The class carried out comprehensive practical activities about the Yellow River and asked the host to open the topic and end the conversation urgently!

Opening remarks; We grew up with the Yellow River, and it pains us to watch the mother of the Yellow River grow old and thin day by day. Mother Yellow River endures human torture every day, drinking sewage discharged by human beings and eating human domestic garbage, but still irrigates human beings and nourishes everything. Dayu has three treasures in harnessing the Yellow River, one is the river map, the other is the mountain axe, and the third is the water-avoiding sword. Legend has it that the Yellow River water god Hebo taught Dayu ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Myths and Legends of the Yellow River: Legends of Yanhuang and Yao Shunyu;

Legend has it that the original surname of the Yellow Emperor was Gongsun, but he changed his surname to Ji because he was longer than Ji Shui. Once lived in the hill of Xuanyuan,No. Xuanyuan; Because it is a descendant of a bear, it is also called Xiong's. He was born as a god, weak and eloquent, young and loyal (clever), long and sensitive, and wise. Later, he was elected as a tribal leader and led his troops to migrate to northern Shaanxi to settle down. With the development of agricultural production, in order to find more flat, open and fertile land, we went south along the Beiluo River to Dali and Chaoyi in Shaanxi today. The yellow land there gave them convenient conditions for developing agriculture, but the drought that appeared from time to time troubled them and forced them to continue looking for their ideal place. As a result, the Yellow Emperor led his troops from Dali and Chaoyi to cross the Yellow River eastward, along Zhongtiao Mountain and Taihang Mountain, into the Fenhe River basin, and then pushed northeast to reach Zhuolu, Hebei Province today. There is a wide valley suitable for farming formed by the alluvial of Sanggan River and Yanghe River, and there is a hunting forest nearby. They thought the environment was superior and settled down.

Just as the Yellow Emperor led his tribe eastward, Emperor Yan also led his people on a long journey. Yan Di, also known as Yan Di, said that he was born in Lishan Mountain, that is, Lishan Town, Suizhou City, Hubei Province, and that he was born in Changyang, that is, Yangshan, the head of Shennong Township, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. "He is a man, surnamed Jiang, also known as." In order to find an ideal place to settle down, he also led the tribe to migrate eastward. But the route they took was different from that taken by the Yellow Emperor. They first went down the Weihe River to the southwest of Henan, then down the Yellow River to the east of Henan and settled there.

At that time, with the emergence of private property and the disintegration of clan system, tribal leaders gradually mastered certain privileges. Wars often occur between tribes in order to compete for living space and each other's strength. In order to satisfy their own selfish desires, some tribal leaders "saw with knives and used armour", and also launched wars to plunder wealth and enslave other clans and tribes. This kind of war has intensified social division and brought great threat to normal agricultural production, but the customary law of clan system, which regulates social contradictions, has lost its function at this time, which seems to be inadequate. In the face of more and more wars, blood tribes unite with each other, form alliances, and then form larger consortia. At this time, the two tribes of Yan and Huang also conquered all directions by force and expanded their power, thus triggering large-scale conflicts. The two sides fought three wars in Hanquan (now Huailai, Hebei Province). The six clans under the Yellow Emperor, namely, the bear, the scorpion, the raccoon and the tiger, were killed in the dark together with the Yan Di tribe, and the Yan Di tribe was defeated and had to surrender. Because the two tribes are related by blood, the Yellow Emperor did not slaughter the Yan Di tribe, but formed a tribal alliance with them, and the Yellow Emperor became the leader of the Yanhuang tribal alliance. After a long period of development, the Yanhuang Tribal Alliance formed the embryonic form of the Chinese nation in the future.

