The history of Vienna

Vienna is an ancient city with a history of 1800 years. Vienna was inhabited in the Neolithic Age. The Celts founded Vienna around 500 BC and called it "Vidonia". In 15, it became the frontier city of the Roman Empire to defend the northern Germanic tribes. The Romans called it "Vindobona". The Romans built castles here in 1 century, which was first recorded as "Vinia" in 88 1 year, and became a handicraft and commercial center in 12 century. /kloc-from the end of 0/3 to 19 18 was the capital of Habsburg dynasty, followed by Austria. To 1 137, becoming the first city of the Austrian Principality. Since then, Victoria has also become the capital of the Holy Roman Empire (since 1278). /kloc-at the end of 0/3, with the rise and rapid development of the Habsburg royal family, magnificent Gothic buildings have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. /kloc-After the 5th century, it became the capital of the Roman Empire and the economic center of Europe. Every time the Ottoman Empire invaded Europe in16th century and17th century, it was blocked in Vienna. /kloc-In the 8th century, Maria Tilesia and her son were keen on reform, attacking church forces, promoting social progress, and at the same time bringing prosperity to art, making Vienna gradually become the center of European classical music and gaining the reputation of "Music City". With the prosperity of Austria-Hungary in the19th century, Vienna became an important metropolis in Europe at that time, and became the capital of Austria (from 1806) and Austria-Hungary (from 1867). 1873, Vienna hosted the World Expo 106 days. In World War II, Austria merged with Nazi Germany again. After the war, Austria and Vienna, like Germany and Berlin, were divided into four controlled areas by Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union until Austria regained its independence in 1955. During the Cold War, Vienna was a hotbed of international espionage because it was a neutral country between the East and West groups.

Prehistoric times, Roman times, the Middle Ages

Archaeological findings show that there were human activities in Vienna in the Paleolithic Age, and people lived in the Vienna Basin in the Neolithic Age. Vienna's good climatic conditions and abundant land resources provide a good living environment for Neolithic farmers, and the red, brown and green stones needed for casting stone tools can also be mined in Vienna. The bronze age, the bronze age and the iron age also left traces of human habitation in Vienna.

Around 500 BC, the Celts established a residential area called Vedunia in what is now Vienna. /kloc-in the 0 th century, the Roman Empire stationed troops near the Danube River (now the center of Vienna) and established a city to protect the border of Pannonia Province. The Romans stayed until the 5th century. At the beginning of the 5th century, a devastating fire broke out in Vienna, and the next record appeared in the battle with magyars in 88 1 year. In 955, King Otto I of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom defeated magyars at the Battle of Lechfield, marking the rise of Vienna and Austria.

Babenburg dynasty era

In 976 AD, Emperor Otto II of the Holy Roman Empire made Leopold I of the Babenburg family a vassal in the eastern border area of Bavaria (Mark). This Hungarian border fief later evolved into Austria. In 1996, the name "Austria" first appeared in the history books. Aussie Taric means "East Mark". 165438+ Vienna has always been an important trading city in the 20th century. 1 155, Henry II took Vienna as the capital. One year later, on September 1 156, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I granted a small privilege to Henry II of Austria, which belonged to Austria. 122 1 year, Vienna became the second city in Austria to enjoy the right to develop economy after Enes. Businessmen passing through Vienna had to sell goods in the city, which soon made Vienna a crucial trading city on the road from Danube to Venice.

Habsburg era

Habsburg dynasty ruled in Vienna for hundreds of years, during which Vienna developed into the cultural and political center of Europe.

1278, German Habsburg King Rudolph I (1273 ~ 129 1 reigned) defeated Bohemian King Otoka II of Babenburg dynasty after many conquests, and began the history of Habsburg dynasty ruling Austria. However, in Vienna, the Habsburg dynasty took a long time to establish its dominance. After Otto Ka II was killed in the Battle of 1278, his supporters in Vienna remained strong, and he launched many uprisings against German King Albrecht I (from 1298 to 1308). Albrecht I's successor, Luxemburg Dynasty henry vii (1308- 13 13 reigned,1312-1313 Holy Roman Emperor), has its capital in Prague.

