Please tell me a story from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

During this period, Huang Taiji attacked North Korea. After several victories, North Korea surrendered and concluded a peace treaty that was very beneficial to the Qing Dynasty. Every year, he received food, money and materials from North Korea. Huang Taiji initially put forward three conditions: cutting land, capturing Mao alive, and sending 10,000 troops to help China. It is impossible for North Korea to accept these three conditions, but to meet the requirements of the Manchu Dynasty economically. Meanwhile, after that,

During the Ming and Qing wars, North Korea changed its neutrality, leaving the Qing Dynasty with no worries.

When Huang Taiji fought against North Korea, Yuan Chonghuan stepped up the construction of fortifications in Jinzhou, Center Left and Daling River, sent navy to support Mao of Pidao, and sent nine generals, including Zhu Mei, to invade Sanchahe to contain the Qing army and unite with North Korea. However, North Korea soon signed an alliance with the Qing Dynasty at the gate, and Zhao Lvjiao and others led the troops back without contacting the Qing army.

Huang Taiji failed to reach a peace agreement with the Ming Dynasty, but he saw that Yuan Chonghuan was very active in building castles. The longer we wait, the more difficult it will be to attack in the future, so he decided to "make peace with war" and attack Ningyuan.

In May of the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Huang Taiji personally led two yellow flags and two white flags to attack the castle in western Liaoning, captured two fortresses, Daling River and Xiaoling River, and then attacked Jinzhou, a fortress outside Ningyuan.

On May 1 1, Huang Taiji led an army to attack Jinzhou and surrounded it. At this time, Zhao Lvjiao was guarding Jinzhou. He and the eunuch of the prison guard the city and sent someone to make peace with Huang taiji. This is naturally a plan waiting for reinforcements. Huang taiji misses, and the more urgent the siege is.

Yuan Chonghuan sent Zu Dashou and You Shilu with 4,000 chosen men to outflank the Qing army, and sent a navy to attack the East Road, with a diversion. It is hot at this time, and there is no ice on the sea, which the navy needs.

Zhao Lvjiao is from Shaanxi, and this person's character is very low. When Nurhachi attacked Liaoyang, Zhao Lvjiao was Zhong Jun (chief of staff) of Yuan Yingtai. Yuan Yingtai was a civilian who didn't understand military affairs, but Zhao Lvjiao didn't do his duty as chief of staff, and the campaign was in a mess. The Qing army attacked Liaoyang, Yuan Yingtai died, but Zhao Lvjiao sneaked away. I don't know how to be lucky.

No, I must have bribed Shangguan. Later, Wang Huazhen suffered a crushing defeat, and all the cities outside the customs became uninhabited. Zhao Lvjiao applied to redeem oneself by good service, and led the servant to pick up the former Tunwei. But when I arrived, I found that I had been occupied by Mongols, so I didn't dare to enter again. Nurhachi attacked Ningyuan, and Zhao Lvjiao was in the front. The distance was close, so he didn't save himself. Later, Ningyuan won, but she had to share the work, so that she was scolded by Mangui.

It caused a big storm.

When he clashed with the Manchu, Yuan Chonghuan was quite supportive of him. Zhao Lvjiao thanked him for his kindness, and Yuan Chonghuan always encouraged him with loyalty. By the time of the Jinzhou War, he suddenly seemed to be a different person. He fought bravely with Zuo Fu, the forward company commander, Zhu Mei, the deputy company commander and other soldiers, and died. He won three battles with the elite soldiers of Huang Taiji's subordinates, and won 25 of the three wars. From May 1 1 to June 4th and 2nd.

For fourteen days, there was no war every day, and the situation was as tragic as Ningyuan War. On the fourth day of June, Huang Taiji sent more troops and stormed. Western cannons, cannons, incendiary bombs and arrows were placed in Jinzhou city, and the Qing soldiers were seriously injured. When the attack arrived at dawn, Huang Taiji saw that he couldn't support it any longer, so he had to retreat and camp by the Xiaoling River, waiting for the various military forces to concentrate on reorganization.

Zhao Lvjiao changed from cowardice to bravery, and fled after seeing the enemy defend the city. On the 24th, he turned from retreat to fierce fighting. Later, he was killed in a bloody battle in the battle to protect Beijing, and finally became the two great generals at that time, just like Man Gui. This major change of his is a very outstanding proof of Yuan Chonghuan's leadership.