Later, Chiyou, the leader of Jiuli who settled in Qufu, Shandong Province, expanded his sphere of influence and triggered a war with the Yan Di tribe. Jiuli, or Jiuyi, belongs to Dongyi nationality. Legend has it that Chiyou has 9 tribes, 8 1 clan. He talks like a monster, eating sand and stones, which may be because the descendants of the Yellow Emperor deliberately vilify other tribal leaders. "Making metallurgy with Chiyou", "Taking gold as a soldier", making sticks, knives, halberds and crossbows, which are brave and good at fighting, shocked the world. He led a tribal alliance composed of nine tribes to attack the Yan Di tribe in the west of eastern Henan. Unable to resist, Yan Di tribes lost their homes. Chiyou followed, and Emperor Yan asked the Yellow Emperor for help. The Yellow Emperor then led troops to meet the enemy and fought fiercely with Chiyou in Zhuolu. The war is extremely fierce. It is said that the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou are invincible in nine battles. For three days and nights, the Yellow Emperor tribe couldn't see the direction clearly. After the gale, the "ministers" of the Yellow Emperor were inspired by the Beidou constellation and invented the south guide car, so that they were able to rush out of the fog. With the help of Xuan Nv, the Yellow Emperor made 80 drums, which were covered with the skin of the East China Sea god beast osmium, and made drumsticks with Lei Shou's bones. They were beaten in the battle and could be heard 500 miles away. The battle lasted for a long time, and finally a decisive battle was held in Jizhou. The Yellow Emperor sent Ying Long to attack Chiyou, and Ying Long put water into the water array. Chiyou invited a rain master from Fengbo, and there was a storm, which washed away the water array and put the Yellow Emperor in trouble. The Yellow Emperor invited Xiuli Jiami, the heavenly daughter, to stop the wind and rain, and the weather suddenly cleared up. Chiyou was at a loss and his men were terrified. The Yellow Emperor commanded an army to cover and kill the past and won the final victory. Chiyou surrendered to the Yellow Emperor with the Fengbo Rain Master he invited. The Yellow Emperor entered the area where Dongyi lived. He "drives six dragons like an elephant, with blue eyes (one trillion firebird) in the lead, Chiyou in the front, Fengbo in the back, the rain teacher in the rain, the tiger and the wolf in the front, ghosts and gods in the back, and the Phoenix Emperor (Phoenix) covering it". He went to the top of Mount Tai to see ghosts and gods and played a tragic and sad ". Chiyou was later killed, and some Jiuli people joined the Yanhuang tribal alliance and merged into the Huaxia people; Part of it went south and merged into the southern Miao nationality.

The victory of the battle of Zhuolu further expanded the power of the Yanhuang tribal alliance and developed into a larger tribal consortium. The authority of the Yellow Emperor was greatly improved, integrating judicial power, sacrificial right, military command and production command. All tribes must obey his orders, and if they don't, they will send troops to conquer. He also built mountains and roads, trying to break through the isolation of tribal areas and promote exchanges between tribes. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor never lived a peaceful life. 1 18 years old died in Jingshan while traveling in Henan. People escorted him back to northern Shaanxi and buried him in Qiaoshan Mountain in huangling county, Shaanxi Province. This is the Huangdi Mausoleum mentioned earlier.

Since the Yellow Emperor was later honored as the ancestor of China, later generations attributed many ancient inventions to him and his "ministers", such as building houses, drilling wells, sewing clothes, making crossbows for ships, smelting stones and copper, and creating music. His wife Lei Zu invented sericulture, his "minister" Cang Xie created words, and Ling Lun created music and joy, and so on. For the same reason, Emperor Yan was honored as the ancestor of China, and later generations praised him for his inventions and called him Shennong. In pre-Qin legends, Shennong and Yan Di were originally different figures in two eras, and Shennong lived before Yan Di. During the Warring States period, people put two people together and called them Emperor Shennong. They said, "Shennong makes wood, polishes wood and Lei Lei to teach the world", "You can taste a hundred herbs before you get medicine" and "You can also be a banjo to teach people to become a city in China". Of course, these inventions are also the collective creations of people in primitive times.

3. Stories of historical tasks related to the Yellow River:

Primitive farming era; Fu Jiaomin cooked food and cast nets to fish; Shennong's parishioners sow grains; Stone tools grinded by Hemudu; China is the first country in the world to grow rice.

4. The ancient battlefield of the Yellow River Basin, please name a few places: the ancient battlefield of Konoha; Xiaoshan ancient battlefield; Julu ancient battlefield; Kunyang ancient battlefield; Guandu ancient battlefield

5. Many cities along the Yellow River were once the capitals of dynasties: Yangcheng in xia Dynasty (now Dengfeng, Henan Province), Bo in Shang Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), Yin in later years (now Anyang, Henan Province), Haojiang in Zhou Dynasty (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), Xianyang in Qin Dynasty, Chang 'an in Western Han Dynasty (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), Luoyang in Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties.

