of magnitude 7.8 on July 28, 976, many radios in Tangshan and its surrounding areas broke down, with loud and small sounds, inaccurate frequency modulation and sometimes continuous noise. Also before the Tangshan earthquake, some people in the city saw fluorescent lamps turn red first and then light up at night. Some people in Beijing turn off the fluorescent lamp before going to bed, but the light is still on.

Electromagnetic anomalies also include abnormal operation of some motor equipment, such as abnormal microwave stations, interference from wireless power plants, and failure of electronic alarm clocks.

Macroscopic anomalies of earthquakes play an important role in earthquake prediction, especially in short-term and imminent prediction. Before the 1975 Haicheng M = 7.3 earthquake and the 1976 Songpan and Pingwu M = 7.2 earthquakes, seismologists and the general public had observed a large number of macroscopic anomalies, which provided important information for the successful prediction of these two earthquakes. However, it should also be noted that the above macro phenomena may be caused by various reasons, not all of which are signs of earthquakes. For example, the fluctuation of well water and spring water may be related to rainfall, and may also be affected by nearby pumping, drainage and construction. The discoloration of well water may be caused by pollution, and the abnormal behavior of animals may be related to weather changes, diseases, estrus and external stimuli. Also be careful not to mistake welding arc light and lightning for earth light, thunder for earth sound, and fireworks and flares for underground fireballs.

Once you find an abnormal natural phenomenon, don't easily draw the conclusion that an earthquake is about to happen, let alone panic. Instead, it is necessary to find out the time, place and relevant situation of abnormal phenomena, protect the site, report to the government or the earthquake department, and let the professionals in the earthquake department investigate and verify to find out the truth.

Second, the microscopic anomalies of earthquakes.

The seismic anomalies that can't be detected by human senses and can only be measured by special instruments are called microscopic anomalies of earthquakes, which mainly include the following categories:

Abnormal seismic activity: there is a certain relationship between large and small earthquakes. Although there are not many major earthquakes, there are many small and medium-sized earthquakes. Study the characteristics of moderate and small earthquakes. It is possible to help people predict the occurrence of future major earthquakes.

Abnormal topographic changes: Before the earthquake, the crust near the epicenter may be slightly deformed, and the rocks on both sides of some faults may be slightly displaced. With the help of precision instruments, this very weak change can be detected, and analyzing these data can help people predict the occurrence of future major earthquakes.

Geophysical changes: In the process of earthquake preparation, some changes may occur in the physical properties of rocks around the source area. Using precision instruments to measure the changes of gravity, geoelectricity and geomagnetism in different areas can also help people predict earthquakes.

Changes of underground fluids: Groundwater (well water, spring water, water contained in underground rock formations), oil and natural gas, and other gases may be generated and stored in underground rock formations, all of which are underground fluids. Using instruments to measure the chemical composition and some physical quantities of underground fluid and study their changes can help people predict earthquakes.

Earthquake precursor poetry

1. Groundwater anomaly

Well water is a treasure, and the precursor comes early.

No rain, muddy water, dry weather and well water.

The water level changes greatly, and the flowers are bubbling.

Some change color, some change taste.

2. Biological abnormality

Mules, horses, cattle and sheep don't enter the circle, ducks don't go into the water, and dogs bark.

The mouse escaped, but the pigeon flew back to its nest.

The snake came out of the hole in the ice and snow, and the fish jumped up in fear.

3. Others

Before the impending earthquake, in an instant, the earth boomed and the fire flashed.

When the earthquake comes, we must act decisively and quickly to avoid danger.

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(2) Earthquake prevention

1, emergency hedging

(1) The importance of emergency hedging. Experience shows that when a destructive earthquake occurs, it takes more than ten seconds, at most thirty seconds, from when people find the light and sound of the earth and feel the vibration to when houses are destroyed and collapsed, causing disasters. This extremely short time is called early warning time. As long as people master certain knowledge, make some preparations in advance and keep a clear head in the face of the earthquake, it is possible to seize this precious time and successfully escape from the earthquake.

Someone investigated 974 survivors of Tangshan earthquake and found that 258 of them took risk-avoidance measures. Of these 258 people, 188 people successfully escaped from danger, accounting for 72.9%. It shows that as long as the hedging method is correct, there is a great possibility of getting out of danger.

(2) the principle of escape. When a destructive earthquake suddenly occurs, it is a good way to take refuge nearby and evacuate quickly after the earthquake. Of course, if you are on the first floor of a bungalow or building, it is feasible to run directly to a safe place outside. In the records of the M8 earthquake in hua county, Shaanxi Province 1556, there is also such a summary: "If you die suddenly, you can't get sick, but you must wait. Even if you have a nest, you can hope to finish your eggs. " This means that when an earthquake suddenly occurs, don't rush to escape, but wait for the earthquake to pass and there is hope of survival. This "undetermined" height summarizes an important principle of emergency shock absorption.

Why shouldn't an earthquake take the road and escape instantly?

This is because:

Nowadays, city residents live in high-rise buildings and have no time to go outside. On the contrary, people will be killed or injured because the corridor is crowded and trampled.

