History of Qin, Sui, Ming and other dynasties

There were three emperors in the Qin Dynasty, one died of illness, the other was forced to die by civil strife, and the other was killed after the national subjugation and surrender. Attached to the Qin Zhuang Wang Xiang died of illness.

King Xiang of Qin Zhuang, a different person, changed his name to Zi Chu (BC? ~ 247 years ago). Prince Qin Xiaowen. King Xiaowen succeeded to the throne after his death. After three years in office, he died of illness. Buried in the pot.

There was a foreigner who won. When he was young, he was a hostage in Handan, the capital of Zhao State. Because Qin attacked Zhao many times, his situation was very difficult. At this time, Lv Buwei, a big businessman of Wei, knew his situation, thought he was a "rare commodity" and decided to take a political gamble, so he managed to get to know him and became close friends. Lv Buwei used a large sum of money to buy off Mrs Huayang, the favored concubine of King Qin Xiaowen, and made her persuade King Qin Xiaowen to make an alien a prince. In order to please Mrs Huayang, Huayang, who was born in Chu, was renamed Zi Chu at the behest of Lv Buwei. In 250 BC, Qin Xiaowen died of sudden poisoning after three days of succession, and a stranger succeeded to the throne.

After the alien succession, Mrs. Huayang was honored as the Queen Mother; Worship Lv Buwei as Prime Minister, seal Wen Xin Hou, eat 65,438+households in Luoyang, and take charge of state affairs. At that time, the Western Zhou Dynasty, a small feudal country within the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, was destroyed in 256 BC, and Zhou Wang died of illness. The Duke of the Western Zhou Dynasty moved to the northwest of Linru County, Henan Province, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty still existed. In 249 BC, the Duke of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty contacted the princes and planned to cut Qin. After making that, he immediately sent Lv Buwei to command 65,438+10,000 troops, destroyed the seven cities of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and moved Qi Huangong of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty to Yang Yang (now Linru County, Henan Province) to gather. The last remains of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were carved from the roots. Then, Qin Jun continued to encroach on Sanjin and seized large areas of land.

In May 247 BC, different people died of illness. After the death of a stranger, the temple was named King Zhuang Xiang.

Qin Shihuang's name was Ying Zheng (259 ~ 2 10), and he was the son of King Xiang of Qin. After the death of King Xiang, he succeeded the State of Qin, destroyed six countries and unified China. He was called the first emperor and the founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty. After 25 years in office, he ascended the throne in 12 and died at the age of 49. Buried in Yili (now 25 miles northeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province).

Qin Shihuang, who won the surname, was a famous minister. Born in Zhao, also known as the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang (another son of Qin Zhuang). In 246 BC, Ying Zheng, who was only 13 years old, succeeded to the throne of Qin, which was handed over to the Prime Minister and Empress Xuan. In 238 BC, he took advantage of the opportunity of going out to mobilize troops to rebel. He crushed the rebellion in one fell swoop, killed the virus and imprisoned the queen mother. The following year, Lv Buwei was dismissed from his post, and then he was forced to kill Lv Buwei, while Liao Wei and Li Si were appointed.

Since then, Ying Zheng has inherited a series of policies since Qin Xiaogong, carried out reform and innovation, and rewarded farming. Then, Ying Zheng adopted the strategy of Reese and others, bribed the ministers of the six Kanto countries with huge sums of money, alienated the monarch and his subjects, made friends, and rose up to attack them. During the period of 10 from 230 BC to 2265438 BC, six countries, namely, Korea, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi, perished one after another, putting an end to the scuffle of separatist regimes that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

After Ying Zheng unified the world, he created the title of "Emperor", called himself the first emperor, announced that his descendants would be called II, III and even eternity, and imagined that the rule of the Qin Dynasty would continue from generation to generation. All government affairs of the country are decided by the emperor, and important officials of the central and local governments are appointed and removed by the emperor. The central government implements the system of three public officials and nine ministers. Subsequently, Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system since Shang and Zhou dynasties and implemented the county system. On the basis of the original laws and decrees of Qin, he absorbed some provisions of the laws of the six countries and formulated and promulgated unified laws. The nobles before the Six Kingdoms were moved to Guanzhong and Bashu to prevent their separatist activities. Economically, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce was implemented to foster the development of feudal private ownership of land. In the thirty-first year of the first emperor (2 16 BC), landlords and yeomen who occupied land were ordered to declare the amount of land to the government and pay taxes. Their land ownership was recognized and protected by the government, and the national weights and measures system was unified with the weights and measures formulated by Shang Yang as the standard. In order to develop the national land and water transportation, Qin's "half Liang" money was used as the currency, and "cars on the same track" was implemented, and the chidao from Xianyang to Yanqi and the straight road from Xianyang to Jiuyuan (now Baotou West, Inner Mongolia) via Yunyang. Wuchi Road was built in the southwest, and a canal was dug to connect Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River.