Huang taiji packed his troops and turned to Ningyuan.

The last time the Qing army was defeated in Ningyuan, the soldiers were afraid of Yuan Chonghuan. When Daishan saw that the city was well prepared, he stopped fighting. Huang taiji said to the generals, "I can't attack Ningyuan first, but I can't attack Jinzhou this time." If I can't attack Ningyuan again, I will be ruined. " So he ordered a general attack, defeated the Ming cavalry at the city gate and thinned the city wall.

Compared with Ningyuan World War I, Yuan Chonghuan's fighting capacity has been enhanced, and he dares to fight outside the city. Last time I let the Qing army retreat, I sent 50 death squads to pick up arrows at the city gate, which shows that I dare not open the city gate.

Man Gui led the Ming army to deploy in the south of the city, and fired at the hem of the city wall. Huang taiji pretended to be defeated, wanted to lead the Ming army to attack, and then ambushed. However, the Ming army did not fall for it, nor did it pursue it. Huang taiji then returned to the army to fight again.

Yuan Chonghuan kissed ChengTou cried. Manchu fought outside the city. Zu Dashou and You Shilu attacked the rear road of the Qing army. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, and Mangui was shot several times. The Ming army finally defeated the Qing army on the battlefield, so it retreated into the city to take refuge. The war was fierce, and the moat was filled with the bodies of soldiers from both sides.

The defenders also bombarded with Portuguese guns, smashed a large camp of the Qing army and the Bailong Banner of Huang Taiji, killing many Qing soldiers. According to the report of the Ming Dynasty, Huang Taiji's eldest son summoned Baylor and male prostitute, who were shot in the chest, and his other son Gou Baylor was shot by the Ming army in the battle. There were four people in Gushan (7,500 people) and more than 30 people in Lu Niu (300 people). This report is exaggerated. In fact, there is no son of Huang Taiji.

Died in the battle. However, the records of the Qing side also said that Gil Harlan Baylor, Sahalian Baylor, General Wakda and Agger were all injured.

Seeing the heavy losses of the troops, Huang Taiji had to retreat and attack the south of Jinzhou again, but he could not pull it out. There were many casualties, and the generals Jue Duobai Mountain and Bashi were killed. In July, the Qing army was defeated and returned to Shenyang.

This battle was called "Ningjin Victory" in the Ming Dynasty, and it was the second bloody victory of the Ming army against the Qing army.

Yuan Chonghuan claimed in his paper that the most important contribution was Mangui (1). He and Man Gui have always had conflicts of opinion, but in the memorial, he argued that Ning Yuan's victory was mostly due to Man Gui's contribution, which showed that he was aboveboard and selfless.

Ningyuan's first victory was in the first month of the sixth year of the Apocalypse, and Ningjin's second victory was in May of the seventh year, one year and four months apart. In this short 16 months, Yuan Chonghuan strengthened the fighting capacity of the Ming army, robbed the fortifications of Jinzhou, and stuck to the rear road of the Qing army, which made Huang Taiji have trouble back at home and dared not attack Ningyuan for a long time. At the same time, the Qing army attacked Jinzhou first and then Ningyuan, and the momentum has been frustrated. Visible Yuan Chong

Great achievements have been made in the preparation of this 16 month. If there were more peacetime, the situation would certainly improve.

One of the main military factors leading to the great victory in this campaign was the red cannon in Portugal. Catholic missionaries who had expelled the Portuguese in the Ming Dynasty. Missionaries Bohr and Mikel saw the opportunity of making war in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and mobilized the Portuguese in Macao to provide military expenses and gunners for the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty recalled the expelled priests. Originally secret missionaries became the public, and a large number of Portuguese

Grape priests and gunmen enter China (2). Later, China made his own gun under the guidance of foreign priests and technicians. The casting gun was also named "General Anguo, who fought against the whole army of Liao and Liao", and sent an official sacrifice gun to ask the general to break the enemy. It was not until several years later that the Jin people began to cast cannons with the help of the surrendered Ming people.

Yuan Chonghuan belongs to the hostile faction of Wei Zhongxian politically. Han Pi, his Jinshi examiner, and Hou Yao, his adviser, are both party giants. Yuan Chonghuan, of course, refused to deduct wages to honor Wei Zhongxian. But for the sake of the big goal is to defend Jinzhou and Ningyuan, he is also quite compromised. The provincial governors are Wei Zhongxian Jiansheng Hall. Yuan Chonghuan didn't agree, immediately dismissed, defend the country.