Then Rudolf IV (Duke of Austria 1358 ~ 1365) promulgated and implemented a series of economic policies, which revived Vienna. 1365, he established the University of Vienna and ordered the construction of Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. He made great contributions to Vienna, so he was praised as "the builder of Vienna", but since then he joined Habs.

After Brecht II, the Duke of Austria (from 1404 to 1439, and the King of Germany from 1438 to 1439) was elected as the king of Germany, and Vienna became the capital again, but something happened during his tenure.

The weak Frederick III (1440 to 1493 German King, 1452 to 1493 Holy Roman Emperor, 1457 to 1493 Austrian Grand Duke) is in contact with Hungarian King Hunyadi magaz. 1556 After Hungary and Bohemia merged into Habsburg, Vienna finally became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.

Two Vienna besieged cities and baroque modern times.

1529, the Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna for the first time. The Austrians relied on the walls left over from the Middle Ages and struggled to resist the Turkish attack. In the case of epidemic and early arrival of winter, Turks were forced to evacuate. The Turkish siege exposed the weakness of Vienna's defense, so starting from 1548, Vienna decided to transform into a fortress consisting of 1 1 fortress and 1 trench. This decision was later proved to be wise. 1683, the Turks besieged Vienna for the second time, and the rebuilt fortress defended Vienna for two months. It was not until Polish King Jan sobieski sent troops to help that the siege of Vienna was lifted for the second time, which led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

After two Turkish sieges, Vienna began a glorious era of construction, and continued to show Baroque artistic style in the process of reconstruction. Nobles have built gardens and palaces within the city walls, the most famous of which is Prince Eugen's Belverdi Palace.

After two great population declines caused by major pests and infectious diseases, 1679 and 17 13, the population of Vienna continued to increase, reaching150,000 in 2004 and over 200,000 in 1790. In this era, the first factories were established and laid the foundation stone in Vienna. Vienna is also one of the first cities to introduce residential label system and national postal system. In Joseph II (1780- 1790 Austrian Grand Duke, 1765- 1790 Holy Roman Emperor), 1783 carried out urban management reform. He introduced the civil service system in the city and moved the cemetery in the inner city outside the city.

With the rapid development of the city, Vienna soon became one of the most important cultural centers in Europe. Haydn, salieri, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert pushed Viennese classicism to its peak.

Vienna under the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

In the French Revolutionary War, Vienna was occupied twice by Napoleon's army.

The first time occurred in 1805,165438+1October, 13. The French army entered Vienna without resistance, and the citizens of Vienna even welcomed them curiously. Franz Ii put on the Austrian crown in 1804, in response to Napoleon's claim to the throne, became the first emperor of Austria and began the history of the Austrian empire. Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and Franz Ii had to take off the crown of the Holy Roman Empire and become the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (from 1792 to 1806).

Napoleon occupied Vienna for the second time in 1809, but this time he met with stubborn resistance. Shortly after he occupied Vienna, he tasted the first defeat in the Battle of Aspen. After Napoleon's final defeat, he held a meeting in Vienna from September 2004 18 18 to June 9, 2005. This is a diplomatic conference of European powers initiated by Austrian diplomat klemens metternich, aiming at adjusting the political map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat.

1848 The French February Revolution also had an impact on Vienna. 13 In March, the German March Revolution broke out, forcing Chancellor klemens metternich to step down, and then the Vienna October Uprising broke out in June 10, which was finally suppressed by the emperor's army.

1873 Vienna World Expo

The expansion of Vienna began at 1850, and it was brilliant again. 1867 When the Austro-Hungarian Empire was founded, Johann Strauss II, the "father of waltzes", wrote the most famous Austrian waltz Blue Danube. This glory reached its peak at the Fifth World Expo in Vienna in 1873, and the Expo displayed unprecedented architectural design. Although the Austro-Hungarian Empire came to an end, Vienna once again climbed the cultural peak represented by Vienna modernism during this period. Art Nouveau was launched in urban architecture, painting highlighted the expressionism of gustav klimt and Egon Schiele, while Mahler and Lehar, Schoenberg, Weber and alban Berg were the "Vienna Second School of Music" in music, and sigmund freud initiated psychoanalysis.