In terms of cultural thought, based on the popular characters of Qin State, Biography was formulated and promulgated throughout the country. In 2 13 BC, in order to control his thoughts, Ying Zheng accepted Reese's suggestion and ordered books on Qin history, medicine, divination and tree planting to be burned. Private schools are forbidden. In the second year, alchemists Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng talked about Qin Shihuang's greed and arbitrary punishment behind his back. After learning about Ying Zheng, people were sent to hunt him down. Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng fled in great anger and killed all the more than 460 Confucian scholars involved in Xianyang. These two things are called "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history, which stifled thoughts and seriously damaged culture.

In 2 14 BC, Ying Zheng sent troops to Nanyue, adding four counties: Minzhong, Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun (now Chongzuo County, Guangxi). In the same year, General Meng Tian was sent to attack the Xiongnu in the north, recovered the Hetao area in Inner Mongolia today, and moved to the civil construction city in the mainland. At the end of the first emperor, the number of counties in Qin increased from 36 at the beginning of reunification to more than 40, making Qin's territory reach the sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and Xiang Jun in the south.

During the reign of Ying Zheng, the corvee was heavy and the punishment was harsh. In addition to paying two-thirds of the harvest as taxes, the people have to bear heavy corvee and military service. He recruited more than 700,000 people and built the luxurious Epang Palace and the tomb of Mount Li in the south of Weishui. He also recruited farmers to connect the original Great Wall in the northern part of Qin, Zhao and Yan, extending eastward and westward, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west and building a city defense in Liaodong (now northwest of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province) in the east. This is the Great Wall of Wan Li. It is a great project in ancient China and the crystallization of the sweat and wisdom of the working people in ancient China. At that time, there were more than 654.38+0.5 million conscripts and corvees, and the number of soldiers was insufficient. Even women are taken to transport their salaries. Many people were tortured to death. In order to prevent the people from resisting, he ordered the collection and destruction of folk weapons, and also stipulated that one person should be sentenced to death and his relatives should be executed, which was called "clan punishment"; A family breaks the law and neighbors are guilty of the same crime. This is called "sitting together". People can be accused of breaking the law at any time, be sentenced to hard labor, or be beheaded, cut off their noses, executed, and criminals who are escorted to the government abound. He was overjoyed and wasted his time. During his reign of 12 years, he made five large-scale cruises, carving stones and praising virtues along the way to show his immortal achievements. In order to live forever, alchemist Xu Fu led thousands of children and men to seek immortality in the East China Sea. It has consumed huge financial and human resources and deepened people's suffering.

As soon as the Qin Dynasty was established, class contradictions began to intensify. Due to the tyranny of Ying Zheng, a small-scale peasant uprising appeared. In 2 10 BC, Ying Zheng made his last cruise, accompanied by Prime Minister Reese, CZ (eunuch in charge of the emperor's official documents) Zhao Gao and his favorite youngest son Hu Hai. He crossed the Qiantang River and arrived in Wuzhong, Huiji County. On the way back, he fell ill in Pingyuan Jin (now southeast of Pingyuan County, Shandong Province). When I arrived at the sand dune (now Guangzong County, Hebei Province), my illness turned to safety. Knowing that he was dying, he quickly ordered Reese and Zhao Gao to draft letters and give them to his eldest son, Fu Su, urging Fu Su to rush back to Xianyang immediately to preside over the funeral. When Reese drafted the imperial edict and submitted it to Ying Zheng for review, Ying Zheng was already dead.

Fu Su was expelled from the capital by Qin Shihuang for discouraging Ying Zheng from entering Confucianism, and was sent to Meng Tian Army in Shang Jun as a supervisor. Zhao Gao has always held a grudge against the Meng Tian family. Worried that Fu Su succeeded to the throne and Meng Huo was reused, he detained the testamentary edict and conspired with Hu Hai to usurp the throne. He coerced and forced Reese to collude with them, forged a testament, accused Fu Su of not being able to make meritorious service outside, but resented his father and ordered him and Meng Tian to commit suicide. Meng Tian suspected and refused to commit suicide. Fu Su was honest and believed that the imperial edict was true, so he committed suicide and died.