Ambition can't be stretched, so we have to build a shrine for Wei Zhongxian in Jiliao at that time.

But Wei Zhongxian is still not satisfied. So, despite Ningjin's victory, Yuan Chonghuan got nothing but a promotion. There are hundreds of officials who flatter Wei Zhongxian, but they are all promoted because of their success. The reason is that they are actively planning in the DPRK, and even a baby in Wei Zhongxian is still in its infancy, so it was sealed. Wei Zhongxian was a eunuch and had no son, so he had to seal his nephew and his son.

At this time, Wei Zhongxian even called a famous minister to call Yuan Chonghuan, saying that he was "demoralized" if he didn't save Jinzhou. Under such pressure, Yuan Chonghuan had to claim to be ill and ask for resignation. Wei Zhongxian immediately approved and sent Ministry of War Minister Wang Zhichen to take over.

Huang Taiji was ecstatic when he heard the news, but he was surprised for a long time when he heard that the charges and comments given to Yuan Chonghuan turned out to be "old-fashioned". People like Yuan Chonghuan are "dead", but they don't know who is "energetic".

When Yuan Chonghuan left Ningyuan, his heart was filled with emotion. At that time, he was only about forty years old, in the prime of life, and it was time to show his ambition.

Instead, he was forced to retire after making great contributions. His subordinates were surprised and resentful. He wrote a poem to a certain department, which said, "We are common enemies, we have made great contributions to each other, and the emperor is also very kind." . But my painstaking efforts are only known to future generations. It's good to make contributions, but it's also good to go home to recuperate. We don't have to feel unfair about my staying or not. This poem shows that

Very dignified. However, he was very grateful to the Apocalypse Emperor. He was originally a seven-product magistrate. From the second year of the Apocalypse to the summer of seven years, in a short period of five and a half years, it was promoted almost every year, and even advanced placement in the middle, and went straight to "the Governor of Liaodong, the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War, and the right consultant of Douchayuan", which was really an apprentice. He consciously promoted too quickly and once declined politely. He said that during the same period,

The person with the highest official position is also several grades lower than him. In order to set an example for his subordinate generals, please ask the emperor to withdraw his promotion. The emperor replied: you have been humble for three times in a row, and your moral character is very good, but you have made great contributions, and your promotion is deserved.

On his way back to his hometown in Guangdong, he wrote a poem when he passed Dayuling to express his gratitude to the Apocalypse. He knew in his heart that the apocalypse was a bad king, but he was very kind to himself.

He went to Guangzhou, visited Guangxiao Temple and set foot on the Buddhist land. He couldn't help thinking that he had killed a lot in his life, which was out of harmony with the environment. However, that's just a feeling of disharmony. Heroes have no regrets, but they don't have to bow to the bodhisattva, and they don't have regrets when they kill the people they should kill.

(1) Yuan Chonghuan said in his paper: "In the past ten years, all soldiers in the world have not dared to confront slave horses. Just last year, I launched an attack from above the city. From now on, one knife and one shot, come down and fight hard, regardless of the brutality of the barbarians. I shouted again and made a detour to chase. The armies were filled with indignation and vowed to defeat the thief, which was mostly the work of the generals. "

(2) Martin's "Battle of Tatar" praised the contribution of Portuguese missionary work, saying: "God will bless emperors who believe in Christianity, so Emperor China won the Battle of Tatar." In fact, the Apocalypse Emperor believed in Lu Ban and did not believe in the Christian God.

According to Feng's translation and Sha Bulie's Biography of Jesuits in the Vatican in the Late Ming Dynasty, in the third year of Chongzhen, the Portuguese captain of Macao led 400 soldiers and 10 cannons to enter the customs. Afraid of losing the benefits of monopolizing Sino-Western trade, Guangzhou giants were generous to courtiers and obstructed them in every way. After Gongsha, the commander of the Portuguese army, Silao, was killed in Denglai. A brief introduction to the novel Sword with Royal Blood.

(3) Yuan Chonghuan's Farewell to General Chen Yinan's Zheng Rong: "Generosity hates Japan. Being in a hundred battles, you will have wisdom in your work, and you will have concerns in your family, but you will only feel after knowing it. Elk will return to the mountain, unicorn will draw a pavilion. It's not surprising to stay or not, autumn grass is leaving. " Among them, the phrase "good workers are the main concern" inevitably contains bitter meaning. Apocalypse is by no means the master of wise SHEN WOO. It is well known in the world that he is so successful. As a result, he got such "as soon as possible" and such "clarity"

Lord, it's really clear.