When people enter or leave buildings in an earthquake, they are most likely to die and be injured.

During the earthquake, the house shook violently, which led to the deformation of doors and windows. It is likely that the doors and windows will not open and the time for survival will be lost.

During the earthquake, people were shaken or even dumped in the room, and it was very difficult to stand and run.

In addition to the principle of "to be determined", we should also pay attention not to lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another during an earthquake. In a short time, we must first find ways to save ourselves; Only when you are out of danger can you save your loved ones or other beloved things.

(3) According to local conditions, the nearest shock absorber. "V to be determined", where is "V" safer? Experience shows that:

A. If you are indoors, you should hide under solid furniture nearby, such as desks, solid beds and rural heatable kang, or you can hide in corners or small-span bathrooms, kitchens and other places with many pipes and good integrity. Be careful not to hide under the window of the external wall, in the elevator room, and not to jump off the building. These are very dangerous.

B. If you are in the classroom, you should hold your head under the guidance of the teacher, close your eyes and crouch under the desk quickly. As soon as the earthquake stops, evacuate quickly and orderly, and don't crowd when evacuating.

C. If you are in a theater, a stadium or a restaurant, you should quickly lie under your seat with your head in your hands. You can also hide under the stage or orchestra pit; The audience at the gate can quickly run out of the gate or the stadium.

D if you are outdoors, try to stay away from narrow streets, tall buildings, tall chimneys, transformers, glass curtain wall buildings, viaducts and yards where dangerous goods and inflammables are stored. After the earthquake stops, don't run back to the collapsed building easily to prevent aftershocks from hurting people.

E. If you are in a department store, you should hide near pillars or large commodities, but try to avoid glass cabinets. When you are upstairs, you should seize the opportunity to gradually move to the bottom.

F. If you are in the workshop of a factory, you should crouch near large machine tools and equipment, but pay attention to leaving dangerous places such as power supply, gas source and fire source.

G. If you are in a moving car, tram or train, you should grasp the handrails to avoid falling and bumping, and at the same time, you should pay attention to personal injury caused by falling luggage. People facing the luggage on the seat can lean against the front chair with their arms to protect their heads and faces; People with their backs to luggage can protect the back of their heads with their hands, raise their knees to protect their stomachs and tighten their bodies. After the earthquake, get off the bus quickly and move to the open area.

H No matter where you hide, try to protect your head with a quilt, pillow, schoolbag or other soft objects.

If an open flame is being used, please put it out quickly.

(4) Correctly handle the special danger during the earthquake. In case of gas leakage, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel or wet clothes, do not use naked flame, do not turn on and off electrical appliances, and pay attention to prevent metal objects from colliding.

In case of fire, lie on the ground, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel, and crawl to a safe place against the wind.

When toxic gas leaks, cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and run in the upwind direction.

2. Self-rescue and mutual rescue after the earthquake

(1) Self-help and mutual aid are of great significance. Self-rescue and mutual rescue are the first basic rescue forms after the earthquake. The vast majority of people buried in the earthquake saved their lives through self-help and mutual help.

According to statistics, in the rescue and disaster relief after the Tangshan earthquake, the relationship between rescue time and survival rate is as follows:

The recovery rate was 95% within half an hour.

The first day survival rate was 8 1%

The recovery rate was 53% the next day.

The survival rate on the third day was 36.7%

The survival rate on the fourth day was 19%.

On the fifth day, the survival rate was 7.4%

The above figures show that in the process of saving lives, time is life, and the shorter the delay, the greater the hope of human survival. Therefore, self-help and mutual aid should be carried out as soon as possible and cannot wait.

(2) the principle of self-help. As long as the people buried by collapsed buildings in the earthquake are conscious and have no major physical trauma, they should strengthen their confidence in being rescued, properly protect themselves and actively implement self-help.

A. Cover your mouth, nose and head with wet towels, clothes or other cloth as much as possible to prevent suffocation caused by dust suffocation and avoid injuries caused by further collapse of buildings.

B move your hands and feet as much as possible, and remove the dust on your face and the objects pressed on your body.

C support the weight above the body with movable objects around to avoid further collapse; Expand the activity space and keep enough air.

D. When several people are buried at the same time, encourage each other, plan together, unite and cooperate, and take action to escape when necessary.

E find and open the escape route, try to escape from danger and move to a brighter, safer and more spacious place.

F. if you can't get out of danger for a while, try to save your strength. If you can find substitutes and water, you should plan to save and use it, try to prolong the survival time and wait for rescue.

G. save your strength and don't shout for help. It's quiet around, or when you hear someone walking above (outside), knock on the wall with bricks, iron pipes and other things to send a message to the outside world. Call for help when you are sure that someone is not far away.

(3) the principle of mutual rescue. Mutual rescue refers to the rescue of people who have escaped from danger and special rescuers buried in the ruins. In order to rescue people in distress to the greatest extent, the following principles should be followed:

A. First rescue the places where there are many buried people, that is, "more before less".

B. First rescue people buried nearby, that is, "near first, then far away".

C. the person who saves first, that is, "easy first, then difficult."

D. First save those who are slightly injured and strong, and expand the rescue team, that is, "light before heavy".

E. If any medical personnel are buried, priority should be given to the rescue, and the rescue force should be increased.