Zhao Gao didn't send out obituary. He put Ying Zheng's body in the car, closed the door and drew the curtain on the car, so that officials thought that Qin Shihuang was still alive and played outside the car every day. While leading the brigade to drive the corpse truck back to Xianyang. Due to the hot weather, the body rotted and stinked. Zhao Gao sent people to kill abalone and ordered each car to be loaded with abalone, so as to confuse the smell of corpse. Then he sent out obituary and made Hu Hai emperor. Qin Shihuang is the floorboard of Ying Zheng, the first emperor in history.

Since ancient times, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang has been mixed. However, throughout Qin Shihuang's life, he has played a great role in promoting the development of China's history, and he is indeed an accomplished emperor in the history of China, and his achievements cannot be lost.

Qin Ershi's name was Hu Hai (230-207 BC). The 26th son of Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang died and was succeeded by Zhao Gao. After three years in office, Zhao Gao forced him to commit suicide at the age of 24. Buried in Yichun Garden, Du Nan (now the south bank of Qujiangchi in the southeast of Xi City, Shaanxi Province).

Qin Shihuang died during a summer cruise in 2 10 BC. After his body was transported back to Xianyang, Zhao Gao and Reese announced his death to the world, forged a testamentary edict and made Hu Hai a prince. In July of the same year, he was named "Qin Ershi" and was called "Qin Ershi" in history.

After Hu Hai acceded to the throne, at the instigation of Zhao Gao, he killed 22 brothers and sisters, general Meng Tian, Meng Yi brothers and many ministers. In the second year, Reese was beheaded for treason and the three clans were destroyed to prevent the usurpation from leaking out.

During the reign of Hu Hai, Zhao Gao continued to carry out the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, recruited two or three million civilian workers, and updated Epang Palace, Chidao, Lishan Mausoleum and military service. Heavy taxes and heavy penalties were even worse than during the reign of Qin Shihuang, which led to more acute class contradictions and finally aroused the peasant uprising in Chen Sheng and Guangwu in July 209 BC. After the sacrifice of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang led the rebels to continue their anti-Qin campaign. In 207 BC, the main force of Qin was defeated and surrendered by Xiang Yu in the battle of Julu (now Julu County, Hebei Province), and the people of Xianyang were in a panic. At that time, all the power was monopolized by Zhao Gao, and Zhao Gao blocked the news of Hu Hai and let him spend all day in the palace.

One day, in order to test who obeys him and who doesn't, Zhao Gao took a deer to the DPRK and said to Hu Hai, "I have a horse, and I have come to offer it to your majesty." Hu Hai said, "This is obviously a deer. How can it be a horse The Prime Minister is joking! " Zhao Gao said solemnly with a straight face, "It's a horse. Please accept it. " Many ministers are afraid of Zhao Gao and agree that it is a horse. Only a few honest ministers truthfully pointed out that it was a deer. A few days later, these ministers were killed by Zhao Gao. This is the story of "referring to a deer as a horse" in history. After that, no one dared to tell Hu Hai the truth.

Soon, Liu Bangjun broke through Wuguan (now southeast of Danfeng County, Shaanxi Province) and approached Xianyang. Hu Hai finally knew the news and was terrified. He quickly sent someone to urge Zhao Gao to send his troops to resist. Seeing that the situation was critical and unsustainable, Zhao Gao decided to kill Hu Hai, who was unconscious and incompetent, and negotiate with Liu Bang.

One night in August, Zhao Gao sent his son-in-law Xianyang to make Yan Le, led more than 65,438+ten thousand confidants, pretended that something was going to happen in the palace, and entered Wang Yi Palace where Hu Hai was located. Zhao and the attending doctor Zhao Sheng pretended to be insiders and led them into the inner hall. In order to demonstrate, Yan Le shot an arrow into the temple, and the arrow shot into Hu Hai's tent, which scared Hu Hai to call the guards loudly. But when the guards saw the mutiny, they all fled. Hu Hai had to turn and escape into the bedroom. Looking back, I saw a eunuch following me, so I sharply reprimanded him and said, "Why didn't you warn the liegeman earlier for rebellion?" The eunuch replied, "If I had told your Majesty earlier, I wouldn't be alive today."