(4) Yuan Chonghuan's "Xie Shengyin Shu" said: "Besides, military men strive for the first place, and if they stand less, they will want to move thicker. If they don't want to, they will think about it, lest they provoke the court and provoke the same kind. Today, the frontier has never been used by one person. I am the most ill. I'm not at peace today. How can I eliminate the competition between generals? I don't have a rich heart, and the emperor also learns from it. " The imperial court replied to this memorial: "Feng"

Imperial edict: Yuan Chonghuan saves the market, and it is not an exaggeration to reward it; It's a three-sparse word control, and the more you let it go, the more you let it go. Still trying to obey orders. The Ministry of magic knows. "

⑤ Yuan Chonghuan's Gui Yu Ling: "After ten years of hard work, my heart gradually turned against me. Endure to say or mountain? It is hard to say that it is wrong. God bless heaven and earth, I have met ancient and modern times. After a few volumes are printed, it is like returning to the old times. "

⑥ Yuan Chonghuan's "Hui Hu Lin Si Kou": "For more than forty years, only trees have separated from the world of mortals. Now, I have set foot on the king's land, and I have learned to kill people in the past.

From 65438 to 0644, the great collapse of the Ming Dynasty reached its final tragic moment. In the following years, the Qing army went south and pushed its conquest to the whole country. The last resistance in the south was in chaos and rout, and finally contracted to the southwest mountainous areas and southeast coastal islands. In this war-torn picture, Chongming Island was pushed to the forefront of the war for the first time and only time in history. The first stage: the last resistance, 1644- 1645 On March 19th, the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644.4.25), Li Zicheng army invaded Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide in Jingshan Park in the Ming Dynasty. 13 days later (5. 18), this shocking news reached Nanjing, and local officials immediately decided to form a political power in the south in grief and indignation. Bad news keeps coming: In fact, when Axe King succeeded to the throne as Emperor Hong Guang (6. 19), the Qing army had already entered Beijing two weeks ago (6.5) and was ready to conquer Jiangnan immediately. In the war of the Qing army conquering the south of the Yangtze River, the anti-Qing resistance in the southeast gradually shrank to the surface-the strength of the Qing army was helpless for the water army in Taihu Lake and East China Sea. Among the defense lines organized by the South, the Yangtze River defense line is also very important. Shortly after Hong Guang ascended the throne, Nanjing official Jing Benche (a native of Danyang, Zhenjiang, 1634 Jinshi) was ordered to supervise the army in Xiajiang, arrived in Chongming and organized a water army. Before the fall of Nanking, he opposed Shi Kefa's strategy of recovering the north and insisted on taking the south as the revival base of the Ming Dynasty. 1645 In February, Chongming County made Xu Ding take office, and Jingtun Camp was located in Shiqiao River in the northwest of the county, which was called "Sihui Camp". At the same time, Shen, a native of Chongming (then a doctor of Nanjing government), was ordered to convert a tank ship into a Yangtze River warship to take charge of military logistics. He soon devoted himself to building Chongming Island into a "sea base for tomorrow's activists". Jing's defense plan was supported by Shen. Chongming was then a famous pirate's lair. From 1640, the people in this county were entangled with the poor people in Jiangbei, forming a pirate group with more than 200 ships and tens of thousands of people, which was only suppressed two years later. Its leader, Gu Rong, was recruited as the general manager to command his 440 brothers who were willing to serve as soldiers. Gu Rong was very familiar with sea lanes, and the ships in Jiangbei were under his control. He began to have friction with the militia recruited by Beijing Benz. With the further deterioration of the situation, Chongming, an isolated island on the sea, has now become an excellent refuge for Jiangnan rebels. After the fall of Nanjing, King Yiyang (grandson of King Zhou Ting), the founder of Ming Dynasty, fled from Suzhou to Chongming accompanied by eunuch Li Guo [4]. At that time, the Qing soldiers had advanced to the south of the Yangtze River. /kloc-in the summer of 0/645, the former Ministry of Shi Kefa led Li Chengdong to attack Jiading with 5,000 troops (July 29th). After a month of heroic resistance, the town was massacred. Li immediately turned to Songjiang. Songjiang's rebellion was led by Wu Zhikui and others. He was the company commander of Wusong and fled to Chongming Island by boat when Nanjing fell. He commanded most of the remaining water forces in Nanming at that time to go to Chongming to meet Jing. He also wanted to get in touch with Wang Lu court in