6. The famous grottoes along the Yellow River include Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Xumishan Grottoes and Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. Among them, Yungang, Longmen, Maijishan and Dunhuang are called the four major grottoes in China.

7. Poems and songs about the Yellow River:

Have you ever seen how the water of the Yellow River flows out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return (Li Bai's "Into the Wine")

The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city, Wan Ren (Wang Zhihuan Liangzhou Ci).

8. Idiom about the Yellow River: Heqing Haiyan "Heqing is difficult, etc.", and rivers and mountains are sharp.

9. Proverbs about the Yellow River:

The Yellow River falls into the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes it in his heart (Tang Libai)

How did the water of the Yellow River flow out of heaven and into the ocean, and never return (Don Li Bai)

The Yellow River comes to Kunlun in the west, roaring Wan Li and touching Longmen (Tang Libai)

The Yellow River twists and turns and the sky collapses, and the three peaks of Hua Yue come once (Xiao Ming's Ci)

The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain (Don Wang Zhihuan)

Wan Li Moshan Vortex Hub of the Yellow River turns to Qin Mine (Tang Libai)

There is still a day when the Yellow River will be clarified. How can people have no luck?

If the Yellow River continues, Sauvignon Blanc will grow old (Tang Libai)

The waves of the Yellow River in the Nine Curves from Tianya (Tang Yuxi)

10. Proverbs about the Yellow River:

Don't stop until you reach the Yellow River;

Jumping into the Yellow River can't be washed clearly;

The Yellow River has nine bends and eighteen bends;

Since ancient times, Ningxia, Huang Hefu;

Saint, Huang Heqing;

How the water of the Yellow River flows out of heaven and into the ocean, which is gone forever;

When the Yellow River comes back, it doesn't look at Sichuan, and Dai sister comes back without looking at mountains.

Right and wrong blow into the ears of ordinary people, and the Yellow River cannot be washed away;

The Yellow River is full of dangers, but only one is rich. ;

1 1. Yellow River Ballad: Yellow River Chorus.

The second longest river in China. There are three sources in the upper reaches: Xiyuan Maqu, also known as the Yogu Zonglie Canal, originated from the southwest edge of the Yogu Zonglie Basin at the eastern foot of Yaradze Mountain in the middle of Bayankala Mountains; Central Plains Kariqu, also known as Karaqu, originated in the northern foot of Geziya Mountain in the middle of Bayan Kara Mountains. Nanyuan Duoqu originated near Riji Mountain at the northern foot of bayan har. Among these three sources, Maqu is the source of the Yellow River for more than 200 years. According to the principle that the source of the river is only far away, Kariqu is the longest of the three sources (190. 1 km), which is longer than Maqu (17 1.5 km) 18.6 km, so it is also advocated to make Kariqu. The Ministry of Water Resources of China and the Yellow River Conservancy Commission still believe that Maqu is the main source of the Yellow River. Starting from Maqu County, Qinghai Province, it flows eastward through Sichuan Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province and Henan Province. , flows into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Shandong Province. It has a total length of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of 752,400 square kilometers.

The Yellow River is named for its rich sediment and muddy yellow color. The main stream can be divided into three sections: the upper reaches are Heyuan to Hekou Town in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia; Hekou Town to Taohuayu in Henan Province is the middle reaches; Below Taohuayu is the downstream.