At this time, Yan Le chased into the bedroom, pointing to Hu Hai and reprimanded loudly: "You are arrogant, killing innocent people, and everyone in the world abandoned you. Please find your home quickly! " Hu Hai asked, "Who sent you?" Yan Le replied: "Prime Minister." Hu Hai asked to meet Zhao Gao, but Yan Le refused. Hu Hai sighed and said, "It seems that the Prime Minister wants me to abdicate. I am willing to abdicate to be the king of a county and no longer be called the emperor. " Yan Le doesn't allow it. Hu Hai pleaded: "Then, let me be a cosmic person!" Yan Le is still not allowed. Hu Hai panicked and cried and begged, "May the Prime Minister spare my life. I just need to be a civilian with my wife. " Yan Le glared at him impatiently and said, "I was ordered by the Prime Minister to kill you, a bad king. It's no use asking again, I dare not go back. " Say that finish called on the soldiers to start work. Hu Hai had to draw his sword and commit suicide.

Zi Ying (BC? ~ 206 years ago), grandson of Qin Shihuang, nephew of Hu Hai. Hu Hai succeeded to the throne after committing suicide. 46 days in power. Liu Bangbing arrived at Bashang (now east of Xi, Shaanxi), and he came out of the mountain. Later, Xiang Yu was killed in Xianyang and his burial place was unknown.

In August 207 BC, Zhao Gao forced Hu Hai to commit suicide. He wanted to be emperor himself, but when he saw that the people were dissatisfied, he had to let Zi Ying, the eldest son of Qin Shihuang, be king in the same month and cancel the title of emperor. At the same time, he sent someone to negotiate with Liu Bangjun, intending to kill the Qin imperial clan again. Zi Ying learned that Zhao Gao wanted to kill the imperial clan and decided to get rid of Zhao Gao first. On the day of his accession to the throne, all the etiquette was ready, but Zi Ying said that he was ill. Zhao Gao nasty, personally to urge. Zi Ying caught Zhao Gao and put him to death. Then 50,000 troops were stationed in Miguan (now north of Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province) to stop Liu Bang's army. Liu Bangjun bypassed the customs with the juice of suspected soldiers, entered from the southeast, annihilated the defenders and entered the dam.

Ziying saw that the tide had receded. In BC 10, he led ministers, holding national seals, military symbols and festivals. He leaned over and stood on the gate of Xianyang, surrendering to Liu Bang. The Qin Dynasty perished. Liu Bang supervised Zi Ying in Xianyang City.

Sui dynasty:

The Sui Dynasty (58 1-6 18) ruled China for thirty-eight years, with only Wendi and Yangdi before and after, which was one of the short dynasties in the history of China.

With the gradual decline of politics and economy in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, as an assistant minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, forced the young Emperor Jing of Zhou to abdicate and become emperor on his own in February of 58 1 year. Because Emperor Wen of Sui was a former Duke of Sui, he changed his country name to Sui, and his country name was, with Chang 'an as its capital. He was the first emperor of the Sui Dynasty.

After Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, he decisively carried out a series of social reforms in politics and economy, which consolidated the rule of the Sui Dynasty. In the eighth year (588), 65438+ February captured the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, and then Jianye (now Nanjing), the capital of Chen, declared the Southern Dynasties extinct. At this point, China, which had been divided for a long time, was reunified. Wendi reigned for twenty-four years, 60 1 year, and changed his name to Renshou. In the fourth year of Renshou, Emperor Wendi died in Renshou Palace at the age of 63. (Later generations recorded that Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was assassinated by his son Yang Guang, so he ordered his confidant Zhang Heng to enter the palace. )

After Wendi died, his son Yang Guang ascended the throne the next day. His great title was Yang Di, a famous tyrant in China history. After he acceded to the throne, he began to build large-scale projects, build luxurious palaces for himself and dig the Grand Canal for his own enjoyment. In order to expand his rule, he kept expanding outward. From the 12th year of Daye (6 12) to the 14th year of Daye, Yang Di made three expeditions to Liaodong and Korea (present-day Korean Peninsula), but all failed. Years of war and the tyranny of Emperor Yang greatly weakened the national strength of the Sui Dynasty, and people's lives were almost guaranteed. As a result, people all over the country rose up in succession, with Zhai Rang in Wagangshan, Dou Jiande in Hebei, Du and others in Jianghuai area having the greatest influence. So in the late Sui Dynasty, Yang-ti had to run around, but the general trend of the Sui Dynasty was gone after all. 16 18 In March, Sui generals Sima De and Yu Wenhuaji took advantage of the "Little Guo Jun" rebellion and launched a mutiny in Jiangdu, strangling the cruel emperor Yang Di. In this way, the brief rule of the Sui Dynasty ended.