(4) looking for the buried. By using search and rescue dogs and measuring trace carbon dioxide gas, people in distress can be easily located. But in order to save time, we can also find the buried survivors in a simple way.

First, ask the survivors who know the situation, know who lives in which buildings, whether they go out during the earthquake, and how they live habits, so as to find reliable clues.

The second is to see and observe the ruins, especially whether there is living space in the inhabited part; Also observe whether there are traces of crawling or blood in the ruins.

The third is to listen, listen to the movements of survivors. The way to listen is: kneel on the ground and listen carefully; Listen in the dead of night; Knock (or whistle) and listen. Sometimes when you knock, he knocks, and the inside and the outside are connected.

The fourth is to analyze the original structure, use, material, grade and collapse of the collapsed building to judge the living conditions of the buried personnel.

(5) Scientific excavation. Pay attention to the protection and support when digging, remove buried obstacles, and ensure the living space of buried personnel. Be very careful when using digging machinery. The closer you are to the burritor, the more you should use manual operation.

A. If you can't be rescued without lifting tools, you can send juicy food to maintain your life, mark it, wait for rescue, and don't be reckless.

B. When saving lives, first determine the position of the head of the buried person, fully expose the head at the fastest speed, remove the dust in the oral cavity and nasal cavity, and keep breathing unobstructed. Then expose the chest and abdomen. If there is suffocation, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately.

C properly strengthen the support above the buried person to prevent the new collapse of the heavy objects above during the rescue.

D. If the buried person cannot come out by himself, he should ask and observe carefully to determine the injury; Don't pull to prevent new injuries.

E. For spinal injuries, it is necessary to avoid aggravating the injuries during excavation. When transferring and handling, you can't walk with your hands, use a soft stretcher, and hold your chest and lift your legs with one person. It is best for three or four people to hold the head, back, hips and legs of the wounded, lay them flat on a hard stretcher or door panel, and fix them with a cloth belt before carrying them.

F in case of buried limb fractures and joint injuries, local materials should be taken and fixed with wooden sticks, branches, cardboard and other splints. When fixing, the end of the injured limb should be exposed to observe the blood circulation.

G. When transporting the wounded with difficulty in breathing, take a prone position and turn your head to one side to avoid suffocation.

3, health and epidemic prevention work

(1) The importance of health and epidemic prevention. After the earthquake, a large number of houses collapsed, sewers were blocked, garbage was everywhere, and sewage overflowed; Coupled with the rotten and smelly carcasses of livestock and poultry, it is easy to cause some infectious diseases and spread rapidly. There is a saying in history that "there must be a great epidemic after a great disaster." Therefore, it is very important to do a good job in health and epidemic prevention in post-earthquake relief work.

(2) the disease enters from the mouth. Infectious diseases such as dysentery, enteritis, hepatitis and typhoid fever are easy to occur and spread in summer and autumn. The most important measures to prevent intestinal infectious diseases are to do a good job in water source hygiene and food hygiene, and to manage garbage and feces.

A. The drinking water source should be protected by designated personnel, and the wells should be cleaned and disinfected. When drinking water, it is best to purify and disinfect first; We should create conditions for drinking boiled water.

B. it is very important to do a good job in food hygiene. Send people to supervise the storage, transportation and distribution of disaster relief food; Disaster relief food and excavated food should be tested before eating. It is necessary to strengthen the inspection and supervision of government canteens and operating restaurants, and urge them to do a good job in fly prevention and tableware disinfection.

C. take care of toilets and garbage. After the earthquake, people had no fixed place to urinate because the toilet collapsed; Garbage and ruins can't be distinguished, and mosquitoes and flies breed seriously. Therefore, after the earthquake, it is necessary to build a simple fly-proof toilet in a planned way, and the garbage should be piled up in a fixed place, and the cleaning team should be organized to transport it to the designated place on time for unified treatment.

(3) Eliminate mosquitoes and flies. Mosquitoes and flies are the disseminators of infectious diseases such as Japanese encephalitis and dysentery. To kill mosquitoes and flies, it is necessary not only to spray drugs on a large scale, but also to spray drugs in the streets and indoors with sprayers, so as not to leave breeding soil for mosquitoes and flies.

Special attention should be paid to mosquito prevention in areas where malaria occurs. Sleep at night to prevent mosquito bites. If the patient is found to have a sudden high fever, headache, vomiting, stiff neck, etc. If you think you may have encephalitis, see a doctor for treatment.

(4) Maintain good hygiene habits. Every citizen in the earthquake-stricken area should strive to maintain an optimistic mood, pay attention to health and strengthen physical exercise during the earthquake relief. Clothes should be changed at any time according to climate change, pay attention to cold and warmth, and prevent respiratory infectious diseases such as colds, tracheitis and flu. Old people and children should pay special attention to prevent pneumonia. Pay attention to keep your head, hands and feet warm in winter to prevent frostbite; In summer, we should prepare some cold boiled water and eat some pickles to supplement the salt and water lost in the body due to a lot of sweating to prevent heatstroke.