This paper briefly records the related situation of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang.

Tianshan Mountain is a large mountain range in Central Asia, which runs through central China and Xinjiang, and its western end extends to Kazakhstan. It is about 2500 kilometers long and 250-300 kilometers wide, with an average elevation of about 5000 meters. The highest peak is 7435.3 meters above sea level, Khan Tengger Peak is 6995 meters above sea level, and Bogda Peak is 5445 meters above sea level. These peaks are all in China, and the peaks are covered with snow. The three great rivers in Xinjiang-the Syr Darya River, the Chu River and the Ili River all originate from this mountain.

The snow on Bogda Peak, the snow peak in Tianshan Mountain, remains unchanged all year round, so people call it "Xue Hai". On the mountainside of Bogda, there is a lake called Tianchi, with an altitude of 1900 meters and a depth of about 90 meters. All the water in the pool is melted by ice and snow, clear and transparent, like a big mirror. White snow peaks and green spruce are reflected in the lake, forming a beautiful picture, which is a famous tourist attraction in Xinjiang.

Tianshan divides Xinjiang into two parts: Tarim basin in the south; To the north is Junggar Basin. Although these two great basin are twins, their natural characteristics are quite different. Tarim basin is surrounded by mountains, and the climate is particularly dry, mostly in desert areas. Straw grain, cotton and fruit can only be planted on the green land in the marginal areas. The mountains on the northwest edge of Junggar basin are not very high, and there are many gaps. The air currents from the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean can enter, so the climate is humid. In addition to some oases in the basin where spring wheat, cotton and fruits can be planted, there are excellent grasslands and developed animal husbandry. The famous Karamay oilfield is also in this basin. Below is Kunlun Mountain and above is Altai Mountain.

In the Tianshan Mountains, there are dozens of peaks over 5000 meters above sea level. Besides Tomur Peak, the highest peak, there are mainly peaks on the border between China and Kazakhstan, namely, Khan Tengger Peak, Bogda Peak, Cabili Mountain in Lasky, Bashan Mountain in Dratz, Surezi Mountain, Waterloo Peak and Zihaba Jianshan Mountain. These towering peaks are covered with ice and snow all year round. Seen from a distance, the snowy peaks shining with Yin Hui are so magnificent, solemn and mysterious.

Bogda Peak, 5445 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of Bogda Mountain in the East Tianshan Mountains, with two male peaks, 5287 meters and 52 13 meters above sea level respectively. The three peaks stand side by side, shaped like a pen, and the local herdsmen collectively call them three sacred mountains. The peaks above 3800 meters above sea level are covered with snow all the year round, so they are called "Xue Hai".

Bogda Peak, 70km away from Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang, is not only a target for brave climbers to climb, but also a tourist attraction with magical charm. Driving from Urumqi, you can go to Fukang first, then go south through the huge alluvial fan of Sangong River and enter the mountain pass. The car traced its roots in the gourd-shaped valley, which was wide and narrow. First, the green mountain grassland, and then the dense forest. Through a deep and narrow stone gorge, climb a 400-meter-high natural dam, and a picturesque lake appears in front of you, which is Tianshan Tianchi.

Tianchi Lake is an alpine lake formed by ancient glaciers and mudslides blocking rivers. The elevation of the lake is1900m, the length is 3,300m, the width is several hundred meters to1500m, and the maximum water depth is104m, which is long, narrow, clear and deep. The melting snow water on the surrounding snow peaks gathers here and becomes a constant source of water for Tianchi Lake. There are tall and straight spruce, birch and willow on the surrounding hillside, and exquisite pavilions and pavilions are built on the west bank. The calm and clear lake reflects the green hills and snow peaks, and the scenery is like a fairyland. No wonder Tianchi is called "Yaochi", where the Queen Mother of the West will gather immortals to hold the Flat Peach Festival. According to Mu Chuan, three thousand years ago, Zhou Muwang traveled west to Tianshan Mountain in an "eight-carriage", and the Queen Mother of the West met him in Tianchi. Mu Wang presented a large number of Central Plains specialties such as brocade and exquisite silk, and the Queen Mother of the West returned the rare treasures of Tianshan Mountain, and invited Mu Wang to visit the scenic spots of Tianshan Mountain. King Mu inscribed the book "Mountain of the Queen Mother of the West" as a souvenir. When leaving, the Queen Mother of the West urged her to drink again and again, and sang impromptu: "I wish you a long life and wish you come again." Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, praised this great event with a poem:

Grandma Yaochi leans against the window, and Huang Zhu mourns.