Sui Dynasty is a dynasty that connects the past with the future, and Wendi and Yang Di reigned for thirty-eight years. In these 38 years, China has been consolidated and developed in politics, economy, military affairs and culture. First of all, politically, the Sui Dynasty adjusted the central and local ruling institutions and restored the old system of "three divisions, three publics and nine publics" that had been abolished for many years. Establish three provinces and six new systems and strengthen centralized rule. Through the formulation of Sui Law, the social order was stabilized. In addition, the establishment of the imperial examination system provided a blueprint for talent selection in China feudal society in the future. Economically, Emperor Wendi ordered the household registration to be rectified, the population to be checked, and then the land equalization system was implemented and taxes were adjusted. At the same time, in order to restore agricultural production and strengthen water transport, the Guangtong Canal was opened in the fourth year of Emperor Kai (584), and the Weihe River was diverted to Tongguan. In the fourth year of Yang Di's great cause (608), Yongji Canal was opened, which diverted water from Qinshui to Nantong Yellow River and from Huixian to Zhuo Jun, with a total length of more than 2,000 miles. This is now the so-called Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. In addition, due to years of war before the Sui Dynasty, there was no unified monetary system and weights and measures in each dynasty, which greatly affected the trading and circulation of commodities in the market. Therefore, after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, it was first announced to ban old money, issue "five baht money" that met the specifications, and severely punish privately minted coins. At the same time, it also stipulated the standard copper bucket iron ruler, which was promulgated nationwide. In this way, it has created favorable conditions for sustained and stable economic growth.

With the development of social production, the natural sciences and humanities and arts in the Sui Dynasty also made great progress. For example, Liu Zhuo, a famous astronomer, worked out the emperor's polar calendar, and the precession he calculated was almost the same as the exact value of modern calculation. In terms of engineering construction, the most outstanding achievement is the construction of Anji Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei Province. This stone bridge supervised by Li Chun is considered to be the earliest "air collision bridge" in the world. It was built nearly 800 years earlier than the Sailai Bridge on the Teke River in Europe. A large number of outstanding representatives emerged in the Sui Dynasty in painting, music and dance, such as the painter Zhan Ziqian and his You Chuntu.

In just over 30 years, the Sui Dynasty resumed its foreign relations, which were almost interrupted for centuries because of the chaotic separatist regime. The commercial exchanges along the Silk Road promoted the exchanges between China and West Asia and laid a certain foundation for the prosperous Tang Dynasty. With the improvement of foreign relations and the development of communication, geography at that time also developed greatly. The *** 1200 Volume Map of Yu District, which was ordered by Emperor Yangdi, is an illustrated national geography monograph, which occupies a considerable position in the history of China's geographical development.

Sui Dynasty is the second and last dynasty in the history of China. Compared with another dynasty, Qin dynasty, it does have many similarities. First of all, Sui and Qin Dou were China, which were unified and divided by powerful force for many years, and then completed a series of reforms, which enabled the economy to develop. At the same time, the people were subjected to heavy corvee, suffering, and finally destroyed the regime. However, it is precisely by virtue of the rich accumulation of material wealth at this time that the country has created good material conditions for the development of future generations. This brought the prosperous Tang culture that the Chinese nation was proud of after the Sui Dynasty.

Ming dynasty:

In the 11th year of Zheng Zhi (135 1), the peasant uprising broke out in May. The following year, Guo Zixing rallied and captured Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui). Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang, a poor farmer in Fengyang, Anhui Province, defected to Guo Zixing, made meritorious military service, and won the esteem and trust of Guo Zixing. In the 14th year of Zheng Zhi (1354), Guo Zixing died, and Zhu Yuanzhang was in charge of state affairs. In the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (1356), Zhu Yuanzhang led his troops to occupy Qing Ji (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and renamed it Yingtianfu. Then he captured some surrounding military sites and gained a firm foothold. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang was "limited in land and little in food" and "fighting alone", far less than other rebel forces, and the situation was very difficult. Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the advice of Zhu Sheng, a counselor, and said, "Build a high wall, accumulate grain widely, and slow down to be king.". After several years of hard work, Zhu Yuanzhang's military and economic strength has grown rapidly. Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed Chen Youliang in the 23rd year (1363), Zhang Shicheng in the 27th year (1367) and captured Fang Guozhen, a coastal city in Zhejiang. /kloc-in the first month of 0/368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian and established the Ming Dynasty. In the same year, Dadu (now Beijing) was captured, and the Yuan Dynasty perished.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, on the one hand, reduced the burden on farmers and resumed social and economic production; On the one hand, punishing corrupt officials, even if they are royalty, the founding heroes are not soft. He also appointed the prince to guard all the places. After his death, Zhu Yunwen, the great grandson of the emperor, succeeded to the throne. Judy, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, launched the battle of Jingnan for the sake of Ming Chengzu and seized the throne. Judy built Beijing City and moved the capital to Beijing in 142 1 year. In the meantime, Zheng He made seven voyages to the West. He also compiled the Yongle Grand Ceremony. After Chengzu, there appeared the rules of kindness and openness.