The upper reaches pass through Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. The basin covers an area of 386,000 square kilometers and the river is 3,472 kilometers long. The "Yogu Zonglie" in the Heyuan section (Tibetan means the pot for frying highland barley) is an oval basin with a length of about 40 kilometers from east to west and a width of about 60 kilometers from north to south. On the southwest edge of the basin, several springs converge into a trickle on the surface, connected in series with scattered lakes in the basin, and gradually converge into a small river with a width of about 2 ~ 3 meters. This is the Yogu Zonglie Canal. The Moon Valley Zonglie Canal flows through the lake area of Xingsuhai, passes through two plateau freshwater lakes, Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and then turns to the southeast, passing between Anima Qingshan and Xiqiao Mountain. Blocked by Minshan Mountain, the river turns in a big "S" shape, forming the famous first song of the Yellow River. From Maduo to Qingtongxia, it runs through the alternate beaded terrain of canyons and basins. In the 965,438+08 km reach from Longyangxia to Qingtongxia, the canyons are the most concentrated, and the larger canyons are Longyangxia, Songba Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujiaxia, Lijiaxia, Yanguo Gorge, Bapan Gorge, Sangyuan Gorge, Hongshan Gorge, Heishan Gorge and Qingtongxia. There are Baihe, Heihe, Taohe and Huangshui. The vegetation conditions in the basin are relatively good, so this section is the main water source of the Yellow River with more water and less sediment. Below Qingtongxia, the Yellow River flows northeast along the western edge of Ordos Plateau and enters Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. The climate here is dry, almost no tributaries are injected, and the evaporation is intense. The water consumption for irrigation from the Yellow River is large, and the river water along the way is reduced.

Hekou Town, Henan Province to the middle reaches of Taohuayu. The river basin covers an area of 344,000 square kilometers and the river length is 1.206 kilometers. Flowing through the Loess Plateau. The water system is developed and the valleys are vertical and horizontal. The main tributaries are Weihe River, Kuye River, Wuding River, Yanshui River, Fenhe River, Luo Yi River and Qinhe River. In Hekou town blocked by Luliang Mountain, turn south and cross the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge. The river is strongly cut, the banks of the valley are steep, tens to hundreds of meters above the water surface, and the water is fast. The famous Hukou Waterfall and Longmen are in this section. From Longmen to Tongguan, it enters the Wei Fen Valley, which is wide. Below Tongguan, it turns eastward to Sanmenxia, flows eastward to Jin Meng, and flows into the North China Plain. The Loess Plateau flowing through the middle reaches is not only the main source of sediment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, but also the main source of flood in the lower reaches.

Taohuayu to the lower reaches of the estuary. The basin covers an area of more than 20,000 square kilometers and the river is 786 kilometers long. Flowing eastward into the North China Plain. The river channel widens, the water flow slows down, and a large amount of sediment deposits, which makes the river bed deposit year by year, generally 3 ~ 5 meters higher than the shore ground, and in some places it is as high as 10 meter, making it a world-famous surface river. Except for the Chenshankou from Dongping Lake to Yufu Estuary in Jinan and the south bank near the foothills, there are artificial dikes with a length of 1.340 km on the other two banks to prevent the Yellow River from being diverted. The north-south levee has also become the watershed of the north-south river, with Haihe River system in the north and Huaihe River system in the south.

The Yellow River is the river with the largest sediment concentration in the world, with an average sediment concentration of 37.6 kg/m3 for many years and an average annual sediment transport of 654.38+0.6 billion tons, of which 400 million tons are deposited in the downstream riverbed, and the rest enter the sea with the water, forming a delta at the Yellow River estuary, with its apex in Ninghai, starting from the Tu Hai estuary in the north and reaching the tributary estuary in the south. It covers an area of 5450 square kilometers. From 1947 Yellow River back to 1985, land reclamation 1220 square kilometers, with an average annual land reclamation of 3 1.3 square kilometers, and the coastline around the estuary advances into the sea by an average of 390 meters.

Most of the Yellow River basin belongs to arid and semi-arid continental climate zone. The average annual precipitation is 476 mm, and the distribution of precipitation is uneven during the year. About 60% of precipitation is concentrated in June-September, and runoff is mainly supplied by precipitation, so it is unevenly distributed during the year, and the ratio of maximum annual runoff to minimum annual runoff is 2-3 times. The natural river runoff is 65.8 billion cubic meters, and the measured annual runoff is 43 1 100 million cubic meters. The flowing water resources of the main tributaries are 40.548 million kilowatts, and the potential development amount is about 28 million kilowatts, accounting for 6. 1% of the national potential hydropower installed capacity, mainly concentrated in the upper and middle reaches.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Yellow River was harnessed and developed, more than 3,000 reservoirs were built on the main and tributaries, downstream dikes were reinforced, and flood storage and detention areas were built. From 1949 to 1992, there was no breach in the lower reaches, which reversed the situation of two breaches in the history of the Yellow River in three years and began the transformation from harmful river to beneficial river.