Eight-horse car, traveling three thousand miles a day; Zhou Muwang, why didn't the default come again?

To the south of Tianchi stands the majestic Bogda Peak. To climb Bogda Peak, you need to ride a horse from the west bank of Tianchi to the end of Hunan and go to Shangdonggou. Dadong Valley is gentle and open, with spruce on the valley bottom and shady slope, and bushes on the sunny slope. Above 2800 meters above sea level, the terrain is relatively flat. In summer, here is a vibrant grassland scene. On the alpine meadow, grasses such as Gramineae, Polygonaceae and Carex are woven into green carpets with their slender stems and leaves, while Gentiana, Aster, Trollius chinensis and Anemone decorate the green carpets into colorful and beautiful scrolls with their bright colors. On the flat banks of the river, on the uplifted ancient moraine, and on the gentle slopes of sunny mountains, cattle and sheep flock together and pastoral songs are melodious. This is the alpine pasture where Kazakh herders graze cattle and sheep.

Along the valley, well-preserved ancient moraines and glacial erosion landforms can be seen everywhere. At the source of Dadonggou, due to the erosion of glaciers, the back wall of an ancient snow basin has been eroded to a height of only 3,660 meters, and it has become the traffic artery connecting the alpine pastures on the north and south slopes of Bogda Peak-Bangu Bogda Pass, also known as the three mountains, namely Shanyakou. Standing at the Bogda Pass in Bangu, you can see Bogda Peak and the large glaciers on its northern slope. After investigating Bogda Peak, geologist Li Chengsan vividly summarized its majestic mountain and powerful glacial action with just a few words, such as "the silver peak is raging, the ice flow blocks the valley, and the mountains are the only ones". According to statistics, there are more than 300 glaciers in Bogda Mountains, and the area of Bogda Peak accounts for more than 1/4. Bogda Peak is surrounded by a steep slope of about 60 degrees, and thick snow accumulates on the hillside. Bogda Peak is prone to avalanche due to its heavy snowfall, deep snow and steep mountains. Avalanches are an important source of supply for glaciers and play a great role in the continuation of glacier life activities.

A glacier on the northern slope of Bogda Peak, with an area of about 1 1 km2, is the largest glacier in Bogda Peak area. Its granular snow area is steep, but the glacier tongue is relatively flat, with criss-crossing cracks and dense cobwebs. This glacier melts strongly in summer, and the meltwater merges into many glacier channels, the largest of which is three or four meters wide and five or six meters deep, and the water is roaring. The ice is covered with large and small glacier boulders.

When the ice around the boulder falls due to melting, the ice covered by the boulder forms icicles that look like mushrooms. People call this complex composed of huge stones and icicles ice mushrooms. After several ice streams of this large glacier on the northern slope of Bogda Peak converge to form a unified glacier tongue, they are injected into Sigong River on the northern slope and Bangu Bogda Gole River on the southern slope respectively, which becomes a part of the watershed between the two inland basins.

A large number of glacial activities in Bogda Peak area in the past and now have formed rich and colorful ancient glacial relics and periglacial landforms in this area. There are almost perfect U-shaped valleys in the upper reaches of the rivers near Bogda Peak, which are tens of meters high. There are spruce, alpine shrubs or ancient moraine ridges that have developed into alpine meadows, as well as rock backs, moraine lakes and glacial lakes of different sizes and shapes, ancient ice ridges as high as tens or even hundreds of meters, and ancient ice buckets left on valley slopes. As a typical representative of periglacial landforms, polygonal soil, stone rings, stone belts, frozen mud flows, hot melt landslides, etc. It can also be seen everywhere here. Being at Bogda Peak is like visiting a living museum of glacier landforms, which is an eye-opener and breathtaking.