1435, Ming Yingzong, who was under 9 years old, succeeded to the throne and believed in eunuch Wang Zhen. As a result, the civil engineering changed from 65438 to 0449, and the emperor was captured by Vala. However, under the leadership of Yu Qian, the Ming court set up another Ming Di, launched a national war of resistance between the army and the people, and repelled the invading Walla army. The Ming dynasty was once revived. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozhong and Hongzhi of Ming Dynasty, the politics of Ming Dynasty was the clearest. The emperor was diligent and not autocratic, trusted his ministers, and the power of the cabinet rose greatly.

Emperor Jiajing arrived, believing in Taoism and ignoring state affairs. Minister Yan Song monopolized the state affairs platform, which led to political corruption and financial crisis. Even Hai Rui called it "Jiajing Jiajing, every family is poor".

Wanli era

In the early years of Wanli, he assisted Zhang as the cabinet record. In the internal affairs, the principle of "respecting sovereignty, instructors, rewarding and punishing, and giving one order" was put forward, the examination law was implemented, redundant staff and staff in government agencies were abolished, and the postal delivery and civil service systems were rectified. Economically, clear the whole country's land, curb the powerful landlords, reform the tax system, implement the whip law, and reduce the burden on farmers. Militarily, strengthen the rectification of military equipment, put down the riots in the southwest, and reuse the anti-Japanese famous Qi Jiguang Prime Minister Ji, Chang and Bao for training to make the border safe. The first year of Wanli presented the best situation since the middle of Ming Dynasty.

After Zhang's death, ZTE's image disappeared, and the Ming Dynasty embarked on the road of decline.

Zongshen was a greedy monarch, occupying land and plundering people's wealth. Zongshen also abolished the examination method, which caused the emperor to sell goods, the adjutant to be corrupt and the party struggle to be fierce.

Three cases in the late Ming Dynasty, Wei Zhongxian's autocratic power and Li Zicheng Uprising all led to the decline of the Ming Dynasty.

Zongshen's corruption led to an empty treasury and a border crisis. During this period, the post-Jin Dynasty in Northeast China rose, forming a local regime opposite to the Ming Dynasty. At this time, the Ming people were poor, class contradictions intensified, and the crisis of the Ming Dynasty's demise was formed.

The demise of the Ming dynasty

In the late Ming Dynasty, the rule was decadent. Eunuch Wei Zhongxian specializes in state affairs, persecuting dissidents and suppressing the people. The rulers continue to aggravate the exploitation of the people, coupled with years of famine, and the people are in dire straits. 1628, a war broke out in northern Shaanxi, and dozens of insurgents such as Li Zicheng and Zhang emerged. Li Zicheng put forward the slogan of "flat fields and white grain", which won the support of farmers. 1644 (the seventeenth year of Chongzhen), Li Zicheng captured Xi 'an and established Dashun regime. In March of the same year, when he occupied Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan, ending the Ming Dynasty that ruled China. After that, the Qing soldiers entered the customs, defeated the Dashun regime in Li Zicheng and entered Beijing. In the north, most of the remnants of the former Ming Dynasty surrendered to the Qing Dynasty or cooperated with the Qing Dynasty to fight the rebels. In the south, various forces loyal to the Ming Dynasty established several exile regimes, which were called "Nanming" in history and were wiped out by the Qing Dynasty in the following ten years.

* Zhili: Shi Jing and Nanking.

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (province): Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Huguang, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi.

* Commander-in-Chief: Commander-in-Chief of Nuer Tuotu (in charge of the Heilongjiang River Basin-arnon River in the west, Sakhalin Island in the east, Udi River in the north, and the vast area near the Sea of Japan in the south), founded in 1409, * * * lasted for 25 years, and was later abandoned.