eastern Zhejiang, hoping to restore the Ming Dynasty by occupying a base area in the south of the Yangtze River. So he led people to sneak into Taihu Lake and Hu Mao Lake to attack the county officials just appointed by the Qing Dynasty. As a result, 1645 was attacked by Li Chengdong's superior forces of 20,000 people in September and was defeated. Wu himself was arrested, escorted to Jiangyin to surrender and finally killed. Songjiang poet (Liu's lover) is the most active one in regaining sight. In his view, the key was a regional uprising, and he received military assistance from Chongming Island, a stronghold where the light of day came to light, because the Ming navy on the island was and has always been one of the main reliance of Jiangnan resistance. Shortly after the Qing army attacked Jiading, Jing sent troops to attack Wusong in response, but was defeated and returned to the island. In the past six months, "although people at sea dare not land, there are still no naval warships in the army" ("Cape Legacy"). At that time, Xu Ding, the county magistrate of Chongming, had left his post, and the military and political affairs on the island were actually controlled by Jing Benchu. After King Yiyang came to take refuge, he became more powerful. However, his overbearing style clashed with Gu Rong, the general manager of the pirate-born island country. After Gu Mi killed him, he supported Yiyang Wang. Jing Cheng 12 ship, fled to Ningbo. Soon, Tian Yang, Governor of Huai 'an in Ming Dynasty, Zhang Shiyi, Company Commander of Huai 'an Town, and Peng-I Chang, Company Commander of Huai 'an Town, each commanded thousands of water troops and hundreds of warships, and arrived one after another. Together with Shen, they promoted Dai Yiyang to the army. This hastily established small regime soon (10) sent troops to Liuhe in the south of the Yangtze River and was defeated by the Qing army. The leaders sought their own way out, and Yiyang Wang also fled to Zhejiang, and the island was in chaos. The military regime fell into the hands of local people Gu Rong and Huang Wuchang, and they immediately clashed again. As a result, Gu Rong was killed. 1 1 month 10, Jing Benchu led the navy to attack. His navy recovered in Zhoushan and attacked Liuhe near Nanjing, winning a great victory. But his men had an argument with the pirate alliance over the sharing of stolen goods. Perhaps on his way back to Zhoushan, he turned to attack Chongming, his old base. However, the reason why the stone closed the city to resist must be that it was afraid of retaliation after shaving. However, on the same day, Jing broke through the gu city, captured the stone alive, and killed Huang Wuchang and others the next day. However, his recovery only lasted 17 days. 1 1 On 27th, the Qing fleet arrived, and the Beijing army was defeated, leaving only three ships to flee to Zhoushan. Li Chengdong, the company commander of Wusong, ordered the sword to be sealed in the bow (to show that it would not kill the city), and all the people in Chongming City went out later. The second stage: tug of war, 1646- 1656. At the beginning of 1646, the war-torn Yangtze River Delta region ushered in a rare peace, and the peasant unrest stopped. Chongming's surrender actually marked the Qing army's pacification of Jiangnan to some extent. However, "the number of pirates on Chongming Island, headed by Mazigusan, has increased, and local bandits have become more rampant. Therefore, the squires stepped up their guard. /kloc-after the winter of 0/645, pirate ships still frequently docked at Chongming Island, where the Qing navy met the Ming army more than once. Although Tu, the governor of the Qing Dynasty, immediately appointed an assistant general to guard the island, Chongming Island was once again attacked by Zhang Mingzhen [16] of the Ming army in the first month of 1 6, that is,1month after the Qing Dynasty surrendered to the island. Mao Jiuhua, then governor of Nanjing in the Qing Dynasty, pointed out that it would be a great threat if the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the upper reaches of the armed forces (especially the resistance organizations in Anqing) joined forces. Obviously, people with vision have also seen this. At that time, the main resistance force of Nanming Navy in Jiangnan was concentrated in Zhoushan, and the loss of Chongming Island was actually a huge loss for them. If Mingshui Army is still guarding this island, it can be used as a base for attacking inward along the river, and it is possible to get in touch with the upstream armed forces when the Qing army is weak, so as to recover the harassment and attack on Nanming Navy from Zhoushan in the south of the Yangtze River in one fell swoop and become a conventional battle. 