"The moon is high in the sky and the smoke is vast." More majestic than Bogda Peak is Tomur Peak, which has a unique snow-capped mountain scenery. The highest peak of Tianshan Mountain is located in People's Republic of China (PRC), 20 kilometers southwest of the highest peak of the Sino-Kazakhstan border. There are more than ten peaks over 6000 meters around, besides the Khan Tengger Peak, there are also Snow Lotus Peak shaped like flowers, Aktas Peak (Bai Yufeng) covered with white marble, and Chelebos Peak (Tiger Peak) shaped like Crouching Tiger. To commemorate 1978 China People's Second Scientific Conference, the people of China and the mountaineering expedition team of China Academy of Sciences. These towering peaks are covered with snow and ice like silver helmets and shining silver under the blue sky.

The most spectacular scenery in Tomur Peak area is Tuihan Tengger Glacier. Among more than 800 glaciers in Tomur Peak, the Khan Tengger Glacier is the longest, reaching 60.8 kilometers, and it is one of the eight largest valley glaciers in the world. The ice surface of the glacier is covered with stones of different sizes, and people can walk on it. Above the glacier, there are countless unfathomable ice lakes, ice cracks hundreds of meters deep, and light blue ice melting caves, ice stalactites, crystal walls, ice towers, ice cones, ice mushrooms, ice tables and glaciers. The weather here is changeable, and sometimes it is clear in Wan Li. Suddenly, there was a thunder. Looking up, not far away, snow and dust rolled down, setting off snow waves tens to hundreds of meters high. The soaring snow fog rises and spreads like a mushroom cloud, and the scenery is very spectacular. However, avalanches that happen from time to time are the most dangerous enemies of glacier explorers and climbers. The strange scenery in this thrilling environment of Tomur Peak can only be appreciated and experienced by brave soldiers who are not afraid of difficulties and obstacles. It can be described as "infinite scenery with dangerous peaks".

In addition to the spectacular glacier wonders, there are many famous hot springs in Tomur Peak area. Alasan Hot Springs, located on the east side of North musat Valley, is one of them. In summer, the river is gurgling here, the springs are jingling, and the dense Tianshan spruce and birch forest around it bring yellow Patrinia flowers in full bloom. It has become a famous convalescent area in Xinjiang. The spring water in Alashan is seasonal, basically dried up in winter and spring, and the spring water quantity is the largest in June-August. Hot spring water contains trace minerals such as sulfide and soda, which has certain curative effect on many diseases. Every summer, herders of Kazak, Mongolian, Kirgiz, Uygur, Russian and other ethnic groups, who are more than 0/00 kilometers away from/kloc, come here to bathe and recuperate despite the long distance and dangers.

Although many snow peaks in the Tianshan Mountains are covered with snow all year round, there are abundant animal and plant resources below the 3000-meter snow line. The foothills and valleys of Tomur Peak and Bogda Peak are covered with spruce and tassel pine, which are evergreen all year round. The dense forest on the north and south slopes of Tomur Peak is one of the main timber producing areas in Xinjiang. There are more than 80 kinds of medicinal plants, including Fritillaria, Lithospermum, Immortal, Polygonatum sibiricum, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Leonurus japonicus, rhubarb and so on. Wild roses and codonopsis pilosula can be seen everywhere in spruce forest; In the subalpine meadow belt, a piece of golden lotus blooms in the wind; In the rubble near the snow line, the blooming Saussurea involucrata exudes a delicate fragrance on Ling Cold. Seen from a distance, Snow Lotus is like a white rabbit, which brings vitality to this world of ice and snow. Tianshan area is also the gene bank of excellent pasture, and 55 species of Gramineae plants have been found, among which Festuca arundinacea, Poa pratensis, Elymus nutans, Siberian clover, Stipa psammophila, wild oats, wild rye, leguminous wild alfalfa and sweet clover are all excellent pastures, which play an important role in the development of animal husbandry.