Official system

:: Central government system:

Six departments: official department, household department, ritual department, military department, criminal department and industrial department.

O Commander-in-Chief of the Fifth Army: Commander-in-Chief of the Central Army, Former Army, Rear Army, Zuo Jun Army and Right Army.

O yushitai

* Local official system

Chief Secretary Cheng Xuan

Department of Judgement and Investigation

Everyone commands the company.

In the Ming dynasty, there were secret services to monitor the words and deeds of the minister. Taizu has a Royal Guards, Chengzu has an East Factory, Xianzong has a West Factory, and Wuzong has an Inner Factory.

Military system

The source of the army in the early Ming dynasty was the original soldiers, that is, the so-called soldiers who joined the army, Yuan soldiers, regiment soldiers, and those who were convicted and dismissed. The most important source is the election, that is, the army from the household registration. Besides, there are other ways, such as simple drawing, filling and collecting. In addition, after the mid-Ming dynasty, there were also ways to force people to join the army, but they all belonged to a minority. Generally speaking, the health system is still the most important military system.

The system of health centers is to establish health centers in military locations all over the country to station troops. There are 5,600 people in health centers, followed by 1000 households, 100 households, with general flag and small flag. Each health center belongs to the office of the Governor of the Fifth Army and the Ministry of War. Send it from the Ministry of War if something happens, and send it back to the health center if nothing happens.

The source of the army is hereditary military households, and each household sends one person to Zhengding Zhiwei as a soldier. Soldiers take turns to guard at the guard station, and the income from wasteland reclamation supplies the needs of the army and generals. Its goal is to raise troops without consuming national financial resources. However, after the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty, it was gradually unsustainable, the living standards and social status of soldiers became lower and lower, and deserters gradually increased, so armaments were gradually abandoned.

Therefore, during the Jiajing period, when dealing with the Japanese rebellion, General Qi Jiguang recruited militia to train in Zhejiang to replace the unbearable guards.

diplomacy

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, many Japanese pretended to be envoys of the Ming Dynasty to cheat money because the tribute trade in the early Ming Dynasty favored one over the other. Japan is actually in a state of separatism, and there is no unified central government. Many Japanese who come to China to pretend to be tribute messengers are not under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government. After paying tribute, they stayed in the coastal areas of China to rob. This is the enemy of the early Ming Dynasty. In order to prevent the Japanese pirates, Zhu Yuanzhang promulgated the policy of sea ban.

After Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, during Yongle period, Zheng He, a famous navigator and eunuch of Sambo, led an ocean-going fleet to the west for seven times, reaching the east coast of Africa as far as possible, which strengthened the economic and political exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and other countries in the world, made contributions to China's going global, and embodied the prosperity of the Ming Dynasty during Yongle period. After Ming Taizu became the ancestor, his son Zhu Gaochi succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Renzong. He listened to the opinions of some North Korean ministers, thought that the westward journey was too wasteful and had little effect, and announced that he would stop the westward journey. Less than a year later, Injong fell ill, and Zhu Zhanji, Xuanzong, succeeded to the throne, and changed his name to Xuande. In the fifth year of Xuande (143 1), on the sixth day of December, Zheng He went to the Western Ocean for the seventh and last time. During the Ming Xianzong period, a eunuch once proposed to Xianzong to go to the Western Ocean again, so the emperor wrote to the Ministry of War to ask for the charts and other information of Zheng He's mission. However, because Liu Daxia and other officials thought that the trip to the Western Ocean was a great disadvantage and great harm, they hid the map of Zheng He's trip to the Western Ocean (at that time, they said that they would destroy it), and the Minister of War Xiang Zhongzhong ordered the officials to search the warehouse in vain, so the trip to the Western Ocean again was abandoned. Later, when the Japanese pirates were rampant, the Ming Dynasty intensified its maritime ban. It was not until the middle and late Ming Dynasty that the enemy gradually subsided and reopened the maritime ban.