1April 647, the Qing court resumed the courtship strategy. However, in May, more than 200 barges of the Ming navy were attacked by Zhoushan under the leadership of Shen, and retreated because of the heavy security in Chongming City. After that, he turned to attack Jiangnan Luyuan. As a result, they met a small typhoon in a sultry weather and were defeated. Shen was arrested and died. This year, Song Zongbing Wu transferred his troops and asked Lashu for help. Zhang Mingzhen was ordered to lead the navy to Chongming. On the way, he was hit by a tsunami, and the strong wind overturned the boat. Most of the soldiers are dead. Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan escaped and returned to Xiangshan Nantian. Synchronized with the decline of the East Zhejiang Navy is the revival of the Zheng Navy in Fujian. 1647, 65438+ 10, Zheng Chenggong swore an oath to resist the Qing Dynasty in Lieyu, and seized Xiamen as a base in 1650, and immediately became one of the main forces in the southern anti-Qing Dynasty. At its peak, Zheng Jun owned 72 towns of army and 20 towns of navy with 5,000 warships and nearly 200,000 foot soldiers. 165 1 year, Zhoushan fell, 18000 soldiers and civilians were killed. Zhang Mingzhen and others were at sea, so they were forced to temporarily protect King Lu from Xiamen and ordered them to settle down in Kinmen Island. The following year, Zhang Shishi was ordered to make a successful Northern Expedition, March into Chongming Island and attack Zhenjiang, and then retreat to Chongming after the reinforcements failed. Later, in April and May of 1654, Zhang invaded the Yangtze River estuary twice. 1 1 At the end of the month, the army of Zhangming Town was attacked by local sand people, losing 17 ships. Zhang retaliated by killing thousands of families. There were 300 defenders in Chongming City and 1000 brave people in the countryside. They attacked in the middle of the night and the whole army was defeated by Zhang. According to county records, Mingshui division harassed Zhoushan very frequently in the next year or two, often burning houses and taking hostages. 1655, Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan joined forces to March into the Yangtze River, but their forces were thin and failed. So he captured Zhoushan with Zheng Jun and died in the army at the end of the year. The troops were handed over to Zhang Huangyan. Cause of death is unknown. Ma Mingpei, the governor of Jiangnan at that time, wrote a report to the imperial court, saying, "According to the report, because Zhang Mingzhen failed to attack Chongming Island, he wanted to nominate the town to kill him. Fame, shock, anger, illness and death. "1656, Zhoushan was attacked by Qing soldiers again, and a strict sea ban policy was implemented: all residents moved to the mainland; When it finally leaves, all the city walls, forts, checkpoints and even houses will be burned down. In the autumn of this year, Gu San, a pirate who had been harassing and attacking the coastal areas of the south of the Yangtze River for a long time and was active in Chongming Island, was also arrested and executed. The death of Zhangming Town and the fall of Zhoushan again represent the decline of resistance in eastern Zhejiang, and the Fuming naval base in Zhoushan has the closest relationship with Chongming, and it also strongly advocates and intends to capture Chongming. The third stage: the strengthening of the Qing army's coastal defense and Zheng Chenggong's failure, 1657- 16 1 14 years of Shunzhi (1657), the Qing government announced that "the chief officer of Chongming Navy was added, and 10,000 pacesetters were deployed from Jiangning and Jiangsu and Anhui provinces to defend Wusong River and Shunzhi River respectively. According to Chongming, it is only a medium-sized county, the county magistrate is seven, and the navy's main soldiers are two, which shows that Chongming has become the forefront of coastal defense in the Qing Dynasty and attracted great attention from the central government. The overall strategy of setting up the General Staff of Chongming Navy in the Qing court was to focus on offshore defense. The so-called "at the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, coastal defense was only pirates" [note. 1657, the famous Liang Huafeng served as the prefect of the water army (from Yipin, the prefect was the highest military attache in a province) and led 10,000 troops to Chongming and Wusong. Liang, a native of Chang 'an, Shaanxi Province, once took part in pacifying Shanxi, which was "meritorious in the 20th century and World War II", and later pacified the thieves of Taihu Lake in the south of the Yangtze River. 