What is the relationship between wind, rain, lightning and military weather?

Rainfall (snow melting), flood and flood are both intrinsically related and fundamentally different. Rainfall (snow melting) is not equal to flood, but can only be caused by the underlying surface and water system of a certain basin. Flood is not equal to flood, which is caused by many reasons. Therefore, hydrometeorological forecast attempts to closely link meteorological conditions such as atmospheric circulation with hydrological characteristics, and combine rainfall weather model with flood model.

Generally, at the same time of rainfall forecast, according to the basin landform, basin water regime, quality and standard of water conservancy projects, the relationship between rainfall and runoff, the forecast of future rainstorm and flood areas is made according to the flood control requirements; Identify and judge the possibility of catastrophic floods in the basin; After the flood, forecast the flood development trend and the incoming water in the reservoir area.

In order to improve the accuracy of rainstorm area, area and time forecasting, a rainstorm monitoring and short-term forecasting system based on meteorological satellites, meteorological radar and conventional meteorological observation data was developed. The prediction time limit is several hours to more than ten hours, and the prediction accuracy is high. It is possible to combine rainfall forecast with flood forecast completely, thus extending the time limit of flood forecast and improving the accuracy of flood forecast.

Maximum precipitation estimation refers to the theoretical maximum precipitation that may occur in a certain basin in a certain period of time. This precipitation is very important for the design and application of large-scale water conservancy projects. Generally, these projects should adopt the maximum possible flood as the dam protection standard, and one of the methods to calculate the maximum possible flood is to determine the maximum possible precipitation first.

In arid and semi-arid areas, due to the scarcity of precipitation, the evaporation rate may greatly exceed the water supply capacity, and the total annual evaporation in the basin is close to or equal to the annual precipitation. In humid areas, the total evaporation in the basin is close to or equal to the water evaporation in this area. Land evaporation in semi-humid areas is between the above two situations, that is, it is controlled by water supply conditions or possible evaporation. As far as the ocean and the mainland are concerned, the evaporation on the ocean is greater than the precipitation, and the evaporation on the mainland is less than the precipitation, so there must be water transported from the ocean to the mainland.

China naval fleet

Military meteorology is gradually formed and developed on the basis of military science and other science and technology according to the needs of war. Based on the different effects of meteorological conditions on the use of arms and weapons and equipment, the research of military meteorology has gradually expanded to the fields of navy, air force, artillery, missiles, chemical weapons, biological weapons and nuclear weapons, and carried out the research on weather modification by military climate and military purposes.

Military meteorology in the field of naval vessels and troops originates from marine meteorology. This paper mainly studies the influence of meteorological conditions on the navigation, combat and training of warships, the prevention or avoidance of dangerous weather by warships, and the methods of implementing meteorological support for naval forces. The main meteorological factors affecting the navigation and combat of naval vessels are wind, sea fog, wind waves and so on.

Military meteorology in aviation mainly studies the influence of meteorological conditions on aircraft flight, combat and training, and the methods of implementing meteorological support for aviation forces. The meteorological factors that have great influence on aviation operation are wind, clouds, atmospheric visibility (fog, precipitation and other visual distance obstacles), vertical airflow of thunderstorms and so on.

missile

Military meteorology in the artillery field mainly studies the influence of meteorological conditions on the flight, hit accuracy and acoustic reconnaissance of artillery projectiles, as well as the methods of correcting the shooting meteorological conditions of Zhu Yuan artillery and implementing meteorological support for artillery units. The influence of meteorological conditions on the flying and hitting accuracy of the projectile is mainly realized by changing the aerodynamic force and moment acting on the projectile, and then changing its ballistic parameters (velocity, ballistic coefficient and ballistic inclination). The main influencing factors are wind, temperature and air pressure.

Missile meteorology mainly studies the influence of meteorological conditions on missile launch, flight, hit accuracy, guidance and survivability. The lateral wind load caused by strong wind can make the missile standing on the launch pad produce bending moment and overturning moment, even overturning, and the gust can also make the missile sway; Lightning in a certain range around the launch site can often make the leaked or spilled hydrogenated propellant burn or explode, and sometimes even destroy missiles and ground equipment; Similar to the impact on shells, wind, air density, vertical airflow and atmospheric turbulence will affect the flight and hit accuracy of missiles (mainly re-entering the atmosphere); Sight distance obstacles such as clouds, fog and precipitation hinder astronomical navigation.

Some countries attach great importance to the use of weather modification for military purposes, and their military ideas include: creating favorable meteorological conditions for their own military operations; Create difficult meteorological conditions for the military operations of the enemy in the rear and the national economy; Directly use the changed atmospheric conditions as weapons to kill and destroy each other's effective forces and technical weapons. The tried methods mainly include artificial cloud elimination, artificial fog elimination and artificial precipitation enhancement.