In16th century, after the opening of the new sea route, the Portuguese occupied Malacca in 15 1 1, and they were more eager for contact with China. In the seventh year of Emperor Wu of Ming Dynasty (15 13), the Portuguese king went to China and landed in Guangzhou, hoping to establish diplomatic relations with the Ming government. Later, Emperor China allowed the Portuguese to open foreign firms and build houses in Macau, and allowed them to come to Guangzhou for the winter every year. This is the first time that western powers have officially landed in China and contacted China. The arrival of western countries from the East has brought many new things to China. In the 20th year of Ming Shenzong Wanli (1592), the Pope sent Matteo Ricci to work in China parish. Matteo Ricci and his party failed to arrive in China in time due to the outbreak of Wanli Aid Korea War. Later, after China's victory in the Anti-Japanese War, Matteo Ricci was able to enter China. Because Matteo Ricci learned Chinese quickly, he wore Confucian clothes and studied Confucian books, which was quite popular among literati in the Ming Dynasty. Later, he was recommended to Beijing, which won Zongshen's trust. He presented tributes to China, such as Kunyu and the map of the world, chimes, sundials, western cannons, telescopes, muskets, western medicines, statues of the Virgin Mary and crosses. It has been exhibited in Beijing, Zhaoqing and other places. Matteo Ricci not only spread Catholicism, but also inspired Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao and others to learn Western learning. In addition, he introduced various cultures of China to Europe, such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and Weiqi. It can be described as "the first person to connect China and the West". In addition, the Ming army used a large number of firearms, and the quantity and quality of firearms equipment were not less than those in western countries, but with the Qing Dynasty entering the Central Plains, the use of firearms decreased.

The agricultural development in Ming Dynasty, both in output and production tools, was higher than that in Song and Yuan Dynasties, which provided a solid foundation for the steady growth of population since the middle of Ming Dynasty.

Since the early Ming Dynasty, the handicraft industry represented by Jiangnan has developed highly, which has promoted the market economy and urbanization. However, the principle of "attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce" and the strict sea ban policy in the Ming Dynasty suppressed commerce to a certain extent. With the failure of the circulation of paper money "Daming Bao" in Ming Dynasty, the whole monetary system turned to silver. The influx of silver from Japan and Latin America further promoted the economic development of the Ming Dynasty. During the Jiajing and Wanli periods of the Ming Dynasty, countless commodities such as silk, wine, meat, fruits and vegetables, tobacco, crops and porcelain were sold everywhere. Many foreign products, such as western clocks and watches in Europe and tobacco in the United States, are sold in China. Commercial metropolises at that time included Beijing, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Xi and Chengdu. Famous business gangs include Huizhou merchants, Sichuan-Shaanxi merchants, Suzhou merchants, Gyeonggi merchants, Guangdong merchants and so on. In the world, Ming Dynasty was one of the most developed countries in handicraft industry and economy in16th century and17th century.

Science and culture developed rapidly in Ming Dynasty. China's four classical novels, The Journey to the West, Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, originated in the Ming Dynasty. Jin Ping Mei is also a work at this time. Tang Xianzu's play Peony Pavilion is still on today.

Traditional elegant literature continued to develop in the Ming Dynasty, with famous literati including Liu Ji, Song Lian, Gao Qi, Fang Xiaoru, Tang Yin, Gui Youguang, Xu Wei, Wang Shizhen, Yuan Hongdao, Qian, Zhang Dai and Wu. Sanqu writers include Wang Pan, Feng Weimin, Xue Lundao, Chen Yi, Kang Hai and others.

Folk literature in Ming Dynasty was very developed, among which Tang Bohu was an outstanding representative. Folk couplets are popular, and folk songs such as Sonam Zhi are thriving.

Ideologically, Wang Yangming's new philosophy "Xue Xin" prevailed after Jiajing, forming a trend of thought against the traditional bondage, shaping a new social fashion, and also making the late Ming people have a philosophy of life different from other times. For example, Li Zhi, a "heretical" thinker, is the best example.

science and technology

From the early to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, science and technology developed greatly, and it was in the forefront of the world until the16th century.

The scientific works that appeared in this period are: Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, Song's Heavenly Creativeness, Xu Guangqi's Complete Book of Agricultural Administration and Fang Yizhi's Introduction to Physics. There are also works such as Xu Xiake's Travels, which are precious documents for us to study and learn from ancient technology.

The poem Ode to Coal written by Yu Qian illustrates the extensive use of coal at that time. Ji Cheng's Landscape Metallurgy is a monograph on landscape architecture.

The military science and technology of the Ming dynasty was also relatively developed, with spears and powerful artillery in the late Ming dynasty. It is said that a man named Wan Hu, sitting in a chair with a gunpowder stick, tried to fly into the sky with the help of gunpowder thrust, but failed, becoming the first person in the world to sacrifice himself for exploring space.

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