1655, General Su Song was promoted, and Zhang Mingzhen's army was defeated many times in Gao Qiao, Pudong, and pursued to Pingyangsha, Chongming. Liang thinks that "the flat ocean sand hangs in the sea and cannot be defended", and suggests stationing troops in important places, building dams along the coast, and irrigating fields with water to rectify Chongming's military, political and agricultural production. Two years later (1659), Zheng Chenggong launched a large-scale attack and launched the Yangtze River Campaign. On May 4th, the troops listened to the discussion on the endeavor with the Yangtze River in Liegang, Zhoushan, and specially discussed the issue of "marching into Chongming separately", and decided to dock at three sand islands in Chongming respectively. And sent spies into the Yangtze River to inquire about the situation, which was detected by Liang Huafeng. On May 18, Zheng Jun drove from Yangshan (now Xiaoyangshan, Zhejiang) to Chongming overnight, and Zheng Chenggong was stationed in Xinxingsha. He also applied for a military order: "Chongming and other places can be home to prefects, towns, generals and generals' families, which are the fundamental places of our division and integrated with Siming House. The local people should be comforted, who is harassed, who is killed, and even guilty. " At that time, Zhang Huangyan suggested that Zheng Chenggong should take Chongming as the base: "Worship the sand, serve as the gateway to the river and the sea, and hang the continent to defend it. If it is not designated as the old camp first", once there is negligence, he can advance and retreat. However, this suggestion was not adopted, and Zheng Chenggong was eager to attack and surround Nanjing. But now, there is no organized uprising in Jiangnan to meet him. This carelessness gave Liang Huafeng a fighter plane. In July, Liang was ordered to lead three thousand troops at a gallop to help Nanjing. On July 23rd, the design captured Zheng Jun's general Gan Hui [Gan Hui 1655 sealed Chongming Bo in April]. When Zheng Jun was defeated, many ships on the Yangtze River were burned by Liang Huafeng. Liang predicted that Zheng Jun might attack Chongming, and the existing Ministry would stay behind, so he sent troops to help. On August 8, Zheng Jun retreated to Chongming. Zheng Chenggong called people to discuss, saying that he would seize Chongming County as the old camp, and then transfer an army from Xiamen to attack, in order to "force it out quickly". On the same day, Zheng Jun went to Chongming to surrender and set out to attack the city. At about 9 am on August 1 1, artillery began to attack the city. Zheng Chenggong personally commanded the battle. At night, more than 100 city walls in the northwest corner were blown up, and then the trenches were leveled and a ladder for hand-to-hand combat was built. The defenders in the city persisted in resisting and repelled Zheng Jun's seven attacks. Han Ying and Wang Qifeng died in this battle. Zheng Chenggong tried to storm again, but was stopped by Zhou Quanbin, the Ministry. He thought that the city was solid, deep and high, and it was difficult to break. Moreover, the enemy's reinforcements may arrive soon, and it is meaningless to get this isolated city. In the evening, Zheng Chenggong replied to Ma Jinbao, the prefect of the Qing court, saying that one of the purposes of attacking Chongming was to eliminate the rumor that the whole army was wiped out. "I drive Chongming, settle the soldiers as soon as possible, and then enter the long drive. ..... I only counted spears today, and the city has fallen by half. Tomorrow, I will attack again with a gun and stand like a flat ground. " In fact, I have given up this plan in my heart. The next day (August 12), I sent troops to four towns to collect food and grass, and set off for Fujian on 14. In this battle, Zheng successfully defeated the defenders of the Qing army in Zhoushan, but met with stubborn resistance in Chongming. The residents of the island were later rewarded tax-free by Ao Bai for this performance. It seems that their resistance to the Ming army is stronger than that of the Qing army, and one of the reasons may be fear of retaliation. At that time, the anti-Qing army, seeing the Han people with shaved heads, often killed miserably. When Zheng succeeded in surrounding Nanjing, only 500 Manchu soldiers, mainly Han banners, resisted. After this failure, Zheng Chenggong never went to the north again. 166 1 in may, the Qing dynasty ordered a large-scale rectification of the coastal defense system in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and built bridges, roads, fortresses and ships. At that time, Zheng Chenggong's base in southern Fujian was also attacked by the Qing army, so he moved eastward and recovered Taiwan Province Province. This year (166 1), Liang Huafeng, the minister who made great contributions to the Qing army in the Yangtze River War, was awarded the prefect of Jiangnan for his contribution. At that time, people thought that Taiwan Province Province had not yet been recovered. He proposed to invoke the situation of Guangdong and Fujian, establish a border in Suzhou and Songjiang, implement a maritime ban, and move all residents to the mainland, which was opposed by Liang. He believes that instead of giving up the fertile land along the coast, it is better to use the taxes of these places to raise troops for defense. In the final analysis, the maritime ban is a disaster for the people. This suggestion was finally adopted by the emperor shunzhi. The Military Value of Chongming Island Chongming is an alluvial island at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Since the Tang Wude period (6 18-626) surfaced, its area has been changing every year. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, its area was much smaller than it is now (1200 square kilometers), only about 500 square kilometers (502 square kilometers in Zhoushan Island). At that time, the population was about 200 thousand. Chongming, as an island where rivers and seas meet, is rarely involved in war in history, but if it is involved in war, it must be military forces from the sea (such as pirates, Japanese pirates, Zheng Jun and British troops during the Opium War). Because only when the maritime forces come, it becomes the focus of its struggle with the mainland forces; For two conflicting armies, even if the war happened near Chongming, Chongming was just a worthless island (for example, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom swept across the south of the Yangtze River and confronted the Qing court for many years, but it never occupied Chongming Island). During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Qing army went south, and the resistance forces in the east finally spread all over the coast. Chongming, Zhoushan, Xiamen and Jinmen in southern Fujian are the three most important fulcrums. If Chongming is still in the hands of the Ming army after 1646, the situation will probably be very different. Jiangnan is one of the most tenacious areas against the Qing army. If Chongming can persist, it can become the base of the resistance movement, and then unite the forces of Anqing Mountain area in the upper reaches. If there is organized resistance, it may not be impossible to repeat the scene of the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, the Nomads had attacked Ningbo and finally retreated back to Jiangbei. Secondly, the existence of Chongming as a revival base will contain the forces of the Qing army and relieve the pressure of Li Dingguo and other departments in the southwest. But unfortunately, at that time, there were many contradictions within the Ming water army and there were different decrees. They killed each other and were finally defeated one by one. If Chongming can hold on (judging from its tenacious resistance to Zheng Jun, it is likely to do so, especially when the water army is weak in the early Qing Dynasty), the Ming navy can also use this as a base to harass the north. The route from Chongming to Liaodong has been very developed. As far away as the founder of grain transportation in the early Yuan Dynasty, a pirate in Chongming, and as close as Shen, a merchant expert in the late Ming Dynasty, there is also Chongming who once shipped grain to Liaodong. Of course, none of this happened. If Zheng Chenggong had breached Chongming Island before, he might not have recovered Taiwan Province Province two years later. In fact, his declaration before recovering Taiwan Province Province is very similar to what he said before attacking Chongming: "I will take Taiwan Province Province as the fundamental place, settle down the general's family, and then explore the East and the West without worrying about internal considerations. I can learn from it. "Although Chongming is very different from today's Taiwan Province Province, it was not the case at that time: there were almost no Han people in Taiwan Province Province at that time, and there was very little cultivated land; Chongming has a population of at least 200,000, with a large area of fertile land. When attacking Taiwan Province Province, Zheng Chenggong's people hardly wanted to go. Zheng himself died of illness shortly after the attack, at the age of 39, which had a lot to do with the boils in Taiwan Province Province and the disobedience of his subordinates (there was no food in Taiwan Province Province at that time, and Zheng Jun's subordinates did not transport the food to Taiwan Province on the other side of the strait), and Chongming at least had no plague; There are only 1000 Dutch defenders in Taiwan Province province, but the firepower is fierce. Chongming has at most 5000 defenders, but it is easier to capture. Moreover, the recovery of Taiwan Province Province made the Dutchman and Zheng even more sworn enemies. Later, the Netherlands sent troops to help the Qing army attack Zheng. Recovering Taiwan Province Province, according to the situation at that time, can only make people feel more hopeless to recover the Central Plains. Judging from China rather than the world, the military value of Taiwan Province Province at that time was not necessarily higher than that of Chongming Island. However, there are always many unexpected things in history. Perhaps with the consolidation of the maritime ban and the rule of the Qing army in the mainland, Zheng Chenggong will be forced to recover Taiwan Province Province as a base sooner or later, but 1659 the failure of the Yangtze River campaign and the tenacious resistance of Chongming Island,