There are also many rare birds and animals in Tianshan Mountain, with peaks below 3000 meters above sea level, deep forests and grasslands, which are natural places for all kinds of birds and animals to inhabit and multiply.

Marmots and otters are precious fur animals, which are distributed all over the Tianshan Mountains. The otter skin here is an important export product of Xinjiang. Sheep, snow leopard, lynx, Tianshan deer and Tianshan antelope are also protected animals.

Tianshan goshawk is famous for its fierce body length. A goshawk spreads its wings, more than two meters long, like a small plane. Sometimes it flies leisurely, and sometimes it hovers freely in the air. Once it finds rabbits, antelopes or other weak animals, it will chop down like a sword, and the momentum can be described as lightning fast. These weak animals will soon become a good meal for goshawks. Wild camels are the most alert animals in Tianshan Mountain. It is timid and suspicious, and it will run away at the slightest sign. Its limbs are slender and powerful, and its palm is about 5 cm thick, just like pressing a rubber pad. It runs lightly and silently, as fast as a gust of wind. Its oversized stomach bag can hold 70 kilograms of water at a time, and you can drink enough without water for several months. Therefore, it has become the best means of transportation in the desert and has always been known as the "boat in the desert". Antelope, big-headed sheep, roe deer, Chateng big-tailed sheep and snow chicken near Tianshan Snow Line are the main hunting targets of Tianshan people, especially antelope and big-headed sheep, which are distributed in a large number. After being captured, people sometimes set up bonfires, barbecue on the spot, and serve them with wine, which becomes a delicious picnic.

Tianshan area is located inland and has a typical continental climate. Most areas have dry climate and little rain, which is suitable for the development of animal husbandry. Especially in Yili area, north of Tomur Peak, animal husbandry is the main industry, especially horse husbandry. The ancient "Tianma" originally came from here, and later it was called Ilima, which still enjoys a high reputation. There are also excellent military horses and important horse producing areas. Cattle, sheep and camels are also widely distributed here. In addition, rice and other crops are planted in the plain area on the south slope of Tomur Peak in Tianshan Mountain. Aksu rice has a history of hundreds of years. Gong Mi, who paid tribute to the imperial court in Qing Dynasty, is known as "Aksu rice is sweet". Tianshan area is also the hometown of melons and fruits. Grape, alfalfa, flax, melon, walnut, etc. In history, people who were introduced to China from the Western Regions all passed through this place. There are more than 10 kinds of fruit trees in Wensu County, south of Tomur Peak, mainly including apples, walnuts, grapes, peaches, apricots, pears, Elaeagnus angustifolia, cherries, hazelnuts and red dates, especially apples, walnuts and apricots.

Tianshan Mountain, located in the northwest border of People's Republic of China (PRC), has been an important channel between People's Republic of China (PRC) and Central and Western Asia since ancient times. The Sate Valley in the north and south of Tomur Peak is an important branch of the ancient Silk Road. In the Western Han Dynasty, Princess Xijun and Princess You Jie married King Wusun in this way. Xuanzang, a famous Buddhist monk in the Tang Dynasty, passed through here when he went to India to learn Buddhist scriptures in 629 AD. He gave a vivid description of the breathtaking environment around the watershed of Tomur Peak in "Records of the Western Regions of Datang". It is said that Genghis Khan, a "generation of Tianjiao", once climbed Mount Bogda in Tianshan Mountain, where he met Qiu Chuji, a Changchun native who really came to preach in the West. Emperor Taizong also set up a "Yaochi Duhu House" under Bogda Peak to manage the Tianshan area. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Liang Ming, the capital of Xinjiang, climbed Bogda Peak and Tianchi to survey the terrain, cut the mountain to divert water, and erected a monument near the mouth of Tianchi Canal to commemorate this move. There are many places of interest near Tianchi. In the past, there were more than a dozen ancient temples here. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty, Fushou Temple was built here, which was also called "Tiewa Temple" because of blue bricks and iron tiles. There is also the ruins of Dongyue Temple in the west of Tianchi, and there are infinite scenery under the pool. These places of interest add charm to the Tianshan Mountains.